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	Spectral evidence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spectral evidence are dreams and visions that are accepted as evidence in court.
		Spectral evidence was testimony that the accused witch's spirit (i.e.
		Increase Mather, Cotton's father, however, became an opponent of spectral evidence - though not until after the Salem hangings had taken place, and not on the basis that it was false testimony by witnesses, but that it might be a deception by demons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectral_evidence (256 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		spectral class spectral class, in astronomy, a classification of the stars by their spectrum and luminosity.
		evidence evidence, in law, material submitted to a judge or a judicial body to resolve disputed questions of fact.
		Zeeman effect Zeeman effect, splitting of a single spectral line (see spectrum) into a group of closely spaced lines when the substance producing the single line is subjected to a uniform magnetic field.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Spectral+evidence (519 words)

	Kim Wilcox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Testimonial evidence, as it was used in the Salem Witch Trials, usually consisted of the sworn statement of one person that he or she had seen the accused witch committing acts of witchcraft or had evidence that the actions of the accused had resulted in consequences which could only be attributed to witchcraft.
		Eventually, spectral evidence was deemed unreliable and, in October 1692, "the governor dissolved the Court of Oyer and Terminer, effectively ending the use of spectral evidence." The Trials came to an end shortly thereafter, and reliance on spectral evidence was forever ended.
		Physical evidence, at least in the form of "witches’ marks" and other "proof" of a person’s communion with the Devil, was similarly unreliable: "I wonder what person there is, whether man or woman, of whom it cannot be said but that, in some part of their body or other, there is a preternatural excrescence.
	www.ptloma.edu /histpolsci/students/Kim_Wilcox.htm (1652 words)

	Science and Art Through Dye Analysis
		Art history and science meet when objective dye, yarn and fiber evidence is combined with ethnology, historical dye, yarn, and fiber use, and technical analysis, and of course stylistic elements from art history studies.
		Carminic acid spectral data from the computerized library of 4 standards superimposed on the sample of dye from the large peak on the chromatograph in figure 3 below.
		When this elution time and chromatographic evidence is combined with spectral evidence from the computer library, they work together to form the best way to identify dyes using toady's computerized technology.
	www.material-insight.com /Science_and_Textiles.htm (937 words)

	Spectral evidence -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of the great injustices of the (additional info and facts about Salem Witchcraft Trials) Salem Witchcraft Trials was the admission of spectral evidence.
		Thus, witnesses (who were often the accusers) would testify that " (Something considered choice to eat) Goody Proctor bit, pinched, and almost choked me", and it would be taken as evidence that the accused were responsible for the biting, pinching and choking even though they were elsewhere at the time.
		(additional info and facts about Increase Mather) Increase Mather, Cotton's father, however, became an opponent of spectral evidence - though not until after the Salem hangings had taken place, and not on the basis that it was false testimony by witnesses, but that it might be a deception by demons.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spectral_evidence.htm (293 words)

	Journal of Electronic Materials: Evidence from spectral emissometry for conduction intraband transitions in the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Evidence from spectral emissometry for conduction intraband transitions in the intrinsic regime for silicon
		In this study, a spectral emissometer operating in the wavelength range of 1-20 (mu)gm and capable of simultaneous measurement of reflectance, transmittance and emittance of samples under investigation has been utilized.
		We have found evidence of the existence of this absorption process in emissometry measurements at elevated temperatures, confirming earlier reports by Spitzer and Fan of anomalous absorption in n-type Si at room temperature.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3776/is_199912/ai_n8867647 (1450 words)

	IPT Journal - "Burn The Witch! (If We're Wrong, We'll Apologize)"
		The basic assumptions, indicators, and types of evidence of the earlier witch hunts and the current concerns with satanic ritual abuse are examined and found to have much in common.
		Spectral evidence concerned evidence of the specter or apparition of the accused rather than the bodily person.
		Spectral evidence could not be overcome and she was hanged.
	www.ipt-forensics.com /journal/volume7/j7_4_3.htm (5152 words)

	Home Page for Bell (1996) Geochemical Society paper
		However, evidence for changes in the nature of structural OH absorption features with variations in pressure and temperature appropriate for the Martian environment were not found by BISHOP and PIETERS (1995) in their analysis of Mars soils analog materials.
		Evidence suggesting other (unidentified) iron oxide/oxyhydroxide phases exists from groundbased and spacecraft imaging, spectroscopy, and magnetic experiments, and efforts are being made at determining the spatial distribution of these highly altered phases.
		SINGER R.B. (1982) Spectral evidence for the mineralogy of high-albedo soils and dust on Mars.
	marswatch.tn.cornell.edu /burns.html (12672 words)

	Mohammed A. Diwan, Conflict Between State Legal Norms And Norms Underlying Popular Beliefs: Witchcraft In Africa As A ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The admissibility of spectral evidence in cases involving witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials highlights the conflict between popular norms and emerging legal norms.
		What follows is an examination of spectral evidence in African cases involving witchcraft, drawing extensively on sources about the Salem Witch Trials and witch trials in Europe, since the issue of spectral evidence has not been explicitly discussed in the literature on law and witchcraft in Africa.
		The principal victim of spectral evidence is an accused witch.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/djcil/articles/djcil14p351.htm (11972 words)

	Book Review: "Spectral Evidence, The Ramona Case: Incest, Memory and Truth on Trial in Napa Valley," by Moira ...
		Spectral Evidence tells the sad and disturbing story of Holly Ramona, a woman who as a young adult claimed to have remembered experiences of childhood incest, and who subsequently became the protagonist in a therapeutic malpractice lawsuit in California.
		Organized chronologically, Spectral Evidence is written in an informal, almost breezy style that contrasts markedly with its grim subject matter: the rise and then terrible collapse of an arriviste family.
		In Spectral Evidence, Moira Johnston quotes Holly Ramona, now finished her master's degree in psychology, as stating that she intends to practice as a specialist in eating disorders and sexual abuse: "The best judge of a false memory is another abuse victim because they know.
	www.bostonreview.net /BR23.5/Greer.html (1804 words)

	Spectral Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The accused in the Salem witch trials were prosecuted on what is called "spectral evidence." Such evidence holds that the devil has the power to create images or impressions of figures in order to beguile the "saints" and to lead them astray.
		English courts, while recognizing the credibility of "spectral evidence" refused to prosecute alleged capital offenses on the basis of "spectral evidence" only.
		Spectral evidence is referenced in Increase Mather's essay, "Wonders of the Invisible World," which chronicles reports of witchcraft in New England prior to the 1692 witchcraft hysteria.
	www.distancelearningassociates.com /eng2327/BC-Spectral.html (174 words)

	Spectral Evidence: The Ramona Case : Incest, Memory, and Truth on Trial in Napa Valley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Spectral Evidence tells the story of a modern-day witch trial, a sad and disturbing battle in which nobody wins.
		The ostensible evidence of this crime was memories which the daugther allegedly "recovered" while she was under the care of another therapist.
		She included pieces from prestigious law journals, written by, for example, feminist ideologues who feel the Romano verdict was more evidence of patriarchal lack of concern for women's well-being--and those of other feminists who remind their fellow attorneys that a concern for the rights of the accused needs to overshadow ideological shading.
	www.textkit.com /0_0813335876.html (1328 words)

	Home Page for Bell et al. (1996) JGR Mars Clouds paper
		A third piece of evidence is the spatial extent of the polar absorptions and the nearly-perfect alignment along constant latitudes that could suggest the presence of a mobile, atmospheric material rather than a surface deposit.
		In addition, observations at higher spectral resolution may simplify the unique identification of CO ice, because CO ice has a number of extremely narrow absorption features in the near-IR that are essentially undetectable at low spectral resolution (Fig.
		Hansen, G.B., The spectral absorption of CO ice from the UV to the far-infrared, B.A.A.S., 27, 1995 [Abstract].
	marswatch.tn.cornell.edu /jgr_co2.html (7813 words)

	Frell Me Dead - Ammonia on Mars could mean life
		Spectral evidence of the gas was seen by the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) on Mars Express.
		The PFS is sensitive to radiation in the spectral region of 1.2-5 microns and 5-50 microns - a region rich with important molecules such as water and carbon dioxide.
		Within a few weeks of its landing on Mars in January 2004, Opportunity revealed what was uppermost on the twin rovers' agenda: that bodies of liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars.
	www.watchfarscape.com /forums/printthread.php?t=26353 (1096 words)

	The New York Review of Books: THE WITCH TRIALS
		The court convicted people largely on the basis of "spectral" testimony, testimony offered by an afflicted person that he or she was being tormented by a specter in the shape of the accused.
		The experts, however, thought it unlikely that the devil was confined in his permutations to the shapes of his confederates; and spectral evidence, while generally considered to be admissible at some stage of the proceedings against a suspect, was not generally thought sufficient for conviction.
		Mather repeated his disapproval of spectral evidence in a sermon on August 4 and in a letter to a member of the Massachusetts assembly on August 17.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/7871 (1582 words)

	Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Spectral Evidence was permitted to be used against the accused.
		This evidence consisted of an accuser stating that the accused witch had sent forth a spectre to afflict the accuser.
		It was not until after eight of the accused were hanged in one day coupled with accusations being leveled at the more prominent members of the communities that spectral evidence alone became insufficient "proof" of witchcraft.
	www.cmdrmark.com /NoAndWitch.html (856 words)

	Salem Witch Trials FAQs
		Respected ministers started to believe that some innocent people were being accused and executed for witchcraft primarily on unreliable spectral evidence.
		Spectral evidence is testimony given that an accused person's spirit or spectral shape appeared to the witness in a dream at the time the accused person's physical body was at another location.
		However, there is no evidence that any of the accused were practitioners of Wicca or any other neo-pagan religions.
	www.salemwitchtrials.com /faqs.html (802 words)

	USGS Spec Lab: Vegetation Species Mapping
		Continuum-removed spectral features from the reference spectra were compared to each spectrum in the AVIRIS data set using a modified least-squares spectral feature matching algorithm.
		For example, under indoor incandescent light, there is a strong red slope to the spectral signal received by the eye due to the red spectral shape of the light source (as compared to the same plant in direct sunlight).
		The Tricorder algorithm is very sensitive to the shape of spectral features and has the potential to distinguish more subtle differences in the visible spectrum of plants than the human eye.
	speclab.cr.usgs.gov /PAPERS.veg1/vegispc2.html (3389 words)

	IR for Vitaletheine Modulators
		These IR spectral differences between ß-alethine and vitalethine disappear when each are heated to their respective melting/decomposition points.
		However, the far IR spectra of authentic compounds provides additional evidence that the authentic benzyl derivative and vitaletheine V4 are not sulfonates, nor even sulfinates for that matter.
		As expected for its stable sulfenate-linked structure, there is no IR evidence for decompositions or autooxidations of authentic benzyl derivative (zinc salt) after nearly three years of storage (refrigerated and frozen under ambient conditions).
	www.nmia.com /~galenvtp/vtlir4vm.htm (805 words)

	Evidence for Spectral Lines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Spectral lines were first seen in the sun's spectrum by William Wollaston in 1802.
		A given element would always produce the same spectrum, which was different from that of any other element.
		In fact, in the 1860's, Kirchhoff and Bunsen discovered two new elements, cesium and rubidium, when they came across some spectral lines that didn't fit any of the known elements.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/2000/quantumzone/spectra_evidence.html (202 words)

	Biography of Increase Mather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Both Mathers, however, developed doubts as to whether the witchcraft trials in Salem were achieving justice, and warned against the admission of spectral evidence.
		Much of the negative history surrounding the Mathers comes from Cotton's early writings on witchcraft which are widely seen as having inspired the initial diagnoses of witchcraft affliction in Salem.
		In it he publicly questioned the credibility of the possessed persons, confessed witches, and spectral evidence.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASA_INC.HTM (411 words)

	Meteorite Stuff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Despite these factors, there is a growing body of spectral evidence which indicates that space weathering influences some asteroids enough to affect their optical properties.
		The asteroid spectra tended to be redder with a steep curvature in the visible wavelengths.
		There is also evidence of regolith alteration from Galileo¹s flybys of Gaspra and Ida showing spectral differences at fresh craters (figure 3).
	www.planetary.brown.edu /~noble/MeteoriteStuff.html (858 words)

	CPF
		By the time the Salem witch trials that began in 1692 ended, twenty innocent people were dead, 19 hanged for convictions stemming from "spectral" evidence of witchcraft (the vision of a witch appearing to a possessed person).
		Like spectral evidence of witchcraft, domestic abuse relies on an atmosphere of hysteria, uncorroborated claims, and "expert" interpretations of events and behavior.
		Likewise, the domestic abuse witchhunt will only be ended with a return to due process of law: criminal penalties for false and frivolous allegations, and standards of evidence appropriate when the accused stands to lose his liberty, children, and property.
	www.fatherhoodcoalition.org /cpf/ed29.html (669 words)

	Spectral Evidence: Ghost Hunting 101 - Festival of the Dead
		Learn to examine evidence of potential haunting to determine whether unexplained phenomena are the result of authentic supernatural manifestation.
		Spectral Evidence: Ghost Hunting 101 will take you on a voyage into the shadowy world of paranormal investigation as you learn to become a practicing ghost hunter!
		Spectral Evidence: Ghost Hunting 101 is held at The Lyceum, a restaurant haunted by the spirit of Witch Trials victim, Bridget Bishop, and the setting for a seance filmed for TV by Showtime®.
	www.festivalofthedead.com /spectralevidence.html (506 words)

	MODERN-DAY WITCH HUNT AMERICA WAS PRIMED TO BELIEVE ``REPRESSED MEMORIES'' ABOUT CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Its subject matter - a groundbreaking legal case involving a daughter's allegations of incest and bestiality against her father, and his attempts to prove her ``recovered'' memories not only false but actually planted by incompetent therapists - is enough to make most readers squirm.
		In 1990 Gary Ramona, a top executive at California's famous Mondavi Winery and considered an ``adopted son'' by the Mondavi patriarch, was accused by his daughter Holly of repeated acts of rape and bestiality spanning a 12-year period; her accusations culminated in a lawsuit against her father.
		Gary Ramona did win in an unprecedented action against Holly's therapists who, he maintained, had convinced his daughter that her bulimia and depression were caused by childhood sexual trauma and had led her to believe that the person who had traumatized her was her own father.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1997/vp970907/09090467.htm (689 words)

	The Relationship Between Financial Variables and Real Economic Activity: Evidence From Spectral and Wavelet Analyses
		To examine this relationship, we adopt two time-series techniques: spectral analysis and a newly developed method, wavelet analysis.
		The major innovation of this paper is to apply wavelet analysis to the investigation of the relationship between various financial variables and real economic activity.
		Spectral analysis reports that US industrial production and financial variables have a common component in the long run and a varying lead-lag relationship, depending on the cycles.
	www.bepress.com /snde/vol7/iss4/art4 (229 words)

	$Ginga$ LAC and $Einstein$ SSS X-ray Spectral Evidence of Abundance Gradients in Galaxy Clusters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		$Ginga$ LAC and $Einstein$ SSS X-ray Spectral Evidence of Abundance Gradients in Galaxy Clusters
		[53.01] $Ginga$ LAC and $Einstein$ SSS X-ray Spectral Evidence of Abundance Gradients in Galaxy Clusters
		The inclusion of such cool components in the joint spectral analysis leads to somewhat higher global temperature determinations than are derived from the higher energy LAC data alone.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v25n4/aas183/abs/S5301.html (229 words)

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