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Topic: Spectral measure

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	Measure (mathematics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Measure theory is that branch of real analysis which investigates sigma algebras, measures, measurable functions and integrals.
		Formally, a measure μ is a function which assigns to every element S of a given sigma algebra X a value μ( S), a non-negative real number or ∞.
		The Haar measure for a locally compact topological group is a generalization of the Lebesgue measure and has a similar uniqueness property.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/measure__mathematics_ (835 words)

	NREL: Measurements and Characterization - Device Performance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We measure the electrical performance of PV cells and modules with respect to standard reporting conditions—defined as a reference temperature, total irradiance, and spectral irradiance distribution.
		Next, we use the information on spectral responsivity to calculate the spectral mismatch between the test device and a primary reference cell for the simulator that will be used for the subsequent I-V measurement.
		This is done because the intensity of the light source in a simulator system is set with a reference cell; and the correction factor for the spectral mismatch enables measurement of the sample's performance with respect to a reference spectrum.
	www.nrel.gov /measurements/device.html (530 words)

	Tips - Light Measurement Instrumentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Spectral radiometers generally cost more than colorimeters, although mass market applications for color light measurement (primarily color printing) seem to be bringing some inexpensive spectral radiometers to market.
		But if you are measuring narrowband sources or sources with sharp spectral peaks, you want to pay careful attention to how well the curves match at the wavelengths you care about.
		Although spectral data generally tells you more about a stimulus than colorimetric data, there is a performance cost for using spectral radiometers, namely that the signal-to-noise ratio is not as good.
	psychtoolbox.org /measure.html (1954 words)

	Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - Fabry-Perots, fiber amplifiers, fiber sensors, fluorescence, frequency ...
		The finesse of a cavity is defined as its free spectral range divided by the ratio of the (full width at half maximum) bandwidth of its resonances.
		The free spectral range of a cavity is the frequency spacing of its fundamental (Gaussian-shaped) cavity modes.
		Beyond the traditional FROG measurement method, refined versions of FROG have been developed, which can be applied even to very short pulses (with angle dithering of the crystal to remove strong effects of group velocity mismatch in the nonlinear crystal) or to rather long pulses (where a high spectrometer resolution is required).
	www.rp-photonics.com /encyclopedia_f.html (11159 words)

	Spectral Index and Rotation Measure from MFS Images
		The spectral index information is saved by mfclean as the second plane of the CLEAN component image (the first plane is just the regular flux density CLEAN components).
		When determining the spectral index over a field which is large relative to the primary beam, the variation of the primary beam with frequency mimics a spectral index.
		As rotation measure and the intrinsic spectral index of the polarised intensity are measured in a coupled manner, errors in determining one of them will feed into the other.
	www.astro.uni-bonn.de /~webstw/cm/lfa_html/miriad/node139.html (709 words)

	A DISTANCE MEASURE FOR OBJECTIVE QUALITY EVALUATION OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION CHANNELS USING ALSO DYNAMIC SPECTRAL ...
		This measure is an extension of the previously proposed one (Wu et al., 1989) which was tested for fewer conditions and which was based on the average distance measure between subsequent LPC-based cepstral envelopes (LPC cepstral distance) of the original and the distorted utterances.
		The dynamic spectral characteristics play a crucially important role in syllable perception, and consonants are mainly perceived on the basis of the spectral transition from and into neighbouring phonemes.
		The correlation coefficients between MOS and the various distance measures were 0.926 using cepstrum coefficients alone, 0.937 using a combination of cepstrum and their regression coefficients, and 0.954 using a combination of cepstrum and regression coefficients and log-energy.
	fonsg3.let.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings20/ShuzhenWu/ShuzhenWu.html (4535 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A color that is represented by a point on the chromaticity diagram that lies on a straight line between some point on the spectral color (first definition) locus and the achromatic points; purple, for example, is not a spectral color.
		] A photoelectric instrument for measuring the luminance of surfaces; it has a telescopic viewing system for imaging the bright surface to be measured on the cathode of a photoemissive tube, and a separate unit that combines the power supply with the controls and readout meter.
		A spectroscope that is provided with a calibrated scale either for measurement of wavelength or for measurement of refractive indices of transparent prism materials.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/S/S42/DictS42.html (2719 words)

	[No title]
		In particular, for every $\alpha\in(0,1)$ we construct potentials for which the spectral measure is of exact dimension $\alpha$.
		Measure $\mu$ is said to have exact dimension $\alpha$ if, for every $\epsilon > 0$, it is both $(\alpha-\epsilon)$-continuous and $(\alpha+\epsilon)$-singular.
		Thus, by Corollary 4.3, we obtain that for every boundary phase $\theta$, the corresponding spectral measure $\mu$ is zero-dimensional.\gap Corollary 4.1 and its derivatives, Corollaries 4.2 and 4.3, say that the existence of fastly growing solutions imply corresponding singularity of the spectral measure.
	www.ma.utexas.edu /mp_arc/papers/98-723 (3113 words)

	[No title]
		the spectral measure of the distance graph or any hermitian matrix is defined in an analogous manner, by means of the largest eigenvector scaled in the same manner as the spectral measure of graphs, ( i.e the unit eigenvector is multiplied by the number of vertices.)
		log( d) + maximum of the spectral measure of the distance matrix of H(G) - minmum of spectral measure of the distance matrix of H(G), where d is the sum of nonzero reciprocals of e(i) - e(i+1), and e(i) the ith eigenvalue of G.
		Indeed, the number of perfect matchings is a measure of expanding properties, and again, it is a well established fact that among stable benzenoids, those with the largest number of Kekule structures tend to be the most stable.
	www.math.uh.edu /~siemion/pony.html (6639 words)

	[No title]
		Similarly, a {\it spectral measure} of a half-line problem is, by definition, a measure $\rho$ for which $U$ is an isometry from $L_2(0,N)$ to $L_2(\mathbb R, d\rho)$ for all $N>0$.
		In the limit circle case, the measures from the Weyl circle construction are again spectral measures in this wider sense, but there are many other spectral measures.
		The measures from $\mathcal{M}_N$ are sometimes also called spectral measures of the problem on $[0,N]$ (for example in \cite{Mar,RemdB}), but here it is better to avoid this usage of the term, in order to avoid confusion with the spectral measures $\rho_{\beta}$, $\beta\in [0,\pi)$, introduced above, which form a (small) subset of $\mathcal{M}_N$.
	www.ma.utexas.edu /mp_arc/papers/02-394 (3070 words)

	Measuring Spectral Sensitivity
		It is said that he noticed this phenomenon while looking at the colors in a rug as daylight changed to dusk in the late afternoon or evening (depending on the time of year).
		The reason that radiometry is an inadequate means for measuring the perception of chromatic brightness is that the visual system is differentially sensitive as a function of wavelength.
		In plain English they defined a standard spectral sensitivity function that is appropriate to young adults and for targets that subtend a 2 degree visual angle.
	www.yorku.ca /eye/brightne.htm (1233 words)

	Summary for `The Effective Bandwidth of a Multitaper Spectral Estimator' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The bandwidth of a spectral estimator is a measure of the minimum separation in frequency between approximately uncorrelated spectral estimates.
		The multitaper spectral estimator is the average of several direct spectral estimators, each of which uses one of a set of orthogonal tapers.
		We show that the equivalent width of the autocorrelation of the overall spectral window is a suitable measure of the effective bandwidth of a multitaper spectral estimator and illustrate its use in the case of both Slepian and sinusoidal orthogonal tapers.
	faculty.washington.edu /dbp/ABSTRACTS/ebmse.html (233 words)

	Estimating Risk Measures
		The estimated risk measure is the sum of the fifth column terms.
		And if a risk measure is very imprecisely estimated, then the estimate is virtually worthless because its imprecision implies that the true value could be almost anything.
		Hence, a fundamental principle of good risk measurement is to supplement any estimated risk measures with some indicator of their precision.
	www.fenews.com /fen43/risk-reward/risk-reward.htm (1464 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Eugenia J. Robinson and Gene A. Ware
		When choosing a distortion measure for use in either vector quantization or cluster analysis, it is important to choose a measure that is relevant to the data.
		Because different materials generally may be uniquely characterized by their spectral reflectance, pixels representing a given material in the subject would be expected to have similar spectral reflectance vectors.
		Thus, in preparing multispectral image data for cluster analysis using the spectral-angle measure in the LBG algorithm, the last preprocessing step is to normalize each pixel’s spectrum vector by dividing by its magnitude.
	www.famsi.org /reports/99052/section25.htm (564 words)

	Alexander Teplyaev -- List of Publications (abstracts)
		In this paper I studied the spectral properties of the Laplacian on infinite Sierpinski gaskets.
		We assumed that the elements of the operators involved are obtained from a stationary process and investigated the properties of the spectrum of these operators.
		I gave estimations of the density of this measure and indicated consequences related to the deterministic case.
	www.math.mcmaster.ca /tepla/atc/atc.html (1206 words)

	Borel measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Invariant finite Borel measures for rational functions on the Riemann sphere...
		Positron emission tomography, Borel measures and weak convergence...
		Borel Measures on Compact Metric Spaces are Regular...
	www.scienceoxygen.com /math/535.html (113 words)

	Veröffentlichungen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dodds, W. Ricker, Spectral measures and the Bade reflexivity theorem, J.
		Ricker, Spectral permanence properties of cartesian decompositions of linear operators, Tübinger Berichte zur Funktionalanalysis, 2 (1993), 179-183.
		Okada, W. Ricker, Spectral measures which fail to be equicontinuous, Period.
	www.ku-eichstaett.de /Fakultaeten/MGF/Mathematik/Lehrstuhl.Analysis/Forschung/publications (2071 words)

	Time-frequency balanced spectral entropy as a measure of anesthetic..
		Time-frequency balanced spectral entropy as a measure of anesthetic..
		Time-frequency balanced spectral entropy as a measure of anesthetic drug effect in central nervous system during sevoflurane, propofol, and thiopental anesthesia.
		Time-frequency balanced spectral entropy of electroencephalogram (EEG) and frontal electromyogram (FEMG) is a novel measure of hypnosis during anesthesia.
	www.datex-ohmeda.com /clinical/cw_issue_17_article3.htm (429 words)

	Gene Prediction by Spectral Rotation Measure: A New Method for Identifying Protein-Coding Regions -- Kotlar and Lavner ...
		A new measure for gene prediction in eukaryotes is presented.
		Figure 9A depicts the graph of the SR measure on the gene SPBC1685.08
		Figure 10A depicts the graphs of the SR measure on the gene
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/13/8/1930 (4117 words)

	Spectral Risk Measures
		Coherent risk measures have various desirable properties â“ most particularly, the property of subadditivity, which says that adding individual risks together does not increase overall risk â“ which make them demonstrably superior risk measures to the VaR.
		The weights attached to higher losses in spectral risk measures are thus a direct reflection of the userâs risk aversion.
		The exponential-exponential measure is thus a weighted average of quantiles, with the weights determined by the exponential risk-aversion function (2).
	www.fenews.com /fen42/risk-reward/risk-reward.htm (1163 words)

	GloriaMundi Resource Detail page
		We study Spectral Measures of Risk from the perspective of portfolio optimization.
		The minimization problem of a spectral measure is shown to be equivalent to the minimization of a suitable function which contains additional parameters, but displays analytical properties (piecewise linearity and convexity in all arguments, absence of sorting subroutines) which allow for efficient minimization procedures.
		In other words, minimizing a spectral measure turns out to be already an optimization process itself, where risk minimization and returns maximization cannot be disentangled from each other.
	www.gloriamundi.org /resultstop10.asp?keyword=risk (3173 words)

	An Encyclopedia of Suns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		There are several ways of measuring it, the best (and most direct) being a detailed analysis of the spectral lines of iron and hydrogen.
		Estimates of the uncertainty vary, but uncertainties of 25% appear to be typical.
		Astronomers have calculated how the luminosity and spectrum of a star vary as a function of various parameters, notably stellar mass, composition, and age.
	www.astronexus.com /eos/faq.php (720 words)

	Feature Article
		Instead, Flanagan and his group would use a photograph of an oscillogram and measure the various amplitudes of the signal.
		Instead of measuring the waveforms as generated by an oscilloscope, why not measure the motion of the vocal cords themselves?
		Working with high-speed motion pictures taken of the vocal cords via a dental mirror, he measured the vibration and area of those cords and used these data to compute spectral characteristics of the vocal source.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /WEBONLY/publicfeature/may05/0505sul.html (2551 words)

	The Fourier coefficients of the spectral measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Next: Spectral properties and the Up: A remark on quantum Previous: A unitary discretisation
		on [-1,1], which is the spectral measure of
		We should note that Chebychev polynomials are also useful in similar contexts like polynomial expansions of the Green functions (see [ 21 ]).
	www.math.harvard.edu /~knill/oldinterests/discrete/node3.html (128 words)

	Murad S. Taqqu -- Articles
		``A geometric approach to constructing martingale measures: the discrete case'' (with Walter Willinger).
		``Construction of multiple stable measures and integrals using LePage Representation'' (with Gennady Samorodnitsky).
		``Lévy measures of infinitely divisible random vectors and Slepian inequality'' (with Gennady Samorodnitsky).
	math.bu.edu /people/murad/articles.html (3488 words)

	Product News Network: Spectral Measurement Systems measure color displays
		Six different measurement apertures include 5[degrees], 2[degrees], 1[degrees], 30 ft, 20 ft, and 6 ft. Automatic dynamic range optimization ensures system electrical gains are always set for best results.
		Available in four models covering the UV to near-infrared, the series offers exceptional accuracy via high-resolution bandwidth coverage, superior wavelength and color accuracy via low thermal expansion coefficient materials and near-real-time measurement.
		The series is also unique in that it provides six different measurement apertures (5[degrees], 2[degrees], 1[degrees], 30', 20', 6') to maximize measurement flexibility and speed.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PIL/is_2005_Feb_8/ai_n9489135 (372 words)

	Holistic Health Articles
		As a certified Bach flower therapy practitioner I have found that for passing moods or as a preventative measure, the average person can usually determine which remedy or remedies are going to be beneficial to them.
		A study of two matched groups of students at the the British Royal College of Music, reported in the Procedures of the Royal Society of Medicine, found that the Alexander group improved their singing and acting skills as well as their posture.
		FP Jones reported in the Journal of Psychology that improvements in singers' voices after an Alexander course are measurable by spectral analysis an well as audibly.
	www.healingisessential.com /holisticarticles.htm (8211 words)

	Spectral properties and the dynamics
		allows to determine, whether there is some discrete part in the spectral measure
		This tool for detecting point spectrum is used in quantum dynamics (see [ 1 ]).
		converges to zero or not can be subtle and there are both singular continuous measures for which
	www.math.harvard.edu /~knill/oldinterests/discrete/node4.html (427 words)

	EconPapers: Local Empirical Spectral Measure of Multivariate Processes with Long Range Dependence
		Local Empirical Spectral Measure of Multivariate Processes with Long Range Dependence
		Abstract: We derive a functional central limit theorem for the empirical spectral measure or discretely averaged (integrated) periodogram of a multivariate long range dependent stochastic process in a degenerating neighborhood of the origin.
		We show that, under certain restrictions on the memory parameters, this local empirical spectral measure converges weakly to a Gaussian process with independent increments.
	econpapers.repec.org /paper/aahaarhec/2002-16.htm (242 words)

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