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	Spectral signature sampling
		The background for the interest in spectral signatures is that the spectral signatures may characterize the targets being observed, and that they are influenced by optical properties of the media and surfaces being observed.
		The spectral irradiance may be measured directly by attaching a cosine receptor to the spectroradiometer and pointing the receptor parallel to the surface for which the irradiance is to be measured.
		The spectral reflectance signatures should in the ideal world be independent of the illumination situation, it is however always preferential to measure the spectral reflectance signatures at conditions similar to the situation when the image data are acquired.
	www.dmu.dk /rescoman/Groundobs/Radiometer_acquisition.htm (987 words)

	USGS OGW, BG: Spectral Gamma Borehole Tool
		Spectral gamma borehole geophysical methods measure natural-gamma energy spectra, which are caused by the decay of uranium, thorium, potassium-40, and anthropogenic radioactive isotopes.
		In a spectral gamma tool, this medium is usually a sodium iodide or cesium iodide scintillation detector (or "crystal"), which emits a pulse of light when struck by a gamma ray.
		Careful calibration of the spectral gamma probe in a test pit of known isotope concentrations permits the process of spectral stripping to be done.
	water.usgs.gov /ogw/bgas/spectral_gamma (978 words)

	Spectral signature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spectral signatures are the specific combination of reflected and absorbed electromagnetic (EM) radiation at varying wavelengths which can uniquely identify an object.
		The ""Spectral signature"" of an object is a function of 1) incidental EM wavelength and material interaction with that section of the (electromagnetic spectrum).
		Calibration of spectral signatures under specific illumination are collected in order to apply an empirical correction to airborne or satellite imagery digital images.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectral_signature (139 words)

	Spectral de-mixing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The primary objective of this component of the research was to evaluate linear spectral demixing and spectral brightness and greeness index correlations with abundance of landcover types as alternative methods for large scale characterization and monitoring of land condition using small scale, coarse resolution satellite imagery.
		Using spectral demixing, percent cover of individual landcover components, as estimated from CIR photo classifications, and TM spectral response in 6 spectral wavelengths were used to determine the spectral contribution of each landcover component to the mixed spectral response recorded in a single TM pixel.
		Critical to both the spectral demixing and the spectral index correlation analysis was the accurate classification of the CIR photos.
	www.gis.usu.edu /~doug/SERDP/pubs/Demix/demix.htm (4944 words)

	Data Fusion Corporation - Information Engineering Solutions
		One currently in vogue is called the "matched filter." This filter takes a "spectral prototype" (which is the desired spectral profile of a material of interest obtained from either laboratory measurements or directly from the image) and, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, computes the cross-correlation between the spectral prototype and the test spectra under investigation.
		The amplitude of the resulting computation is then compared to the value of a threshold (the threshold is determined statistically which is based in a probability of false alarm) and a statistical test is invoked which either accepts or rejects the hypothesis that the test spectra belongs in the same class as the prototype.
		Unlike the matched filter, which has only one input (the spectral prototype), the matched subspace detector has a minimum of two inputs, i.e., the spectral prototype of the target and the spectral prototype of one or more interferences that are expected to be in the scene.
	www.datafusion.com /hyperspectral_intro.htm (843 words)

	A Novel Electro-Optical Sensor for the Find and Track Missions
		This range contrasts with the spectral signatures from the terrestrial background with emission temperatures of approximately 300°K. The characteristic duration of the events ranges from a few milliseconds for weapon firings to a few seconds for missile launches, necessitating a frame rate of 500 samples per second or more.
		The spectral resolution of the detector is determined by a combination of the dispersive power of the prism and the magnification from the optic on the camera.
		Since the spectral signature is extracted from the data in real time, scientists can evaluate the broadband intensity change of the target of interest by simple spectral bin summing and perform a more complete analysis by looking carefully at the spectral characteristics.
	www.afrlhorizons.com /Briefs/Jun04/SN0309.html (1049 words)

	sect25
		At the thermal spectral region, energy is primarily absorbed, and the reflected energy is significantly less in magnitude than the emission of a target.
		Due to the variability of spectral signature, one of the current research direction is to investigate the bidirectional properties of various targets.
		The one at the red spectral wavelength region (0.65 µm) is caused by high absorptance of energy by chloraphyll a and b in the leaves.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /~gong/textbook/chapter2/html/sect25.htm (447 words)

	IV. SPECTRAL DATA - INFLUENCING FACTORS - RESEARCH ISSUES
		Spectral data from imaging spectrometers can be evaluated on the basis of: shape of the overall curve, or portions of it; intensity differences at any selected wavelength range; wavelength location of absorption bands; and, depth and shape of absorption bands.
		Keeping the target surface and illumination/sensor angles constant, the spectral signature is further modified by climate, season, and meteorological variations.
		For current systems and typical target areas, the IFOV (10 m for AVIRIS) encompasses a mixture of surfaces, and the resulting spectral signature is a composite of individual signatures--which presents another problem in relation to digital analysis of spectral data.
	www.tec.army.mil /research/products/desert_guide/TUTORIAL/text/lt4.htm (851 words)

	Spectral Mixture Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Spectral mixture analysis has as an objective the definition of subpixel proportions of spectral endmembers which may be related to mappable surface constituents.
		Spectral mixture analysis 'unmixes' the mixed pixel determining the fractions of each spectral endmember which combine to produce the mixed pixel's spectral signature.
		N is the number of spectral endmembers and Ec is the error in AVIRIS band c for the fit of the N endmembers.
	www.crseo.ucsb.edu /hydro/aviris/scaexp.html (287 words)

	Spectral signatures and spectral mixture modeling as a tool for targeting aluminous laterite and bauxite ore deposits, ...
		As remote sensing deals with spectral reflectance of the objects in a spatial domain (ground resolution or IFOV) there may be the chance that reflectance from the closer objects are mixed.
		Depending upon the spatial and spectral resolution of the imaging sensors the spectral information is modified in the images.
		Therefore spectral unmixing is required to separate target material from the background by estimating approximate sub-pixel abundance in the images.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/geology/mineral/geom0017.htm (910 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The objective of this paper is to address the impact of atmospheric variability on spectral signature formation as seen from space and its subsequent impact on material classification.
		The spectral signature was obtained at a spectral resolution of 10 cm-1 across a spectral range of 3000 to 35000 cm-1.
		The mean spectral signature is saved for each class and for each month, resulting in a total of 72 mean spectral for the year.
	www.cs.haverford.edu /people/fcrawfor/ps/kec01.doc (1942 words)

	Remote Sensing
		The ability of satellites to distinguish between various spectral signatures is all-important for their utility in mapping, where the distinction between different surface and area types is essential.
		The radiation reflected as a function of the wavelength is called the spectral signature of the surface.
		Graphs of spectral signatures of water, soil and vegetation.
	home18.inet.tele.dk /shakti/course2/EOread/tele1.htm (1616 words)

	Events \| College of Optics & Photonics at the University of Central Florida
		It is desirable to modify the spectral signature of a surface, particularly in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Incorporation of thin films and FSS antenna elements on a surface permits the signature of a surface to be changed in a deterministic manner.
		Other desirable modifications of surface signature are also explored; these include the ability to filter radiation based on its polarization orientation and the ability to dynamically tune the surfaceâ€™s signature, particularly its resonant frequency position.
	www.creol.ucf.edu /TheCollege/EventDetail.aspx?EventID=163 (383 words)

	EOM Archives
		In fact, the natural world is just the opposite because most pixels consist of a number of materials, resulting in the vast majority of the pixels in a scene being mixed, i.e., the spectral signature recorded by the satellite's sensors is the combination of the spectral properties of all materials covered by that pixel.
		These signatures were then used, in multiple passes, to identify which pixels contained the materials of interest, and more importantly, to quantify the percentage of impervious surface found in all pixels, down to as little as 20 percent (see Figure 2, noting the small white areas on the east coast of Charleston, S.C.).
		Armed with these powerful hyperspectral sensors, the impending increase in the supply of spectral imagery, and the improving sophistication of analysis tools, the remote sensing industry is poised to make a significant contribution to the growth of the geotechnologies marketplace, as well as the future health and well being of our planet.
	www.eomonline.com /Common/Archives/Nov00/roberts.htm (1821 words)

	Spectral Signatures of Lake Mendota and Lake Wingra
		Spectral Signatures of Lake Mendota and Lake Wingra
		In the visible part of the spectrum, ETM+ measures spectral radiance in three broad bands, 450 to 520 nm (blue light), 520 to 600 nm (green light), and 630 to 690 nm (red light).
		The hand-held radiometer shows a spectral "signature" for each lake that more or less matches what our eyes see: the peak reflectance of the lake is in the green part of the spectrum.
	www.ersc.wisc.edu /lakesat/gallery/madison_compare_hyperion.html (868 words)

	NITON LLC
		Signature Match mode is designed for very fast throughput in sorting of mixed materials.
		When an unknown alloy is tested, the instrument quickly matches its spectral signature or "fingerprint" against a library of stored alloy signatures.
		The user stores the spectral signature of a certified or well-analyzed and documented alloy standard, along with the documented composition of that standard.
	www.niton.com /XLiXLt800_modes.asp (345 words)

	MITRE - News and Events - MITRE Publications - The Edge - September 1999 - Analyzing Hyperspectral Data
		The corresponding spectral signature or fingerprint provides a direct indicator of the material being imaged and therefore has obvious applications for battlefield surveillance, hazardous waste identification, agriculture, and prospecting (mineral identification).
		Target identification is employed when the spectral signature of a material is known, and requires access to reference spectral signatures.
		The results of the signature characterization are then used to group signatures into a hierarchical structure.
	www.mitre.org /news/the_edge/september_99/first.html (1187 words)

	Thales Communications UK: Integrated Total Signature Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Denial of threat ability to detect or recognise the platform across this full frequency range is the principal aim of signature management, and it consequently forms the first and outermost protective layer in the so-called platform survivability "onion" model.
		The management of total platform signature is a specialist design activity requiring the closest co-operation between the platform designer and signature expert.
		However, it is the simultaneous achievement of both signature reduction and balancing the relevant spectral contributions that is important in management of total signature that will lead to improved survivability against modern threat sensors.
	www.thales-communications.ltd.uk /signature_management.htm (383 words)

	Spectral signature of ice clouds in the far-infrared region: Single-scattering calculations and radiative sensitivity ...
		Spectral signature of ice clouds in the far-infrared region: Single-scattering calculations and radiative sensitivity study
		We investigate the spectral signature of ice clouds in the far-infrared (far-IR) spectral region from 100 to 667 cm
		The radiative properties of ice clouds and the clear-sky optical thickness computed from the line-by-line method are input to a radiative transfer model to simulate the upwelling spectral radiance in the far-IR spectral region at the research aircraft height (20 km).
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JD003291.shtml (432 words)

	GOJI JUICE TIME - Spectral Signature of Himalayan Goji Juice (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab03.cs.washington.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		There seemed to be a great similarity between the spectral signatures of goji berries from each of these regions.
		Spectral signature graphs of berries from Xinjiang and Ningxia tended to exhibit the highest peaks, with the rest of the samples showing peaks that were lower to varying degrees.
		From information gleaned from the spectral signatures, scientists were able to determine the chemical nature of the unnamed active compounds in the goji berry.
	www.gojijuicetime.com.cob-web.org:8888 /spectral-signature.shtml (1887 words)

	End to End Remote Sensing Tutorial Page 1-17
		In reality the spectral signature is for all of the materials within the site that interact with the incoming radiation.
		The signature positions at each band are somewhat artificial in that the raw data were not adjusted for relative gains; this affects Bands 1 and 5 in particular.
		IDRISI also has a program that presents pixel information for each signature, recording the number of pixels contributing to the data, and the mean, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation of DN values for each signature.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /Sect1/Sect1_17.html (940 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		That is our basic spectral signature for vegetation; a pattern of low, medium, low, and high reflectance for the four bands used.
		All pixels that we classify as vegetation may not be exactly like our signature, but they may be closer to our vegetation signature than to the signature of some other feature like water or soil.
		If we had spectral signatures for four types of land features: vegetation, sand, dark soil, and water, then we could classify pixels in our image as one of these four types of features.
	baby.indstate.edu /gedenis/intrors/p_iiiq.html (680 words)

	HYPERSPECTRUM NEWSLETTER Vol. 3, No. 1: Spectral Imaging Techniques and Applications
		Two spectral libraries, one of organic compounds [3] and one of background materials [4], are used to model and predict the sensor response under a prescribed scenario.
		Both spectrometers have an adjustable width entrance slit, that determines the spectral resolution of the sensor (which is not necessarily determined by the number of pixels in the FPA along the dispersion direction).
		The spectral signature in certain bands is strongly modified by the presence of CO in the atmosphere (Carbon monoxide is selected because the amount of CO in the atmosphere is pretty much a constant).
	www.techexpo.com /WWW/opto-knowledge/hyperspectrum/hypersp4.html (5388 words)

	Spectral library sheds light on chemicals
		Just as a person's signature is unique and a sure way to weed out imposters and arrive at the truth, a chemical's spectral signature is a trustworthy form of identification.
		"This collection of signatures is viewed as the definitive reference set by many of the users," said Steven Sharpe, one of the PNNL researchers involved in the effort.
		Sharpe says most of the equipment employed for the spectral measurements is commercially available but has been modified for the purposes of this research.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2004-02/dnnl-sls021804.php (434 words)

	GFF-online presents: Spectral signature measurements and Munsell colour analysis for separation of till beds - a pilot ...
		The main aim of this study has been to examine the possibility of using spectral signature measurements to separate till beds.
		Spectral reflectances of six till samples from two sites were recorded using an advanced reflectometer in the wavelength region 0.4 to 2.3 mm.
		Spectral signature measurement of tills can, however, be a more reliable way of separating till units than the Munsell analysis.
	www.gff-online.se /site/article.asp?articleID=440 (202 words)

	Spectral Signature (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab03.cs.washington.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Spectral Signature is a scientific term that refers to what is essentially the genetic fingerprint of a biological organism.
		FreeLife has revolutionized the nutritional industry by creating a way to test for the spectral signatures of Goji berries to determine which variety most closely matches the original Himalayan berry that has been used for over 3000 years with great results.
		FreeLife Himalayan Goji Juice is made solely from the only one of the 41 kinds of Goji Berry with the exact spectral signature as the ancient berry.
	buildbetterhealthnow.com.cob-web.org:8888 /spectral-signature.htm (270 words)

	Goji Juice Health Stories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Be sure to drink goji juice with the spectral signature for the true goji berries with the exact nutrient profile of the legendary goji from the Himalayas!
		This technique results in the generation of a graph, a unique fingerprint for whatever is being tested—a Spectral Signature.
		Thanks to years of dedicated scientific research, a Spectral Signature to identify, isolate, and harvest only those special goji berries with the exact nutrient profile of the legendary goji from the Himalayas has been created.
	www.gojihealthstories.com /spectral.htm (180 words)

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