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Topic: Spectral space

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	Spectral theorem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Hilbert spaces in general, the statement of the spectral theorem for compact self-adjoint operators is virtually the same as in the finite-dimensional case.
		There is also a spectral theorem for normal operators on Hilbert spaces, though, in which the sum in the finite-dimensional spectral theorem is replaced by an integral of the coordinate function over the spectrum against a projection-valued measure.
		Jordan decomposition, an "algebraic" analogue to spectral decomposition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectral_theorem (1124 words)

	Spectral Light as Sculptural Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spaces fluctate, advance and recede [3] Light and transparency are therefore used as the new materials in modern American sculpture.
		Spectral color has not been used as a means of achieving interpenetration of space in sculpture, that is, a simultaneous perception of different spatial locations without the optical destruction of the common overlapping part.
		Spectral patterns are optically superimposed resulting in interpenetration of planes that simultaneously recede and advance in a new type of planar space articulation of light volumes.
	www.mi.sanu.ac.yu /vismath/russ (3610 words)

	Spectral Mixture Analysis of Hyperspectral Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spectral mixture analysis of hyperspectral data is performed to validate the spectral unmixing technique worked based on the theory of linear mixture modeling.
		In remote-sensing imagery, the measured spectral radiance of a pixel is the integration of the radiance reflected from all the objects within the ground instantaneous field of view (GIFOV).
		The application of spectral unmixing was limited due to the low spectral resolution of the sensors in the past.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1999/ts10/ts10020.shtml (764 words)

	Frank Ekeberg - Spatio-structural analysis
		Extrinsic space is an inevitable part of sounds which are recorded in an acoustic environment, in which case the recording captures information about the sounds' location relative to the microphone as well as the acoustical characteristics of the environment in which the recording was made.
		Sounds' placement in spectral space is based on a psychological sense of height, particularly with material which has strong pitch elements, but this placement cannot be pointed to and localised physically as can sounds in acoustic space.
		Because space has become as controllable and manipulable as any other musical parameter, it is now possible to use space as a structural device equal to other musical parameters in its aesthetic capacity as a carrier of meaning.
	www.notam02.no /~frankh/writings/research/SSA2000/SSA2000.html (3957 words)

	SCAIM Seminar Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spectral methods have been proved to be powerful computational methods solving a wide range of physical and engineering problems.
		However, the spectral method is also sensitive to nonsmoothness of the functions and this causes numerical instability when it is applied to the time-dependent problem.
		Projection methods seek the reconstruction by means of projection of the given spectral data into the new spectral space while the inverse methods use the projection of the reconstruction onto the given spectral space instead.
	www.iam.ubc.ca /~scaim/SeminarAbstracts2004/jhjung.html (301 words)

	TRIANET \| Remote Sensing
		The groups of pixels are called clusters and they are formed if the vector of values defining the spectral signature of a pixel is considered as a vector of coordinates in the spectral space.
		It is interesting to notice that the spectral space is defined by the number of spectral bands in the image i.e.
		In the two dimensional spectral space clusters have the shape of an ellipse, in the three dimensional spectral space clusters have the shape of an ellipsoid, and in the N-dimensional spectral space clusters have the shape of a hyperellipsoid.
	nibis.ni.schule.de /~trianet/remtsens/hatz5.htm (818 words)

	The most common form of delivery, and use, of vegetation and soils information remains the mapped thematic, choropleth, ...
		Spectral space, for example, forms the basis for most analysis of remotely sensed data.
		This same motion in environmental data space may result in no motion, if the environments along this vector in geographic space are the same, or a jump from point to point if say, a soil boundary is crossed.
		If we retain geographic space as the most convenient operational data space for users of predictive modelling, we are also selecting the domain with least database complexity where each point exists in only one location in each of the other domains.
	www.ncgia.ucsb.edu /conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/lees_brian/santafe2.html (2442 words)

	Thomas Cronin
		Most of the complicated spectral and polarizational photoreceptor classes are found in ommatidia of the midband.
		The spectral receptor classes of mantis shrimps may span the spectrum from nearly 300 nm to beyond 700 nm, the greatest range known for any animal.
		The spectral tuning is carried out both by changing the visual pigments and by altering overlying photostable filters that adjust spectral sensitivity (Cronin et al 1994b, 1996).
	www.mbl.edu /CASSLS/thomas_cronin.htm (459 words)

	RIUL, CAIP, RUTGERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spectral based methods describe colors by their underlying spectra and thus do not involve human color perception.
		Most of the spectral methods employ a low dimensional (three to ten) representation of the spectra obtained from an orthogonal (usually eigenvector) expansion.
		While the spectral methods have solid theoretical foundation, the results obtained are often difficult to interpret.
	www.caip.rutgers.edu /riul/research/papers/abstract/noneuc.html (213 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Space-time spectral analysis resolves transient waves into eastward and westward moving components and is mathematically analogous to rotary spectral analysis which resolves two-dimensional velocity vectors into clockwise and anticlockwise components.
		Space-time energy spectra are governed by space-time spectral energy equations which consist of linear and nonlinear energy transfer spectra.
		Space-time spectral analysis has been extensively applied to data generated by GFDL general circulation models to determine the wave characteristics, structure and energetics of transient planetary waves, to verify the model with observations and to clarify their generation mechanisms by means of controlled experiments.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~gth/netscape/1982/yh8201.html (202 words)

	Hyperspectral Imaging
		Spectral library is a database where the spectral signatures of the objects of remote sensing are stored.
		The design must be simulated under a space environment, the prototypes must undergo a series tests which mimic the crucial environment of the space.
		The swath width of the sensor is 7.5 km, the spatial resolution is 30m, the data quantization is 12 bit, and the number of spectral bands is 220.
	www.science.gmu.edu /~yxing/759/759ii/midterm.html (2007 words)

	Space – Enabling the Potential of Our Joint Warfighter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Space professionals are leveraging this new high ground by providing space products and services that are significantly more capable, more abundant, and more integrated into all phases of combat operations.
		Space-based spectral imagery products are being used extensively during OEF and OIF, from locating cave entrances in Afghanistan to analyzing the adverse ecological impacts caused by Saddam Hussein’s vindictive directive to drain the marshes in southern Iraq.
		Space is well suited to emphasizing this relationship between all members of the Joint, Interagency, and Multi-national team.
	www.smdc.army.mil /PubAff/05Press/Space.html (3272 words)

	[No title]
		Rather the resemblance of cyberpractices is identical with the inclusion of whatsoever practices in the space of cyberbeing, between the actual and the virtual.
		It is this mutual relay that, as we have seen, is the space (or spacing) of cyberbeing.
		And the space of that possibility and potential is the spectral, gui, cyberbeing and ~space, itself.
	jefferson.village.virginia.edu /pmc/text-only/issue.997/mchoul.997 (4933 words)

	Spectral Spaces and Color Spaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In this work, we compare color spaces, preceptual or based on dimensionality reduction using color matching functions and additional operations (uniform color spaces) to spectral spaces derived with a variety of dimensionality reduction techniques.
		Thus, spectral spaces offer more discrimination of spctra than color spaces, however in a way that is not in agrement with human color vision.
		The primary idea of this page is to illustrate wth video files, the "structure" of spectral spaces in comparison with the structure of the CIELAB representation of the Munsell Color Space (as given by the reflectance database at the University of Joensuu, Finland).
	www.ece.ncsu.edu /imaging/Projects/SpectralSpaces (256 words)

	The Macroscopic Effect of Remote Sensing Geoinformation and Mineral prospecting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Therefore, apart from both to enhance spectral and space resolution, and to improve imagery spectral technique and high-resolution Radar space techniques, men are devoted to the study of decompose-pixel technique.
		But, in accordance with the similarity in both the space scale and time scale of the macroscopic effects of RS and the mineralizing function, the macroscopic effect is more suitable to macroscopic exploration study.
		For, in space scale, minerals are more attention to mineral are more approximate to microscopic particles, molecules, atoms, ions, electrons, the physical properties and the spectral properties of which may be used to study the microscopic principles of rock compose and to build feature spectrum database for discriminating minerals.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1999/ps6/ps61231.shtml (1405 words)

	Generalized barotropic models on isentropic levels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus, the potential correction achieved by the empirical spectral operator may be important.
		The zonal mean wavenumber appears to be distinctly different from the other zonal wavenumbers (see Figure 5.1) and exhibits notable irregularity.
		The two displayed simple quadratic fits may be used to evaluate the phase speed and group velocity of the empirically modified spectral model.
	www.atmos.uiuc.edu /~mitas/thesisProposal/node16.html (715 words)

	manf.html
		However, most of the fundamental integrals calculated in the pseudospectral method [19] are computed in physical space, on a grid, rather than in the spectral space defined by the basis functions.
		For medium and large molecules, the additional overhead the pseudospectral method requires to compute the information needed for the transformation between physical and spectral space is vastly outweighed by the advantages of evaluating the integrals in physical space.
		The number of arithmetic operations involved in the assembly of the matrices J and K in Equation (3a) and Equation (3b) scales formally as N3, as opposed to the N4 scaling for the matrix assembly in the conventional spectral space algorithm.
	www.pdc.kth.se:81 /doc/jaguar4.1/html/manual/manf.html (3442 words)

	NOGAPS Final Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It consists of a spectral dynamics component to simulate the atmospheric motion (wind and pressure fields) and a comprehensive physics package for simulating physical forces such as the radiation budget driving the atmosphere into motion.
		It uses a spectral spatial discretization scheme in the horizontal and a finite difference scheme to discretize the governing equations in the vertical.
		As part of the spectral scheme, dependent field variables are transformed from physical space to Fourier space and then to spectral space using Fourier and Legendre transformations.
	www.sdsc.edu /PET/NAVO/reports/NOGAPS-final-report.html (3776 words)

	[No title]
		The E2 term of this spectral sequence (which is the collection of E2 terms of spectral sequences associated to each H) has a nice algebraic description.
		When G is the trivial group, the spectral sequence constructed here reduces to that of [20], modulo a shift by the dimension of W.
		The spectral sequence associated to this simplicial G-space* * col- lapses by Proposition 3.3 and Lemma 4.1.
	hopf.math.purdue.edu /Intermont/vkampen.txt (5342 words)

	The spectral filter. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The following is a brief discussion of spectral filters: the reader is referred to Vandeven [23] and Boyd [7] for further details.
		We have elected to adopt the lagged erfc-log spectral filter proposed by Boyd [7] (hereafter referred to as the Boyd-Vandeven filter).
		For large p, the filter asymptotes to the Vandeven and Euler filters [23], both of which are widely used for damping Gibbs oscillations and for sum-accelerations.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~levinj/filter/node5.html (556 words)

	Imaging On-Line Store (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In this study two measures for defining color differences in spectral space are defined using two spectral databases, Munsell Glossy and NCS.
		Spectral differences of constant chroma, adjacent hues and adjacent values in Munsell and NCS-databases are evaluated and analyzed based on this measure.
		Chroma and hue differences in spectral space and in modified eigenvector space are compared to the most common color difference formulas (CIELAB DE, CIE94 and CIEDE2000).
	www.imaging.org /store/epub.cfm?abstrid=8485 (401 words)

	quick tips
		spectral profiles: place one or more points on the image to examine the DN values for the pixel in each band.
		Examining spectral space: One method in ERDAS of exploring spectral properties is by creating feature space layers.
		This can only be done in a two dimensional histogram, but theoretically our data has 6 dimensions of spectral space.
	courses.washington.edu /urbdp467/qtips.html (865 words)

	PARALLEL ALGORITHMS
		The dynamics calculations make use of the spectral transform method for the approximation of all horizontal derivates in the equations except those of the advective term in the moisture transport equation.
		In the spectral transform from grid space to spectral space, this is followed by a Legendre transform integrating the results of the FFT in the north-south, or latitudinal, direction.
		All the calculations involve physical space (grid point) data, and are decomposed over the processors with the same mesh decomposition used to parallelize the physics and the spectral transform.
	www.csm.ornl.gov /chammp/pccm2.1/doc/node3.html (682 words)

	2. Mathematical and Numerical Procedures
		Wavelets can be viewed as a mathematical operation involving a 3-D convolution integral, which can be set to zoom in both physical space at a given location and in spectral space at a given scale.
		The limit of integration in spectral space is thus given by the biggest wavenumber.
		Quantitatively, the local power spectrum of the signal is given by the L2-norm of the wavelet transform, that is, the square of the modulus of eqn.
	www.msi.umn.edu /~bergeron/egs/node2.html (860 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Eugenia J. Robinson and Gene A. Ware
		When choosing a distortion measure for use in either vector quantization or cluster analysis, it is important to choose a measure that is relevant to the data.
		Because different materials generally may be uniquely characterized by their spectral reflectance, pixels representing a given material in the subject would be expected to have similar spectral reflectance vectors.
		Incorporating the spectral angle measure into the LBG algorithm produces the proposed clustering algorithm, which we shall refer to hereafter as the SAM/LBG algorithm.
	www.famsi.org /reports/99052/section25.htm (561 words)

	NOGAPS project initial profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It consists of a spectral dynamics component to simulate the atmospheric motion (wind and pressure fields) and a comprehensive physics package simulating physical forces such as a radiation budget driving the atmosphere motion.
		The dynamics component solves altogether 9 coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, of which six are prognostic equations (time-dependent) for vorticity, divergence, pressure, vertical velocity, potential temperature, and moisture, and three are diagnostic equations for two velocity components and the geopotential height field.
		As part of the spectral scheme, dependent field variables are transformed from physical space to Fourier space and then to spectral space using Fourier and Lagrangian transformations.
	www.sdsc.edu /PET/NAVO/tiger/nogaps.html (575 words)

	442_unsup_class_lab
		Because they are based on natural groupings of the image values, the identity of the spectral classes will not be initially known.
		This provides all sorts of details about the classification process, including the number of pixels in each cluster and the coordinates of each cluster in spectral space (based on the DN in each of the input channels you used) along with the standard deviation for each cluster.
		These are your spectral classes and you now need to go through the process of assigning these spectral classes to information classes.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~wallin/envr442/442_unsup_class_lab.html (2350 words)

	CEO Users Guide - Content
		The spectral signatures of geologic objects is further complicated by variations in weathering and surface cover, as well as the blending of individual component signatures into one combination signature for each pixel.
		The spectral signature of water bodies themselves are largely dependent on water depth and suspended matter [1].
		The spectral signature of a water body therefore is composed of the spectral signature of the reflecting surface (the bottom or suspended particle) minus whatever is absorbed or scattered as the light rays travel through the overlying water.
	www.yale.edu /ceo/Documentation/guide_text.html (17060 words)

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