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Topic: Spectral

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Spectral class

spectral type

spectral line

spectral theorem

spectral theory

spectral density

spectral sequence

Spectral Bat

spectral radius

spectral envelope

spectral space

spectral decomposition

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	Spectral line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.
		Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system (usually atoms, but sometimes molecules or atomic nuclei) and single photons.
		Several elements were discovered by spectroscopic means -- helium, thallium, cerium, etc. Spectral lines also depend on the physical conditions of the gas, so they are widely used to determine the chemical composition of stars and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means, as well as their physical conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectral_line (706 words)

	Spectral Mixture Analysis of Hyperspectral Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spectral mixture analysis of hyperspectral data is performed to validate the spectral unmixing technique worked based on the theory of linear mixture modeling.
		In remote-sensing imagery, the measured spectral radiance of a pixel is the integration of the radiance reflected from all the objects within the ground instantaneous field of view (GIFOV).
		The application of spectral unmixing was limited due to the low spectral resolution of the sensors in the past.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1999/ts10/ts10020.shtml (764 words)

	Spectral Light as Sculptural Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spectral intensity variations of light have not been used as a means of creating sculptures whose spatial existence depends on the different wavelengths of color.
		Spectral color has not been used as a means of achieving interpenetration of space in sculpture, that is, a simultaneous perception of different spatial locations without the optical destruction of the common overlapping part.
		Spectral patterns are optically superimposed resulting in interpenetration of planes that simultaneously recede and advance in a new type of planar space articulation of light volumes.
	www.mi.sanu.ac.yu /vismath/russ (3610 words)

	SOFIA - OFR-03-68 - Stratigraphic Correlation - Spectral Gamma-Ray Log Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Co-occurrence measures overlapping spectral components; for example, in the 3AS3-GW1 core (Table 2), at one depth there was one measurement of potassium that overlapped with a uranium measurement (or 9.1% of the 11 occurrences of potassium), and at five depths potassium overlapped with thorium (or 45.5% of the 11 occurrences of potassium).
		Thus, the spectral gamma-ray dataset is of limited use for identification or confirmation of subaerial discontinuities observed in the core record.
		Co-occurrence measures overlapping spectral components, for example, in the 3AS3 GW1 core, at one depth there was one measurement of potassium that overlapped with a uranium measurement (or 9.1% of the 11 occurrences of potassium), and at five depths potassium overlapped with thorium (or 45.5% of the 11 occurrences of potassium).
	sofia.usgs.gov /publications/ofr/03-68/gammalog.html (540 words)

	AllRefer.com - spectral class (Astronomy, General) - Encyclopedia
		spectral class, in astronomy, a classification of the stars by their spectrum and luminosity.
		R, N, and S are classes similar to the K and M types but denote somewhat different spectral characteristics; W indicates a Wolf-Rayet star, the hottest type of star that shines with a steady light.
		A bright supergiant is Ia, a faint supergiant is Ib, a bright giant is II, a normal giant is III, a subgiant is IV, and a normal dwarf or main-sequence star is V. For example, Sirius is classed as A1 V, a main-sequence white star.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/spectral.html (394 words)

	Spectral Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A spectral analysis of this time domain residual is done by first windowing it, window which is independent of the one used to find sinusoids, and thus we are free to choose a different time-frequency compromise.
		From the spectral representation of a note we first detect the relevant inflexion points for the attack, steady state and release, by studying the amplitude and frequency changes in time.
		Then the general spectral shape of the steady state of the note is approximated with an envelope and extracted from the whole note.
	www.iua.upf.es /~xserra/articles/spectral-models/section4.html (857 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: A User's Guide to Spectral Sequences (Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Describes some of the most important examples of spectral sequences and their applications, first treating their algebraic foundations, then moving to an exposition of homotopy theory, and finally centering on the diverse mathematical applications of spectral sequences A reference for students and researchers in geometry, topology, and algebra.
		Spectral sequences have generally been thought of as being complicated, esoteric constructions, due mainly to the way they are presented in the mathematical literature.
		The Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence also arises in the study of fibrations, when the cohomology of the base space and the cohomology of the total space are known and one wants to compute the cohomology of the fiber.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521567599?v=glance (1728 words)

	Thermo Electron Corporation --Spectral DB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spectral DB is a unique data management tool for organizing spectra and chromatograms into a database.
		Spectral DB is supported by Thermo Electron's Smart Converttechnology, giving it the unique capability of being a repository of data files from hundreds of different analytical instruments.
		And because Spectral DB is inherently built to communicate with one's installed copy of GRAMS, all the processing, viewing, and plotting capabilities of GRAMS and its add-on applications can be applied to one's data.
	www.thermohypersil.co.uk /com/cda/product/detail/1,1055,10122195,00.html (317 words)

	NIST Total Spectral Radiant Flux Scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Total spectral radiant flux is the geometrically total radiant flux of a given bandwidth at a given wavelength.
		The total spectral radiant flux is commonly measured using an integrating sphere equipped with a spectroradiometer.
		When the total spectral radiant flux is established in the near future, NIST plans to provide calibration services for this quantity from the near UV to near IR region.
	physics.nist.gov /Divisions/Div844/facilities/photo/Projects/spectral_flux.htm (287 words)

	Spectral line -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous (An ordered array of the components of an emission or wave) spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.
		When a photon has exactly the right energy to allow a change in the energy state of the system (in the case of an atom this is usually an (An elementary particle with negative charge) electron changing (Click link for more info and facts about orbitals) orbitals), the photon is absorbed.
		Absorption and emission lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to easily identify the chemical composition of any medium capable of letting light passing through it (typically (A fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely) gas is used).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spectral_line.htm (759 words)

	Spectral Test Server (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The notation spectral test is due to Coveyou and MacPherson [4] who used Fourier analysis for the assessment of linear congruential generators (LCGs).
		Derived from the original form of the spectral test, Peter Hellekalek proposed the general notion of weighted spectral test, which is not limited to random number generators with lattice structures.
		An efficient algorithm of the spectral test which facilitates the analysis of lattices generated by vectors of successive or non-successive values produced by linear congruential generators with moduli of essentially unlimited sizes was derived by Pierre L`Ecuyer [19].
	crypto.mat.sbg.ac.at /results/karl/spectraltest (743 words)

	Spectral Analysis - What Do Spectra Tell Us? - Introduction
		She later turned to studies of variable stars, and coined the term 'cataclysmic variables'.) In this work, she utilized many excellent spectra taken by Harvard observers, measured the intensities of 134 different lines from 18 different elements.
		She applied the up-to-date theory of spectral line formation, and found that the chemical compositions of stars were probably all similar, the temperature being the important factor in creating their diverse appearances.
		She was then able to estimate the abundances of 17 of the elements relative to the 18th, silicon.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/science/how_l1/spectral_what.html (1058 words)

	Photochemistry and Photobiology: On spectral relaxation in proteins
		The timescale of spectral relaxation appears to be somewhat faster than the mean decay times, but is slow enough to result in the multiexponential intensity decays typically found for single and multi-trp proteins.
		Subnanosecond spectral relaxation is consistent with extensive data from physical chemistry showing that spectral relaxation proceeds faster than the rotational diffusion of solvent molecules.
		The presence of time-dependent spectral relaxation should be considered in the interpretation of protein intensity decays and in the resolution of multiple trp residues in proteins.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3931/is_200010/ai_n8909472 (1338 words)

	USGS Spectroscopy Lab - Spectral Library splib04a paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The spectral resolution (Full Width Half Maximum) of the reflectance data is <= 4 nm in the visible (0.2-0.8 µm) and <= 10 nm in the NIR (0.8-2.35 µm).
		However, the quality required in a spectral library to successfully perform an investigation depends on the scientific questions to be answered and the type of algorithms to be used.
		The intent of the spectral library is to serve as a knowledge base for spectral analysis.
	speclab.cr.usgs.gov /spectral.lib04/clark1993/spectral_lib.html (4994 words)

	Spectral Diagnostics Company Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spectral is dedicated to global leadership in the accelerated development and successful commercialization of unique diagnostic products, which will improve patient management in the continually changing world of healthcare.
		Spectral's competitive advantage is built on providing a full range of capabilities through the product pipeline.
		Spectral's product development cycle includes clinical investigation and validation led by an experienced in-house team of clinical scientists.
	www.spectraldx.com /company.htm (261 words)

	spectral web site
		Spectral (alias Moog), formed by Jean Loup Kehrig, in collaboration with Thierry Gotti, has been producing music since 94, released by different record labels in Europe.
		Spectral has done many gigs since 1994 for different kinds of events, parties and festivals around the world.
		They are now projecting their gigs dates for the next months to play live the new tracks and album project.
	spectral.project.free.fr (131 words)

	Spectral Clustering, ICML 2004 Tutorial by Chris Ding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At the core of spectral clustering is the Laplacian of the graph adjacency (pairwise similarity) matrix, evolved from spectral graph partitioning.
		The widely used K-means clustering is shown recently (Zha,et al 2001; Ding & He, 2003) to be directly related to spectral method: (a) the solution for cluster membership indicators are given by principal components, eigenvectors of the inner-product kernel (Gram) matrix; (b) PCA subspace is identical to the subspace spanned by K cluster centroids.
		A unifying theorem for spectral embedding and clustering.
	crd.lbl.gov /~cding/Spectral (771 words)

	PlanetMath: spectral radius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is version 7 of spectral radius, born on 2002-12-09, modified 2003-05-29.
		Spectral radius formula by lupin on 2005-07-29 09:10:52
		Are there any useful references which discuss the interpretation of spectral portraits of variance-covariance matrices?
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/Spectrum.html (114 words)

	Spectroscopy
		The study of spectral lines is known as spectroscopy and is heavily used in astronomy.
		By studying how their spectral lines are shifted by their motions with respect to Earth, scientists can determine not only their characteristic motions but also estimate the forces responsible, particularly gravity.
		Finally, since spectral lines reveal the presence of specific atoms and molecules in space, these same components can serve as tracers of the physical conditions in their surroundings, particularly those of temperature, density, and pressure.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/Bima/CBCSpecLines.html (528 words)

	[No title]
		The user can optionally output the cosine and sin coefficients for each series, the periodogram, the real part of the cross-periodogram, the imaginary part of the cross-periodogram, the spectral density estimate, the cospectral density estimate, the quadrature-spectrum estimate, the amplitude, the coherency squared and the phase spectrum.
		The B34S SPECTRAL command uses the FORTRAN routines EZFFTI and EZFFTF which were built by Paul Swarztrauber and are available in the FFTPACK library.
		The VAR sentence specifies the variables to pass to the SPECTRAL command.
	tigger.uic.edu /~hhstokes/hhstokes/help/spectral.txt (1067 words)

	Spectral Dragon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Habitat/Society: Spectral Dragons are found literally anywhere where any of their constituent Chromatic cousins might be found, though Spectral Dragons of all colours prefer the most distant and desolate wilderness possible (if it is distant but not desolate, it is certain to be so within weeks of the Spectral Dragons arrival).
		Spectral Dragons are extremely rare in the Known World (fewer than ten known to lair in the region in the last 1000 years); they are rather more common in Norwold, where they rule entire sections of the Wyrmsteeth Range.
		Spectral Dragons born of the union are treated moderately well, then sent from the lair at Juvenile age, the mother Dragon hoping (vainly) for some sort of loyalty on the part of the whelp.
	www.mystaranet.jamm.com /vaults/html/specdrag.html (2301 words)

	Spectral Classification
		Each spectral type is divided into 10 subclasses, A0, A1, A2,...A9 etc. The spectral types and sub-classes represent a temperature sequence, from hotter (O stars) to cooler (M stars), and from hotter (subclass 0) to cooler (subclass 9).
		Luminosity classes are determined from spectral features and photometric measurements, coupled with information regarding the distance to the star and theamount of extinction of the starlight from interstellar material.
		For larger stars of a given spectral type, the surface gravity decreases relative to what it was on the main sequence, and this decreases the equivalent widths of the absorption lines.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /~pberlind/atlas/htmls/note.html (337 words)

	Spectral Analysis
		The spectral density function of a white noise is a constant.
		When the series is positively autocorrelated, its spectral density function is dominated by low frequencies.
		In practice, the population spectral density function cannot be computed.
	www.uni.edu /sasdoc/iml/chap10/sect11.htm (299 words)

	SpectralProducts.com -
		Spectral Products is a world leader in optical instrumentation technology and products.
		Formerly a division of CVI Laser, Spectral Products builds on its rich heritage and extensive technical knowledge to offer a broad range of innovative solutions from components to systems and modules.
		Spectral Products is an industry leader in the design and manufacture of optical instruments including spectrometers, monochromators, spectrographs, spectrophotometers, spectrum analyzers, detection systems, light sources as well as fiber optic cables and couplers.
	www.spectralproducts.com (141 words)

	Spectral Solar Radiation Data Base Documentation, Vol. I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The basic need is for data that can be used with solar collector spectral responsivity data to scientifically and quantitatively determine how the collector responds to natural variations in the spectral content of solar radiation, and thereby determine how its performance is affected.
		To study the spectral sensitivity of a solar collector, its spectral response, quantum efficiency, or spectral absorption/transmission curve is multiplied by incident spectral solar radiation for a range of realistic outdoor conditions, and the results are integrated over the entire spectrum and the desired time period.
		All measurement uncertainty (in the spectral data and spectral response) must be evaluated to determine the statistical significance of any variations in the solar collector's performance that are attributed to spectral variations.
	rredc.nrel.gov /solar/pubs/spectral/Vol_1/history.html (424 words)

	Spectral Classification Exercise
		The spectral type of a star is a letter and number combination that designates what kind of a star it is. O stars are the hottest stars and M stars are the coolest stars.
		Lay out the standard star spectra sheets in front of you, so that you can see the whole sequence of stars from O to M. These are your reference spectra, which tell you what stars with different classifications should look like.
		Once we know the spectral type of a group of stars we can make an H-R diagram (Hertzsprung-Russel diagram, also called a color-magnitude diagram), which is a plot of spectral type by apparent magnitude.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~kjacobse/fall2001/102/plei.htm (392 words)

	Thermo Electron Corporation --Spectral ID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spectral ID Version 3.0 is a fast and robust 32-bit application with an easy-to-use interface that addresses all your spectral searching needs.
		Spectral ID is the only spectral searching software that supports spectral libraries from multiple vendors in a single package.
		Libraries can be created at any spectral range or resolution and can be stored in 8-bit precision for rapid search or 16 or 32-bit precision for accurate spectral viewing and more demanding search applications.
	www.noran.com /com/cda/product/detail/1,1055,10122194,00.html (829 words)

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