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	AMS Glossary
		In specular (mirrorlike) reflection, the spatial variation is abrupt (on the scale of the wavelength), as at an interface between water and air.
		Specular reflection is described by the law of reflection, according to which incident and reflected waves lie in the plane of incidence, defined by the normal to the interface and the direction of the incident wave, and make the same angle of incidence with this normal.
		Specular reflection is distinguished from refraction in that the direction of propagation of the reflected wave has a component opposite the direction of the incident wave.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?id=reflection1 (227 words)

	Specular reflection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Specular reflection is the perfect, mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected onto a single outgoing direction.
		This is in contrast to diffuse reflection, where incoming light is reflected in all directions equally.
		Matte paints have a higher proportion of diffuse reflection, while glossy paints have a greater proportion of specular reflection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Specular_reflection (202 words)

	Phong Model - Specular Reflection
		Specular reflection is when the reflection is stronger in one viewing direction, i.e., there is a bright spot, called a specular highlight.
		So if R is the direction of specular reflection and V is the direction of the viewer (located at the View Reference Point or VRP), then for an ideal reflector the specular reflection is visible only when V and R coincide.
		The coefficient of specular reflection ks is usually not the same as the coefficient of diffuse reflection kd or the ambient reflection ka.
	www.siggraph.org /education/materials/HyperGraph/illumin/specular_highlights/phong_model_specular_reflection.htm (531 words)

	CCD scanner having improved specular reflection discrimination - Patent 5942762
		Simultaneously, light reflected from the bar code symbol travels along a second path, at a different angle with respect to the plane of the coded symbology than the first path, is reflected from a mirror onto the back face of the bandpass means.
		Since specular reflection is only experienced at a single angle, with respect to the plane of the coded symbology and each CCD detector detects an image at a different angle with respect to the plane of the coded symbology, a complete image can be reconstructed by combining information obtained from both CCD detectors.
		Specular reflection is only a problem at a single angle, known as the "critical angle", between the light source, the reflective surface and the CCD linear sensor.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5942762.html (3596 words)

	OLYMPUS MIC-D: Interactive Java Tutorial - Specular and Diffuse Reflection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types of reflection: specular reflection is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface at a definite angle, and diffuse reflection, which is produced by rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions (as illustrated in Figure 1).
		The mirror reflects all of the components of white light (such as red, green, and blue wavelengths) almost equally and the reflected specular light follows the same angle from the normal, as does the incident light.
		An interesting feature of this reflection artifact is that the image of an object being observed appears to be the same distance behind the plane of the mirror as the actual object is in front of the mirror.
	www.mic-d.com /java/specular (728 words)

	Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Light and Color - Specular and Diffuse Reflection: Interactive Java Tutorial
		The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types of reflection: specular reflection is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface at a definite angle, and diffuse reflection, which is produced by rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions (as illustrated in Figure 1).
		The mirror reflects all of the components of white light (such as red, green, and blue wavelengths) almost equally and the reflected specular light follows the same angle from the normal, as does the incident light.
		An interesting feature of this reflection artifact is that the image of an object being observed appears to be the same distance behind the plane of the mirror as the actual object is in front of the mirror.
	micro.magnet.fsu.edu /primer/java/reflection/specular/index.html (888 words)

	Specular Reflection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Specular reflection is what we most commonly think of as highlights, the reflection of the light source off an object and back into the viewer's eye.
		Specular reflection is very important in 3-D graphics because it suggests curvature in 3-D space.
		Specularity is especially important in animation because a specular reflection necessarily changes as the object (or the camera viewpoint) moves, thus reinforcing the illusion of action in 3-D space.
	sweb.ayrcoll.ac.uk /%7Ejscullion/resources/units/hnd/mmcomp/anim2/3d_glossary/specular.html (139 words)

	STRUBI Gilbert Group: Specular Reflection and Off-Specular Diffraction
		In specular reflection or off-specular diffraction the neutron beam is applied to the side of the sample, which consists of an interface.
		Reflection from and therefore the structure of a lipid bilayer adsorbed at a silicon-water surface was measured.
		Both specular reflection and non-specular diffraction measurements were made on highly aligned phopholipid membranes to detect fluctuations in membrane thickness.
	www.strubi.ox.ac.uk /people/gilbert/reflection.html (624 words)

	SPECULAR REFLECTION (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Reflection in which the reflected radiation is not diffused; reflection as from a mirror.
		Compare diffuse reflection.The angle between the normal to the surface and the incident beam is equal to the angle between the normal to the surface and the reflected beam.
		Any surface irregularities on a specular reflector must be small compared to the wavelength of the incident radiation.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/SPECULAR+REFLECTION (234 words)

	Specular Reflection
		Specular reflection, on the other hand, dominates on a surface which is smooth, with respect to wavelength.
		Thanks to this flexible implementation, which keeps separate the diffuse and specular reflection phenomena, Blender allows us to easily control how much of the incident light striking a point on a surface is diffusely scattered, how much is reflected as specularity, and how much is absorbed.
		This, in turn, determines in what directions (and in what amounts) the light is reflected from a given light source; that is, from what sources (and in what amounts) the light is reflected toward a given point on the viewing plane.
	www.blender3d.org /documentation/htmlI/x4251.html (654 words)

	Basic Light Reflection Model
		The area over which specular reflection is seen is commonly referred to as a highlight and this phrase describes a second important aspect of this type of reflection: the color of the specularly reflected light is different from that of the diffuse reflected light.
		Phong used W(i) as the specular reflectivity, where W is actually a function of i, the incidence angle, however the equation with constant ks, is usually quoted as the Phong model.) The figure below shows the variation in light intensity at a point P on a surface calculated using the intensity equation above.
		The color of the specular reflection is assumed to be that of the light source (that is, highlights are rendered white regardless of the material).
	www-viz.tamu.edu /faculty/parke/ends489f00/notes/sec7_2.html (2563 words)

	Reading on Reflection
		The law of reflection requires that two rays are at identical angles but on opposite sides of the normal which is an imaginary line (dashed in Fig.
		In both cases the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection at the point that the light ray strikes the surface.
		Light is also reflected when it is incident on a surface or interface between two different materials such as the surface between air and water, or glass and water.
	acept.la.asu.edu /PiN/rdg/reflection/reflection.shtml (481 words)

	CGTalk - Brazil skylight= no specular reflection
		Just to be clear, the specular reflection on the prop is from the area light; its surface normals happen to be pointed in such a way that the area light gives the reflection.
		A specular reflection can look like anything from a mirror, to a big white spot highlight; the factors controlling what that highlight look like are the amount of light directly reflected by any given surface, with "specularity" increasing as the angle becomes more acute.
		Speculars, as you know them, are nothing more than a coding trick designed to fake (non-perfect) reflections of the light sources that point lights represent.
	forums.cgsociety.org /printthread.php?t=63908&pp=50 (3430 words)

	Physics 20 - Light - Laws of Reflection
		The reflected ray is the portion of the incident ray that leaves the surface at the point of incidence.
		The angle of reflection is the angle between the normal and the reflected ray.
		The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
	www.sasked.gov.sk.ca /docs/physics/u3b12phy.html (380 words)

	Specular Lighting
		Specular reflection is merely the mirror reflection of the light source in a surface.
		The angle that the reflected ray forms with the surface normal is determined by the angle that the incoming ray forms with the surface normal, and the relative speeds of light of the mediums in which the incident.
		Reflection is a very special case of Snell's Law, where the incident light's medium and the reflected ray's medium is the same.
	www.cs.nps.navy.mil /people/faculty/capps/iap/class3/ads/specular.html (661 words)

	Phong Model - Specular Reflection
		Specular reflection is also a function of the incidence angle
		The coefficient of specular reflection Ks is usually not the same as the coefficient of diffuse reflection Kd.
		The assumption is often made that the specular highlights are determined by the color of the light source, not the material, e.g., with a white light: Ksr = Ksg = Ksb = 1.0 This is true of plastic which is why many images appear to be plastic.
	www.cs.rit.edu /usr/local/pub/ncs/hypgraph/illumin/similum3.htm (532 words)

	Strobist: Lighting 102: Umbrella Specular Portrait
		Compare the reflection on the headboard in the first sample to the reflection on glass of the the framed image on the wall in the second.
		But since the reflecting surface is somewhat rough, each point on the surface does not act as a "specular reflector" and thus the image becomes blurred (although the light still falls within the main flash "bright spot").
		The specular highlight is not strong because the headboard surface is mat.
	strobist.blogspot.com /2007/08/lighting-102-umbrella-specular-portrait.html (623 words)

	Variable Angle Specular Reflectance Accessory
		Harrick's Variable Angle Specular Reflection Accessory is ideal for specular reflection studies of films on metallic substrates, coatings, contaminants on reflective surfaces, and measurements of film thickness.
		Specular reflection studies of coatings on reflective substrates in the infrared or UV-VIS.
		Specular Reflectance of an SiO2 Coated Mirror at an Incident Angle of 75°.
	www.harricksci.com /accessories/H_variableanglereflectionaccessory.cfm (742 words)

	Theory of Meteor Reflection \| International Meteor Organization
		The signal received from reflection on underdense trails is shown in Figure 3: a very steep rise of a few hundreds of a second is followed by an exponential decay of the received power.
		Although it is more appropriate to talk of a reflecting section than of a reflection point, the latter term is often used because of the handy parallel with geometrical optics.
		As the reflection points are not stationary due to the wind, fast oscillations are observed in the received signal power.
	www.imo.net /radio/reflection (2558 words)

	“Physics of Sound and Light”, Fall 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Specular Reflection—When parallel rays of light strike a smooth, planar surface, the reflected rays are parallel to each other (eg.
		In such a case, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection (the angles being measured relative to the perpendicular to the surface).
		You will be using the concept of specular reflection in order to predict how to orient a laser pointer so that the beam it emits ends up striking a target after specularly reflecting from one or more surfaces.
	www.hamline.edu /~bbolon/classes/phys1140L/lab6 (218 words)

	Atmospheric Reflection
		Reflection is the process by which "a surface of discontinuity turns back a portion of the incident radiation into the medium through which the radiation approached." Reflection is important to take into account since about a third of the energy from the sun is reflected.
		The incident light strikes the surface at an angle "a" and is reflected off of the surface at an angle "b." In this case of reflection, as stated above, angle a equals angle b.
		Specular reflection, as seen in the left image from Arizona State University, shows a smooth surface where the light is reflecting off of it at equal angles from the plane perpendicular to the surface at the point of intersection.
	www.severewx.com /Radiation/reflection.html (389 words)

	Manual/Specular Shaders - BlenderWiki
		Specular shaders create the bright highlights that one would see on a glossy surface, mimicing the reflection of light sources.
		It is important to stress that the specular reflection phenomenon discussed here is not the reflection we would see in a mirror, but rather the light highlights we would see on a glossy surface.
		Specular reflection, on the other hand, dominates on a surface which is smooth, with respect to wavelength.
	wiki.blender.org /index.php/Manual/Specular_Shaders (582 words)

	CG Education
		I didn't bother observing that a reflection should in fact reflect the environment the object is in, and that different parts of the metal surface reflect different amounts of the environment, and how the less polished the surface is, the fuzzier the reflections become.
		Knowing this, you'd expect the reflection in the mirror of a fl object (the background) to be fl, like it is on the default sphere, whereas the additive sphere takes the color fl and adds to to the diffuse color of the sphere which is blue, producing an incorrect result.
		So mixing a high specular reflection with a high amount of diffuse illumination (the blue of a ball) is not a natural phenomenon.
	www.neilblevins.com /cg_education/metal_and_refs/metal_and_refs.htm (2885 words)

	Machine Vision Guide - Lighting Fundamentals
		In specular reflection, light from each incoming ray reflects in a single direction (figure 12).
		Specular reflections are unreliable because a small change in the angle between the illuminator, the object, and the lens may cause the specular reflection to disappear completely.
		The intensity of the reflection is reduced from that of the source by a factor of 10 to 1000.
	www.mellesgriot.com /products/machinevision/lif_2.htm (318 words)

	The Physics of Light: Reflection
		The Law of Reflection describes it simply as "The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection."
		Specular reflection is reflection from a smooth surface.
		Diffused reflection is reflection from a rough surface.
	library.thinkquest.org /27356/p_reflection.htm (130 words)

	Specularity - Wolfram Mathematica
		Specularity is added to diffuse reflection and glow components to determine the final rendered color of a surface.
		With specularity s a surface is taken to specularly reflect a fraction s of light that falls on it from simulated light sources.
		Specularity[] is equivalent to Specularity[0] or Specularity[Black], and specifies no specular reflection.
	reference.wolfram.com /mathematica/ref/Specularity.html (183 words)

	Illumination Models
		Specular reflection is characteristic of light reflected from a shiny surface, where a bright highlight appears from certain viewing directions.
		specular highlight (a bright area on the surface of the object caused by specular reflection).
		In general, the specular reflection exponent should be a value greater than or equal to 1.
	developer.apple.com /documentation/QuickTime/QD3D/qd3dshading.4.htm (787 words)

	Advanced Aquarist Feature Article
		Specular reflection refers to reflection where parallel incident rays of light on a surface are reflected parallel, and any material that reflects light in this manner is called a specular reflector.
		Diffuse reflection occurs when the reflective surface is rough (on a microscopic level) and parallel incident rays on such a surface are no longer parallel when reflected.
		In the real world there is no such thing as a surface that will yield a perfect specular reflection since it is impossible to polish a surface to a level where there are no facets (a small planar surface) at an atomic level.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/mar2003/feature.htm (3863 words)

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