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	Specular reflection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Specular reflection is the perfect, mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected onto a single outgoing direction.
		The most familiar example of the distinction between specular and diffuse reflection would be matte and glossy paints.
		Specular reflection and diffuse reflection are simply approximations.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Specular_reflection (202 words)

	Specular reflection -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Specular reflection is the perfect, mirror-like (The phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface) reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected onto a single outgoing direction.
		Such behaviour is described by the law of reflection, which states that the direction of outgoing reflected light and the direction of incoming light make the same angle with respect to the (additional info and facts about surface normal) surface normal; this is commonly stated as.
		Matte paints have a higher proportion of diffuse reflection, while glossy paints have a greater proportion of specular reflection.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/specular_reflection.htm (159 words)

	Specular vs. Diffuse Reflection
		The glare is the result of the specular reflection of the beam of light from an oncoming car.
		A second application of the distinction between diffuse and specular reflection pertains to the field of photography.
		The light is thus able to travel together to the lens of the camera and produce an image (an exact replica) of the subject which is strong enough to perceive in the photograph.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/Class/refln/u13l1d.html (932 words)

	Clinical Specular Microscopy: Optical Principles of Specular Microscopy
		Of primary importance in clinical specular microscopy is the light that is reflected specularly (i.e.
		A portion of the reflected and backscattered light is collected by the objective lens of the specular microscope and forms, at the image plane of the microscope, an image of that part of the cornea on which the instrument is focused.
		In scanning slit and scanning spot confocal specular microscopes, the slit width (or spot diameter) is made very small to give, at least in theory, an increased image quality and the large field desired is accomplished by moving the illuminated slit (or spot) over the endothelium, stromal nerves, keratocytes, etc.
	www.bio-optics.com /articles/01/art0101.htm (1316 words)

	Clinical Specular Microscopy: In Vivo Findings of Specular Microscopy
		In minimally affected corneas the clinical specular microscopic appearance of the endothelium was characterized as a "rounding-up" of the endothelial cells.
		The endothelial surface of the cornea has been photographed in vivo with the specular microscope during varying stages of epithelization of the anterior chamber in an effort to define clinical signs that would permit a definite diagnosis to be made in the absence of histopathologic verification.
		Specular microscopic studies confirm that posterior annular keratopathy, occurring after blunt corneal trauma in humans, represents a contusion injury and consists of disrupted and swollen endothelial cells.
	www.bio-optics.com /articles/01/art0106.htm (7369 words)

	Variable Angle Specular Reflectance Accessory
		Harrick's Variable Angle Specular Reflection Accessory is ideal for specular reflection studies of films on metallic substrates, coatings, contaminants on reflective surfaces, and measurements of film thickness.
		Specular reflection studies of coatings on reflective substrates in the infrared or UV-VIS.
		Specular Reflectance of an SiO2 Coated Mirror at an Incident Angle of 75°.
	www.harricksci.com /accessories/H_variableanglereflectionaccessory.cfm (742 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Light and Color - Specular and Diffuse Reflection: Interactive Java Tutorial
		The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types of reflection: specular reflection is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface at a definite angle, and diffuse reflection, which is produced by rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions (as illustrated in Figure 1).
		The mirror reflects all of the components of white light (such as red, green, and blue wavelengths) almost equally and the reflected specular light follows the same angle from the normal, as does the incident light.
		Perhaps the best example of specular reflection, which we encounter on a daily basis, is the mirror image produced by a household mirror that people might use many times a day to view their appearance.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/reflection/specular/index.html (827 words)

	Phong Model - Specular Reflection
		Specular reflection is when the reflection is stronger in one viewing direction, i.e., there is a bright spot, called a specular highlight.
		So if R is the direction of specular reflection and V is the direction of the viewer (located at the View Reference Point or VRP), then for an ideal reflector the specular reflection is visible only when V and R coincide.
		The coefficient of specular reflection ks is usually not the same as the coefficient of diffuse reflection kd or the ambient reflection ka.
	www.siggraph.org /education/materials/HyperGraph/illumin/specular_highlights/phong_model_specular_reflection.htm (531 words)

	Apparatus and method for chamfering the peripheral edge of a wafer to specular finish - Patent 5514025
		A method for chamfering the peripheral edge of a wafer according to claim 1, wherein a triangle defined between a center of said wafer, a center of said abrasive surface, and a contact point between said wafer and said abrasive surface is always normal to said abrasive surface.
		Also, the specular finish chamfering apparatus of the present invention has only a single sucking disk 11 and has no need of a separate means to turn over a wafer W, since the sucker unit 5 does the work; therefore, the apparatus of the present invention can be simply and compactly constructed.
		Furthermore, since the specular finish chamfering apparatus of the invention has only one wafer sucker unit 5, and does not have to have a separate wafer turnover device, it can be simply and compactly constructed.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5514025.html (2047 words)

	CGTalk - Mapping specular falloff
		That is, not the specular color or the specular level/amount, but the falloff specifically (the "hardness" of the surface).
		Specularity as it is implemented in 3D software doesn't have a lot in common with the real world.
		Of course using reflections to produce specular highlights is the most realistic possible method, provided you model your light sources and use realistic falloffs, but requires that you also use blur in your reflection for most objects, which can cause a pretty big render hit.
	forums.cgsociety.org /printthread.php?t=80671&pp=50 (1783 words)

	CGTalk - Specular Map...
		I am curious about how they controll specular in C4D, like when you are texturing a human face, the specular of the lips and other skin areas are not the same.
		You can use either the specular color channel or the diffusion channel, but sadly there is no easy way to vary the specular width in Cinema--only the height.
		Specular Color is just define the color of the specular area only(like orange color of specular on a blue color material), not about defining the strong or weak area of specular.
	forums.cgsociety.org /printthread.php?t=129123 (521 words)

	Evaluation of corneal endothelium and keratic precipitates by specular microscopy in anterior uveitis -- Pillai et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Evaluation of corneal endothelium and keratic precipitates by specular microscopy in anterior uveitis -- Pillai et al.
		Evaluation of corneal endothelium and keratic precipitates by specular microscopy in anterior uveitis
		On specular microscopy, fresh, large or "mutton fat" KP were seen as glistening, dense white deposit with irregular margins.
	www.bjophthalmol.com /cgi/content/full/84/12/1367 (2172 words)

	What is the specular component of reflectance? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Nevertheless, because of the change in refractive index between air and most substances, a certain proportion of the incident light is reflected directly from the surface.
		The angular distribution of this light depends upon the nature of the surface but light that is reflected at the opposite angle to the incident light is called specular reflectance.
		Sphere-based spectrophotometers often incorporate a so-called gloss trap which allows the specular component of the reflected light to be either included or excluded.
	www.colourware.co.uk /cpfaq/q3-13.htm (117 words)

	Specular Reflection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Specular reflection, on the other hand, dominates on a surface which is smooth, with respect to wavelength.
		The specular color is normally set to pure white, but it can be set to different values to obtain interesting effects.
		Thanks to this flexible implementation, which keeps separate the diffuse and specular reflection phenomena, Blender allows us to easily control how much of the incident light striking a point on a surface is diffusely scattered, how much is reflected as specularity, and how much is absorbed.
	www.blender.org /modules/documentation/htmlI/x4079.html (654 words)

	GameDev.net - Advanced Shader Programming: Diffuse & Specular Lighting with Pixel Shaders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Because it is not possible to use the diffuse reflection with a light vector normalized by a cube map and the specular reflection in one ps.1.1 pixel shader, all the effects are drawn in three passes onto the object.
		The pixel shader specular.psh, that is used to calculate the specular reflection is nearly identical to the pixel shader used in RacorX8.
		It is also important to note, that using the texm3x2pad/texm3x2tex pair to load a value from a specular map is inefficient, because referencing the illumination map with the half angle vector and the normal should be sufficient.
	www.gamedev.net /reference/articles/article1849.asp (3829 words)

	Clinical Specular Microscopy: Epithelial Specular Microscopy
		Specular microscopic photographs of the corneal epithelium were originally obtained by Laing and associates
		Once the contact lens is placed on the patients’s topically anesthetized cornea, the eye lids are held open by the tunnel lens, through which the objective lens of the specular microscope is applied to the contact lens.
		Specular microscopy reveals spindle-shaped cells, whose elongation gradually diminishes as the healing proceeds.
	www.bio-optics.com /articles/01/art0103.htm (757 words)

	Caltech CNSE - full report
		The aim of our work is to investigate how the human visual system perceives specular surfaces and which cues can be used to recover the shape of such class of objects.
		When looking at a photograph of a specular object, such as a silver plate, a metal spoon or a car surface, one additional cue is represented by the reflection of the environment around the object.
		A deformed picture of the environment is seen on the surface of the object and the amount and the type of deformation depend upon its shape.
	www.erc.caltech.edu /Research/reports/savarese-full.html (568 words)

	ygDocument - ygLight
		light source specular color, scaled by the material specular reflectance and a function of the angle between the vertex-to-viewpoint vector and the vertex-to-light source vector
		Specular lighting operates based on the viewer's position.
		Maximum specular reflectance occurs when the angle between the viewer and the direction of the reflected light is zero -- the brightness of a specular reflection decays based upon the exponential value shininess
	www.evl.uic.edu /yg/ygLight.html (347 words)

	[No title]
		What needs to be addressed is that, somehow an additional interpolant (specular color of that material) needs to be propagated till that stage of the pipeline where texture-mapping is performed.
		This value f is also used to store the specular color factor computed in the lighting stage, to be applied after texturing by the fog sub-system." Modify the line "This may alter the primitive by altering....." to "This may alter the primitive by altering vertex coordinates, texture coordinates, fog blend-factor and color".
		This value is used by the fog sub-system to add a specular color to the vertex after texturing has taken place.
	oss.sgi.com /projects/ogl-sample/registry/WIN/specular_fog.txt (625 words)

	Mathematics of Lighting (DirectX 8.1 C++ Archive)
		Specular lighting identifies the bright specular highlights that occur when light hits an object surface and reflects back toward the camera.
		It takes longer to calculate specular lighting than diffuse lighting, however the benefit of using it is that it adds significant detail to a surface.
		Diffuse and specular light values can be affected by a given light's attenuation and spotlight characteristics.
	msdn.microsoft.com /archive/en-us/dx81_c/directx_cpp/Graphics/ProgrammersGuide/UsingDirect3D/LightsAndMaterials/mathematicsoflights/Mathematicsoflights.asp (513 words)

	The RenderMan Academy - Specular Bump Control
		One of such requests was the ability for the texturing artists to be able to control how much would a specular model respect the bump that has been applied to the shader.
		Imagine a surface that is a little rough (by using a bump map) and it receives a broad but soft specular highlight from a layer of paint.
		To achieve this you need to add the first specular term and have it be affected by the bump and then layer on top another specular model plus a reflection model which needs to ignore the bump values.
	www.rendermanacademy.com /docs/SpecularBumpControl.html (718 words)

	Diffuse Reflectance and Specular Relectance Standards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Measurements of specular spectral reflectance are performed over a customer specified wavelength (from 0.20 to30 µm) and interval.
		Specular reflectance is based on a customer specified incident angle (typically 45°) using the OL 750 Automated Spectroradiometric Measurement System with the OL 740-75M Variable Angle Specular Reflectance Attachment.
		The specular reflectance is the ratio of the scans.
	www.glenspectra.co.uk /glen/optronic/reflectstd.htm (275 words)

	Specular
		Specular glazing, often called "simple glazing", is conventionally defined to consist only of plane parallel layers with or without thin-film coatings, all having specular optical properties.
		Furthermore, the properties of collections of simple glazing materials can be modeled using readily available computer programs such as Optics 5.1 and WINDOW 5.1, developed by LBNL and other programs such as WIS 1.0, and Frame™plus 5.1.
		Research and collection of data for specular glazing is far advanced compared to diffuse and complex.
	windows.lbl.gov /g/Specular.htm (167 words)

	6.3 Merging Textures with Specular Highlights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Unfortunately, when a lit polygon includes a specular highlight, the resulting modulated texture will not look correct since the specular highlight simply changes the brightness of the texture at that point rather than the desired effect of adding in some specular illumination.
		Because specular highlights change rapidly over a shiny surface, when an object is not sufficiently tessellated, the specular highlight tend to ``wobble'' as the object moves or rotates.
		This is due to the specular highlight sometimes being correctly sampled when a vertex is close to the highlight, but poorly sampled if a vertex is not close to the highlight.
	www.opengl.org /resources/tutorials/sig99/advanced99/notes/node63.html (328 words)

	Specular microscopic findings of corneal deposits in patients with Bietti's crystalline corneal retinal dystrophy -- ...
		Specular microscopic findings of corneal deposits in patients with Bietti's crystalline corneal retinal dystrophy -- WADA et al.
		Specular microscopic findings of corneal deposits in patients with Bietti's crystalline corneal retinal dystrophy
		Twelve months after the initial specular microscopic examination, we reinspected the crystalline deposits of two cases.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/83/9/1088k (401 words)

	Specular Failure and Spectral Returns: Maggie Cheung
		One of the legacies of this development of mechanical reproduction, then, is a sense of specular failure, whereby a superficial visual fidelity is achieved at the expense of an underlying aura of presence.
		The preface, that is to say, initially holds up the apparent mirrored relationship between Ruan's and Cheung's respective careers ("isn't she an exact replica of myself?") but then proceeds to note a necessary inscription of difference between the two.
		What we have here, then, is a gesture to a moment of fractured mirroring, in which Ruan would attempt to capitalize on her own earlier fame even as she must effectively reinvent herself in the face of new technological development.
	www.sensesofcinema.com /contents/01/12/cheung.html (2260 words)

	[No title]
		Its purpose is to produce textured objects with specular highlights which are the color of the lights.
		In separate specular mode, the primary color is the sum of the ambient, diffuse, and emissive terms of final color and the secondary color is the specular term.
		Grouping emissive with specular (the "proper" thing) could be implemented with a new value for the color control.
	oss.sgi.com /projects/ogl-sample/registry/EXT/separate_specular_color.txt (1190 words)

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