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Topic: Speculative reason

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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Speculative reason or pure reason is theoretical (or logical, deductive) thought (sometimes called theoretical reason), as opposed to practical (active, willing) thought.
		Speculative reason is contemplative, detached, and certain, whereas practical reason is engaged, involved, active, and dependent upon the specifics of the situation.
		Speculative reason provides the universal, necessary principles of logic, such as the principle of contradiction, which must apply everywhere, regardless of the specifics of the situation.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Speculative_reason (929 words)

	Dialectic
		It has always, moreover, connoted special aptitude or acuteness in reasoning, "dialectical skill"; and it was because of this characteristic of Zeno's polemic against the reality of motion or change that this philosopher is said to have been styled by Aristotle the master or founder of dialectic.
		The perennial problem of the relation of reason to faith, already ably discussed by St. Augustine in the fifth century, was thus raised again by St. Anselm in the eleventh.
		In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, however, rational speculation was applied to theology not merely for the purpose of proving the praeambula fidei, but also for the purpose of analysing, illustrating and showing forth the beauty and the suitability of the mysteries of the Christian Faith.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/d/dialectic.html (1562 words)

	Schulers Books (The Critique of Practical Reason - 1/32)
		With this faculty, transcendental freedom is also established; freedom, namely, in that absolute sense in which speculative reason required it in its use of the concept of causality in order to escape the antinomy into which it inevitably falls, when in the chain of cause and effect it tries to think the unconditioned.
		Speculative reason could only exhibit this concept (of freedom) problematically as not impossible to thought, without assuring it any objective reality, and merely lest the supposed impossibility of what it must at least allow to be thinkable should endanger its very being and plunge it into an abyss of scepticism.
		Here we have what, as far as speculative reason is concerned, is a merely subjective principle of assent, which, however, is objectively valid for a reason equally pure but practical, and this principle, by means of the concept of freedom, assures objective reality and authority to the ideas of God and immortality.
	www.schulers.com /books/im/c/The_Critique_of_Practical_Reason (1011 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Aquinas on Law
		Thus the first principle for practical reason is a definition of the good, namely that "the good is that which all men seek after." Thus the first precept of the law is that "good is to be pursued and performed, evil avoided." On this principle is founded all others in natural law.
		Since speculative reason deals primarily with necessary things which cannot be otherwise than they are, both its general premises and its particular conclusions are unerringly true.
		In the case of speculative reason, particular conclusions are true in all cases, though their truth may not be equally recognized by all.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/aquinas2.html (5257 words)

	Speculative reason - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Speculative reason is contemplative, detached, and certain, whereas practical reason is engaged, involved, active, and dependent upon the specifics of the situation.
		Speculative reason provides the universal, necessary principles of logic, such as the principle of contradiction, which must apply everywhere, regardless of the specifics of the situation.
		Practical reason, on the other hand, is that power of the mind engaged in deciding what to do.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speculative_reason (248 words)

	Speculative Reason verses Mysticism
		The term Mysticism is at present used, as a rule, to designate what is mysterious and incomprehensible: and in proportion as their general culture and way of thinking vary, the epithet is applied by one class to denote the real and the true, by another to name everything connected with superstition and deception.
		Mystical knowledge is neither the same as speculative reason nor can be attained with speculative reason alone.According to all mystical traditions there are two main pre requisites for this knowledge along with the grace and guidance of a mystic master.
		Another main distinction of mysticism from speculative reason is speculative reason can be attained by personal effort by one who is intelligent and has a bent towards philosophical knowledge and from the books of speculative philosophers.
	lathief1.tripod.com /mysticism.htm (2479 words)

	Alfred North Whitehead "The Function of Reason"
		Their modes of handling speculative Reason were effective for the abstract religious speculation, and for philosophical speculation, but failed before natural science and mathematics.
		The reason why the founders of modem science were so unconscious of their debt to the medievals was that they had no idea that men could think in any other terms, or for lack of penetration could fail to think at all.
		Thus the supreme verification of the speculative flight is that it issues in the establishment of a practical technique for well-attested ends, and that the speculative system maintains itself as the elucidation of that technique.
	www.anthonyflood.com /whiteheadreason.htm (14571 words)

	Function of Reason
		The ascription of the modem phase of the speculative Reason wholly to the Greeks, is an exaggeration.
		This is speculative Reason in its closest alliance with the methodological Reason.
		This reign of Reason is vacillating, vague, and dim.
	www.hyattcarter.com /function_of_reason.htm (16394 words)

	Principles of Philosophy of the Future Written: 1843 - Ludwig Feuerbach - Athenaeum Library of Philosophy
		In speculative theology or philosophy on the other hand, God is in contradiction to man; he is supposed to be the essence of man — at any rate of reason — but he is in truth a non-human, a super-human, that is, an abstract being.
		The acute contradiction experienced by speculative philosophy arose from the fact that it turned God, who in theism is merely a being of fantasy, an indefinite, nebulous and remote being, into a definite and encounterable being, thus destroying the illusory magic which a distant being has in the blue haze of the imagination.
		Speculation excuses this arbitrariness by claiming that the names it chooses from the language to serve as its own concepts are only remotely similar to them because "ordinary consciousness" connects them with its own ideas; thus, it shifts the blame to the language.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /feuerbach.htm (18978 words)

	Medieval Theories of Practical Reason (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The notion of medieval practical reason can be investigated in two ways: 1) in light of the distinction between practical and theoretical sciences in the writings of the medieval university masters in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; 2) in comparison to the modern understanding of practical reason as described by Immanuel Kant.
		Because speculative reason is especially concerned with what is necessary and cannot be otherwise, the truth found in its conclusions is without flaw, just in its general principles.
		These principles are obviously not mutually exclusive, ‘but the dictate of reason to pursue good is rationally and necessarily derived from the command to obey God.’ Synderesis is the ability of reason that never errs in the recognition of those universal rules of moral action, since a denial of their universal validity contravenes human reason.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/practical-reason-med (5447 words)

	20th WCP: What is Freedom?
		The law of the categorical imperative is derived from the concept of freedom, in which freedom is the condition of the possibility of this imperative, the factum of reason.
		Kant's practical philosophy is based upon the concept of freedom which is worked out in the speculative part just as the concept of freedom, which is proven in the practical part brings to a close the speculative part.
		Freedom of practical and speculative reason are mutually dependent upon one another.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeKoka.htm (2686 words)

	Summa Theologica
		And yet it may also be replied that the act itself of the speculative reason, in so far as it is voluntary, is a matter of choice and counsel as to its exercise; and consequently comes under the direction of prudence.
		Reply to Objection 1: Reason first and chiefly is concerned with universals, and yet it is able to apply universal rules to particular cases: hence the conclusions of syllogisms are not only universal, but also particular, because the intellect by a kind of reflection extends to matter, as stated in De Anima iii.
		Wherefore, in children who have been baptized but have not come to the use of reason, there is prudence as to habit but not as to act, even as in idiots; whereas in those who have come to the use of reason, it is also as to act, with regard to things necessary for salvation.
	www.godrules.net /library/summa/SS047.htm (7783 words)

	Malaspina Great Books EText: The Critique of Pure Reason - The Ideal of Pure Reason. Of the Arguments employed by ...
		Of the Arguments employed by Speculative Reason in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being.
		But there are other considerations which compel reason to seek out some resting place in the regress from the conditioned to the unconditioned, which is not given as an actual existence from the mere conception of it, although it alone can give completeness to the series of conditions.
		The equilibrium of doubt would in this case be destroyed by a practical addition; indeed, Reason would be compelled to condemn herself, if she refused to comply with the demands of the judgement, no superior to which we know- however defective her understanding of the grounds of these demands might be.
	www.malaspina.com /etext/pure34.htm (1168 words)

	SparkNotes: Politics: Book VII, Chapters 13–17
		This in turn suggests to him that nature has made humans rational for a reason; he thus concludes that man is essentially a rational animal and that the exercise of reason is his highest function.
		Likewise, since Aristotle believes that happiness and speculative reason are the highest goals of the individual, he believes that they are the highest goals of the city as well.
		This would seem to suggest that the practical reason of political activity is essential to man. Aristotle suggests, however, that both city and practical reason are only means to the ultimate end of happiness found through the practice of pure, speculative reasoning.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/politics/section11.rhtml (1002 words)

	SECTION II. Of the Ideal of the Summum Bonum as a Determining Ground of the Ultimate End of Pure Reason
		Reason does not approve of it (however much inclination may desire it), except as united with desert.
		Even reason, unbiased by private ends, or interested considerations, cannot judge otherwise, if it puts itself in the place of a being whose business it is to dispense all happiness to others.
		In it independent reason, equipped with all the sufficiency of a supreme cause, founds, maintains, and fulfils the universal order of things, with the most perfect teleological harmony, however much this order may be hidden from us in the world of sense.
	www.rbjones.com /rbjpub/philos/classics/kant/kant143.htm (2218 words)

	The Canon of Pure Reason
		The greatest and perhaps sole use of pure reason in its speculative employment is only negative; since it serves not as an organon for the extension, but as a discipline for the limitation of pure reason, and, instead of discovering truth, it has only the modest merit of guarding against error.
		The ultimate end to which the speculative reason in its transcendental employment is directed concerns three objects: 1) the freedom of the will, 2) the immortality of the soul, and 3) the existence of God.
		Therefore the canon of pure reason only deals with two questions, which relate to the practical interest of pure reason: is there a God, and is there a future life.
	www.bright.net /~jclarke/kant/canon1.html (650 words)

	KANT AND KIERKEGAARD: THE SUBJECTIVIZATION OF FAITH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Evincing a deep distrust of the antinomous, self-transcending concepts of speculative reason, he insists that "a firmness with respect to logical distinctions" must constitute the foundation of genuine human reflection on such conceptual dualities as finite-infinite, temporal-eternal, human-divine.
		Reason, the faculty of the Unconditioned, remained free to think its essential Ideas -- God, freedom and immortality -- but since the proper content of religious concepts, Kant argued, transcends possible sensuous experience, their truth could be neither proven nor disproven by science or speculative metaphysics.
		The speculative ideas of reason -- freedom, God and immortality -- are not further immediate facts of pure reason, but take on practical urgency when I begin to reflect upon what must be the case if a rational being is fully to comprehend his status as an autonomous agent, obligated by the moral law.
	www.mun.ca /animus/1998vol3/staford3.htm (16114 words)

	The Critique of Pure Reason (81)
		Of the Arguments employed by Speculative Reason in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being.
		But there are other considerations which compel reason to seek out some resting place in the regress from the conditioned to the unconditioned, which is not given as an actual existence from the mere conception of it, although it alone can give completeness to the series of conditions.
		The equilibrium of doubt would in this case be destroyed by a practical addition; indeed, Reason would be compelled to condemn herself, if she refused to comply with the demands of the judgement, no superior to which we know—however defective her understanding of the grounds of these demands might be.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /k/kant/immanuel/k16p/k16p81.html (1066 words)

	[No title]
		Rationalism: the source of knowledge is reason; emphasizes the importance of mathematics in scientific knowledge.
		They are both synthetic and a priori, and are the contributions of Speculative Reason to knowledge.
		Speculative reason is the faculty of knowledge; Practical reason is the faculty of choice (the Will)
	www.wfu.edu /%7Ehhardgra/kantmet.html (693 words)

	Speculative - On writing - Secret (Literary) Agent Man by Lucy A. Snyder - Articles
		The event was the launch of "Open Space", an anthology of modern Canadian speculative fiction.
		A question I hear a lot is "Why don't people of colour write speculative fiction?" We do, but it's unlikely that you'll find it on the sf shelves in your bookstores.
		We welcome readers and writers who believe in speculative fiction as a medium to make us think in new ways.
	www.speculative.ca (932 words)

	Christians and Libertarians by Michael S. Rozeff
		Thomas Aquinas distinguished between a "speculative reason" and a "practical reason." A speculative reason is a general reason that holds true generally, but as the details of particular cases are added speculative reason may fail, in which case practical reason enters.
		But practical reason is concerned with contingent matters, and in particular cases the general principles will be found to fail.
		The goal is the simple one of showing some reasoning behind the Golden Rule in order to bring out the common ground between it and the non-aggression rule.
	www.lewrockwell.com /rozeff/rozeff109.html (2698 words)

	Apostate Café: Summa Theologica
		Accordingly we must say that since prudence is in the reason, as stated above (Article [2]), it is differentiated from the other intellectual virtues by a material difference of objects.
		But the practical reason, which is directed to action, goes further, and its third act is "to command," which act consists in applying to action the things counselled and judged.
		Accordingly, as regards the knowledge of universals, the same is to be said of prudence as of speculative science, because the primary universal principles of either are known naturally, as shown above (Article [6]): except that the common principles of prudence are more connatural to man; for as the Philosopher remarks (Ethic.
	www.apostate.com /religion/summa/SS/SS047.html (7937 words)

	Thomistic Institute 1999: Martin
		Dougherty, I want to investigate the ambiguities involved in notions such as "faith" and "reason", rather than try to deal with the relations between these notions, as if they were wholly fixed and univocal, and all that needed dealing with were their mutual dealings.
		I could easily have quoted a number of Humean principles about speculative reason, such as his genealogical validation of ideas, or such as his distinction between "matters of fact" and "relations of ideas", which he intends should rule out the whole of scholastic theology and metaphysics, as fit only to be consigned to the flames.
		At first sight, then, it should be absolutely harmless for a Thomist to adopt at least some of the methods and attitudes of analytical philosophy: she or he will not thereby be committed to the false principles with which analytical philosophy began, and indeed may be more successful in arguing against them.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/ti99/martin.htm (1579 words)

	Summa Theologica \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		II, Q[73]] said that it is reason itself, not as reason, but as a nature.
		Now it is clear that, as the speculative reason argues about speculative things, so that practical reason argues about practical things.
		Now the first speculative principles bestowed on us by nature do not belong to a special power, but to a special habit, which is called "the understanding of principles," as the Philosopher explains (Ethic.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/aquinas/summa.FP_Q79_A12.html (501 words)

	Speculative reason - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Speculative reason - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Speculative reason is theoretical (or logical, deductive) thought (sometimes called theoretical reason), as opposed to practical (active, willing) thought.
		Practical reason, on the other hand, is that power of the mind engaged in ethical matters, and is therefore also referred to as moral reason, because it involves action, decision, and particulars.
	www.music.us /education/S/Speculative-reason.htm (395 words)

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