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Topic: Speech act

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Illocutionary act

Universal pragmatics

John Searle

Performative utterance

Mixed language

Communicative competence

Applied linguistics

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History of linguistics

Dell Hymes

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Singapore English

	Speech Acts
		Moreover, almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience.
		The theory of speech acts is partly taxonomic and partly explanatory.
		Speech acts, being perlocutionary as well as illocutionary, generally have some ulterior purpose, but they are distinguished primarily by their illocutionary type, such as asserting, requesting, promising and apologizing, which in turn are distinguished by the type of attitude expressed.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kbach/spchacts.html (4418 words)

	Speech act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The speech act is a concept in linguistics and the philosophy of language.
		In contrast, perlocutionary speech acts cause actions that are not the same as the speech.
		In philosophy, especially in ethics and philosophy of law, speech act theory is related to the study of norms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speech_act (2084 words)

	Speech - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Speech can be described as an act of producing voice through the use of the vocal cords and vocal apparatus or other means, such as sign language, to create linguistic acts in the form of language that communicate information from an initiator to a recipient.
		The success of a speech act depends on numerous factors, including the presence or absence of a variety of speech disorders, the ability of the speaker to express the intended message, and the ability and willingness of the audience to play the role of recipient.....
		Speech is a composite of sciences (phonetics, anatomy, philosophy, psychology etc.) and therefore it is extremely hard to master the skill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speech (868 words)

	Speech Acts
		Moreover, almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience.
		The theory of speech acts is partly taxonomic and partly explanatory.
		Speech acts, being perlocutionary as well as illocutionary, generally have some ulterior purpose, but they are distinguished primarily by their illocutionary type, such as asserting, requesting, promising and apologizing, which in turn are distinguished by the type of attitude expressed.
	online.sfsu.edu /~kbach/spchacts.html (4418 words)

	Speech Act Components and Functions
		Once we are familiar with the functions of the speech act we can think of them in a slightly different way by calling these functions meanings that can be associated with the speech act.
		It uses the first letters of terms for speech act components; the categories are analytically very productive and this model is useful to analyze all kinds of discourse.
		Cues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act (Hymes 57).
	www.utexas.edu /courses/stross/ant307_files/components.htm (948 words)

	Speech
		Austin described three characteristics, or acts, of statements that begin with the building blocks of words and end with the effects those words have on an audience.
		To show how statements (performatives) work, linguistic scholars have reduced the illocutionary act to the symbolic expression F(p), in which p is the propositional content and F is the illocutionary force.
		The very act of speaking (or writing) rhetorically presupposes an intention, and intentions of a certain kind may be found in the illocutionary force of a statement as it affects the propositional content.
	rhetorica.net /speech.htm (1112 words)

	Center for the Management of Information
		Speech act profiling is a method of analyzing and visualizing conversations and their participants according to how they go about conversing rather than what it is they talk about.
		Speech acts are important and technically useful since a method has been created to automatically identify them.
		Speech act profiling aggregates these fuzzy sets together and subtracts from them a "normal" conversation profile (created from the training corpus) to create a profile for an entire conversation.
	www.cmi.arizona.edu /go.spy?xml=speechactprofiling.xml (300 words)

	Speech \| Antiquities Act Symposium
		While the Antiquities Act applies only to land owned or controlled by the US government, it laid the groundwork for subsequent laws that fostered the recognition and protection of historic places in both public and private ownership.
		It is the first systemic act of its kind: While earlier legislation had protected individual places such as Yellowstone, the Antiquities Act applies across the entire range of federal lands – and what’s more, it applies to natural, cultural and historic sites alike.
		To be effective, the Act must be used to preserve the many special places that stand – largely unrecognized, unprotected and vulnerable – on our public lands, especially in the West.
	www.nationaltrust.org /news/2006/20060608_speech_antiquities.html (2457 words)

	[No title]
		The basic emphasis of speech act theory is on what an utterer (U) means by his utterance (x) rather than what x means in a language (L).
		In contrast to the assumptions of structuralism (a theory that privileges langue, the system, over parole, the speech act), speech act theory holds that the investigation of structure always presupposes something about meanings, language use, and extralinguistic functions.
		By describing an imminently dangerous situation (locutionary component) in a tone that is designed to have the force of a warning (illocutionary component), the addresser may actually frighten the addressee into moving (perlocutionary component).
	www.library.utoronto.ca /utel/glossary/Speech_act_theory.html (524 words)

	Pragmatics / Speech Acts
		An important area of the field of second/foreign language teaching and learning is pragmatics -- the appropriate use of language in conducting speech acts such as apologizing, requesting, complimenting, refusing, thanking.
		The speech act learning module for learners of Japanese features a series of introductory exercises and is followed by five units of exercises to learn about and practice several speech acts in Japanese.
		This extensive annotated bibliography focuses primarily on research studies on speech acts and is organized alphabetically by area of focus.
	www.carla.umn.edu /speechacts/index.html (328 words)

	PUBLISHING SOFTWARE AS A SPEECH ACT
		The crucial issue as to whether an act is a speech act is the speaker’s intent in relation to social practices or conventions.
		The relationship of speech acts to language, however, is not that speech acts must be in a language, but rather that language constitutes a system of conventions that permits speakers to perform otherwise purely physical acts like uttering sounds that hearers understand in virtue of their knowing those conventions.
		Speech act theory provides a more precise and consistent method for determining when particular conduct can be considered an act of communication that should be entitled to the coverage of the First Amendment.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /journals/btlj/articles/vol15/tien/tien.html (16149 words)

	What is a Speech Act?
		A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication.
		Speech acts are difficult to perform in a second language because learners may not know the idiomatic expressions or cultural norms in the second language or they may transfer their first language rules and conventions into the second language, assuming that such rules are universal.
		Because the natural tendency for language learners is to fall back on what they know to be appropriate in their first language, it is important that these learners understand exactly what they do in that first language in order to be able to recognize what is transferable to other languages.
	www.carla.umn.edu /speechacts/definition.html (433 words)

	Stephen Barker - Renewing Meaning: A Speech-Act Theoretic Approach - Reviewed by Michael O'Rourke, University of Idaho ...
		One challenge confronting STA is producing intention-based explanations of speech acts without reproducing the story at the level of intentional content, a move that would obviate any need for the speech-act apparatus.
		A proto-act is "an act in which a speaker U utters a string, be it a sentence, term, or predicate, and presents herself as having an intention" (7); possession of presented intentions is a different part of the story.
		Second, speech act theories often run afoul of the semantic dogma that the meanings of larger linguistic items (e.g., sentences, discourses) must be built up out of the meanings of their parts, but not STA.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=2101 (3194 words)

	Speech Acts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the approach to the analysis of speech events termed speech act theory, the message sent, the content of the communication, is a form of human action.
		Speech Acts (SA) are utterances which contain information needed to assert and perform actions, or, according to Austin "things that people do with words".
		Speech Act Verbs are verbs used in speech acts utterances, to perform actions.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?SpeechActs (156 words)

	News Hounds: Stifling the www? Online Freedom of Speech Act (H.R. 1606)
		Unless Congress acts quickly to prevent it, the FEC will be required to issue a new regulation to cover Internet communications.
		Historically, Congress has regulated political speech only where it has the potential to cause corruption or the appearance of the corruption.
		Those who favor regulation, the so-called `reform community,' believe that Internet speech must be regulated in the same manner as all other speech, lest we create a `loophole' that will allow people to evade BCRA.
	www.newshounds.us /2006/03/15/stifling_the_www_online_freedom_of_speech_act_hr_1606.php (680 words)

	LESSON 9-1
		Whenever we say something, we perform a speech act; that is, we intend to do something with the words we utter, e.g., make statement, ask a question, request something, order someone to do something for us, and so forth.
		Indirect speech acts can be problematic for ESL students, who may react to/respond to the actual form rather than the intended speech act.
		Knowledge of speech acts and when they can be appropriately used (called felicity conditions) is part of our communicative competence.
	www.hamline.edu /personal/ferku/linguisticsfall2002/9speechacts.htm (615 words)

	Scoop: Rodney Hide Speech - ACT on growth
		ACT is proposing to drop the top personal and corporate tax rate to 25 cents in the dollar and extend the 15-cent rate up to $38,000.
		ACT is the only party saying the role of government should not be all about writing out cheques to lock in political support.
		ACT is the only party now for people who once voted National given their own party has turned its back on them.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/PA0504/S00171.htm (3171 words)

	Comments and Questions from Students about Speech Act Strategies Website
		The audio links are great because the speech is so natural and authentic, but one problem was the number of vocabulary words and grammar structures used that I did not know.
		My only concern is how people may react in real life if you make a mistake in a speech act situation you have never encountered before.
		That's why I think hearing different native speakers act out the speech acts is crucial to the success of these web-based materials.
	www.iles.umn.edu /IntrotoSpeechActs/FAQ.htm (1299 words)

	Resolving Speech-Act Ambiguity
		The arguments to the speech act, e.g., in an utterance performing a suggest speech act, the actor and the thing being suggested, should be straight-forwardly recoverable from the augmented ILT.
		In addition to the usage-oriented specification of the speech acts prepared by researchers at CMU, it would be useful to consider the basic semantics of the more common speech acts in the scheduling dialogs.
		The speech act in the ILT for an utterance will be a leaf in the plan-inference derivation tree.
	crl.nmsu.edu /Research/Projects/artwork/node61.html (533 words)

	WallBuilders \| Resources \| Houses of Worship Free Speech Restoration Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Congressman Walter Jones from North Carolina's 3rd District has introduced H.R. 235, the “Houses of Worship Free Speech Restoration Act.” This bill would amend the IRS Code of 1986 to restore the ability of churches and other houses of worship to freely participate in political campaigns.
		If passed, the Houses of Worship Political Speech Protection Act would restore the rights of all religious organizations to determine for themselves what they can and cannot teach from their pulpits, or communicate to their congregation and the public without fear that their tax status may be in jeopardy.
		From a constitutional perspective, it is unconscionable that the current policy penalizing the free speech of religious institutions has remained intact and unchallenged for this long.
	www.wallbuilders.com /resources/search/detail.php?ResourceID=66 (514 words)

	Speech Act Theory
		Two types of locutionary act are utterance acts, where something is said (or a sound is made) and which may not have any meaning, and propositional acts, where a particular reference is made.
		(note: acts are sometimes also called utterances - thus a perlocutionary act is the same a perlocutionary utterance).
		Expressives: statements that express the “sincerity condition of the speech act”.
	changingminds.org /explanations/theories/speect_act.htm (373 words)

	Lanham Act Speech
		SUMMARY: This speech outlines the administrative aspects of the Lanham Act Mediation Program in the Northern District of Illinois, including disposition time, the qualification of mediators, and the percentage of cases in which the parties pursue mediation.
		Using statistics as a way to understand how the Court’s Lanham Act mediation program operates means providing a backdrop, a context that helps us to think about the program’s strengths and weaknesses.
		The first thing to recognize is the fact that this program operates in a court that is already unusually fast in the way it handles its civil cases.
	www.caadrs.org /studies/lanham_speech.htm (839 words)

	Speech Act Theory
		An 'utterance act' is performed in voicing words and sentences; a 'propositional act' is carried out by referring to entities and predicating states and actions.
		The interpersonal act performed in speaking is an 'illocutionary act' (the central concept): 'I promise to pay you $5.00' counts as an act of promising if certain SINCERITY CONDITIONS or FELICITY CONDITIONS are fulfilled.
		The intended effect on the addressee is a 'perlocutionary act'.
	www.philosophyprofessor.com /philosophies/speech-act-theory.php (166 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Documents: Pitt's speech on the Stamp Act
		I come not here armed at all points, with law cases and acts of parliament, with the statute book doubled down in dog's-ears, to defend the cause of liberty: if I had, I myself would have cited the two cases of Chester and Durham.
		Let acts of parliament in consequence of treaties remain, but let not an English minister become a custom-house officer for Spain, or for any foreign power.
		It is, that the Stamp Act be repealed absolutely, totally, and immediately; that the reason for the repeal should be assigned, because it was founded on an erroneous principle.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/D/1751-1775/stampact/sapitt.htm (1277 words)

	Power Line: Democrats Defeat Online Freedom of Speech Act in House
		This bill was designed to protect the free speech rights of Americans whose only alleged crime is wanting to use the Internet to express their opinions.
		Frankly, I haven't followed the progress of the Online Freedom of Speech Act closely because I thought the idea that the FEC would try to shut down political discussion on the web was ridiculous.
		The vote indicates which party favors free speech; the Republicans voted in favor, 179 to 38, while the Democrats opposed the measure, 143 to 46.
	powerlineblog.com /archives/012135.php (521 words)

	Online Freedom of Speech Act - Homeland Stupidity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The act would protect people such as myself from the evil Federal Election Commission, which has proposed regulations which would stifle free speech on the Internet in the guise of campaign finance reform.
		Now looms a wolfish assault in sheep’s clothing: the Online Freedom of Speech Act, which House Republican leaders are suddenly planning to put to a vote on Wednesday so politicians can abuse the Internet as an unregulated outlet for multimillion-dollar advertising campaigns.
		The bill uses freedom of speech as a fig leaf, pasted on in the guise of defending political bloggers from government censorship.
	www.ioerror.us /2005/11/01/online-freedom-of-speech-act (736 words)

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