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Topic: Speech synthesis

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Speech processing

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	Speech synthesis information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Speech synthesis systems use two basic approaches to determine the pronunciation of a word based on its spelling, a process which is often called text-to-phoneme or grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, as phoneme is the term used by linguists to describe distinctive sounds in a language.
		Speech synthesis systems for languages like this often use the rule-based approach as the core approach for text-to-phoneme conversion, resorting to dictionaries only for those few words, like foreign names and borrowings, whose pronunciation is not obvious from the spelling.
		Speech synthesis markup languages should be distinguished from dialogue markup languages such as VoiceXML, which includes, in addition to text-to-speech markup, tags related to speech recognition, dialogue management and touchtone dialing.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Speech_synthesis (3301 words)

	Halfbakery: Themeable Speech Synthesis Accents
		Speech synthesis has advanced somewhat over the past few decades; today's speech synthesizers sound somewhat less coarse than, say, SAM on the Commodore 64.
		However, one fundamental aspect of speech synthesis that hasn't changed is the accent.
		So trying to make text to speech systems sound natural may not be the best way to go, at least not unless they can be significantly improved in quality; and there are limits on quality without actually understanding the text being spoken.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Themeable_20Speech_20Synthesis_20Accents (1015 words)

	Approaches to Speech Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first computer-based speech synthesis systems were created in the late 1950s and the first complete text-to-speech system was completed in 1968, both at Bell Labs.
		The speech output is not as natural as that achieved with the unit selection process, but small size of diphone synthesis implementations allows them to be ported to inexpensive processors and embedded systems (i.e.
		A concatenative approach to speech synthesis is used, drawing on different audio libraries named after the singers used to generate the neccisary material for flexible text-to-singing synthesis.
	umsis.miami.edu /~kjacobso/speechsynth/speechsynth.htm (1211 words)

	Speech synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		HMM-based synthesis is a synthesis method based on hidden Markov models.
		Speech waveforms are generated from HMMs themselves based on maximum likelihood criteria.
		Speech synthesis markup languages are distinguished from dialogue markup languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speech_synthesis (3253 words)

	speech synthesis - a definition from Whatis.com
		Speech synthesis is the computer-generated simulation of human speech.
		Speech synthesis is the counterpart of speech or voice recognition.
		The earliest speech synthesis effort was in 1779 when Russian Professor Christian Kratzenstein created an apparatus based on the human vocal tract to demonstrate the physiological differences involved in the production of five long vowel sounds.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci773595,00.html (404 words)

	ONJava.com -- The Java Speech API, Part 1
		Speech synthesis is the process of generating human speech from written text for a specific language.
		Speech recognition is the process of converting human speech to words/commands.
		A speech menu that supports speech synthesis operations: speaking the contents of the text editor, pausing and resuming the speech synthesis operations, and canceling a speech operation in progress.
	www.onjava.com /pub/a/onjava/2003/08/06/jsapi.html (1257 words)

	Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) Version 1.0
		A conforming synthesis processor may or must (depending on the modal verb in the sentence) behave as described; if it does, it must provide users a means to enable or disable the behavior described.
		A Conforming User Agent is a Conforming Speech Synthesis Markup Language Processor that is capable of accepting an SSML document as input and producing a spoken output by using the information contained in the markup to render the document as intended by the author.
		is specified that is not known or cannot be applied by a synthesis processor.
	www.w3.org /TR/speech-synthesis (11479 words)

	Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) Version 1.0
		The Speech Synthesis Markup Language Specification is one of these standards and is designed to provide a rich, XML-based markup language for assisting the generation of synthetic speech in Web and other applications.
		A synthesis processor should be able to support the common, orthographic forms of the specified language for every content type that it supports.
		In some cases, synthesis processors may elect to ignore a given prosodic markup if the processor determines, for example, that the indicated value is redundant, improper or in error.
	www.w3.org /TR/2004/REC-speech-synthesis-20040907 (11479 words)

	Voices from the Machine - An introductory article on speech synthesis.
		Granular synthesis is now widely used in speech synthesis in two very different ways: to generate speech sounds, as in LPC or formant tracking, and as a tool for dissecting and processing sampled speech.
		To generate speech, the grains are short bursts (typically between 5 and 50 ms) that are equally spaced.
		Although true speech synthesis may be beyond the limits of your studio and patience, you can make use of the techniques described here to create speechlike sounds and add an organic flavor to your music.
	emusician.com /tutorials/emusic_voices_machine/index.html (3062 words)

	History of speech synthesis, 1770 - 1970
		Computers made it possible to utilize speech synthesis for practical purposes, and several systems with the function of converting text to speech were developed.
		However, single speech sounds (phones) can not be successfully concatenated into words and sentences, since the acoustic properties of these minimal distinctive segments of speech vary as a function of their context, and this variation is necessary for intelligibility and naturalness.
		The relation between phonation, articulation and the acoustic properties of speech sounds is explained under the heading Articulatory synthesis.
	www.ling.su.se /staff/hartmut/kemplne.htm (2241 words)

	Speech Synthesis Evaluation
		Since synthetic speech is generally derived from text input (see also chapter 5), not just a properly functioning acoustic generator is required, but also proper text interpretation and preprocessing, grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, phrasing and stress assignment, as well as prosody, and speaker and style characteristics have to be adequate.
		However, concatenative synthesis with units taken from large databases plus imitation of prosodic characteristics, is one way to overcome this problem of insufficient knowledge concerning detailed rules.
		The inherent quality of the speech synthesizer should then also be compared against other output devices such as canned natural (manipulated) speech, coded speech, and visual and tactile displays.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch13node9.html (682 words)

	XML.com: Speech Synthesis Markup Language: An Introduction
		Speech Synthesis Markup Language Specification (SSML 1.0), introduced in September 2004, is one of the standards enabling access to the Web using spoken interaction.
		Speech synthesis is a process of automatic generation of speech output from data input which may include plain text, marked up text or binary objects.
		It must be practical to generate speech synthesis output from a wide range of existing document representations.
	www.xml.com /pub/a/2004/10/20/ssml.html (1102 words)

	Speech Technology
		Many of the improvements in speech synthesis over the past years have come from creative use of the technologies developed for speech recognition.
		Singing speech synthesizers sound better because the prosody is already specified by the song.
		The ultimate goal for speech synthesis, as with all AI applications, is to make it pass the Turing Test - a blindfolded user shouldn't be able to tell whether he is talking to a human or a machine.
	research.microsoft.com /srg/ssproject.aspx (723 words)

	[No title]
		But for more sophisticated output, it's easier to think of synthesis as the equivalent of document rendering, where the input to the synthesizer is a document that contains not only the content to be rendered, but also the various effects and settings that are to be applied at specific points in the content.
		A speech synthesis engine already knows how to pronounce most of the words in general use in a language, through a combination of an extensive lexicon and algorithms for deriving the pronunciation of unknown words.
		Many of the principles are the same as with desktop speech: recognition and synthesis are still the keystone technologies, and good grammar and prompt design are critical.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/06/01/speechinWindowsVista (4144 words)

	Speech Synthesis
		The first characteristic of synthetic speech which a listener notices is its quality, that is to say how closely the voice resembles a human one.
		In general the requirement is to turn text (in a computer-readable form) into speech, usually known as "text-to-speech synthesis." Most such synthesizers are based on translation from text into streams of phonemes (or allophones), which are then made audible by sound-production hardware.
		An important development has been the marrying of speech synthesis with optical character recognition, whereby printed texts can be read aloud by a machine to people who cannot read them for themselves (principally blind people, but also those with other "print handicaps" such as dyslexia).
	www.rit.edu /~easi/itd/itdv01n2/edwards.htm (2241 words)

	Speech Synthesis & Speech Recognition: Overview
		Microsoft have been researching and implementing speech technology for some years and they have an area of their Web site dedicated to the matter at http://www.microsoft.com/speech.
		Dictation speech recognition is speaker-dependant, meaning that because of different people's enunciation, accent, pitch and so on, recognisers require a speaker profile to be set up for decent results.
		There is much to Speech API that we have not looked at in these pages but hopefully the areas covered will be enough to whet your appetite and get you exploring further on your own.
	dn.codegear.com /article/29580 (2046 words)

	GSLT course in Speech Synthesis
		Note that the course is aimed both at students with limited knowledge of the field and at students with a more extensive background in speech synthesis, who will be expected to take a more active part in the discussion of current research.
		In order to give the teachers of the course an overview of the students' prior knowledge and possible contributions, each student will be asked to complete a short questionnaire of their background, interest and own research before the opening seminar.
		GSLT Speech technology course should be familiar; refer to the introductory lecture slides available from the course page.
	www.speech.kth.se /~olov/Speech_Synth_Course_2005 (667 words)

	E-Speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We provide software or dictionaries that can be used in your speech recognition or text-to-speech systems, as well as in systems with live call-center agents.
		The system converts orthography to phonemes and stress marks and, based on E-Speech's proprietary subword concatenation algorithms, generates speech from its sound inventory.
		This system illustrates the sound quality that our custom speech generation systems can offer you for domain-specific applications such as names, addresses, timetables, financial transactions.
	www.espeech.com (153 words)

	Festival Speech Synthesis System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Festival is a general multi-lingual speech synthesis system developed at Centre for Speech Technology Research (CSTR) at the University of Edinburgh.
		It offers a full text to speech system with various APIs, as well an environment for development and research of speech synthesis techniques.
		It is derived from the Festival Speech Synthesis System, originally from the University of Edinburgh, and the [Festvox] project from Carnegie Mellon University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Festival_Speech_Synthesis_System (227 words)

	speech synthesis definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		speech synthesis definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "speech synthesis" in all of MSN Encarta
		computer's imitating of speech: computer-generated audio output that resembles human speech
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861711498 (74 words)

	Speech Synthesis
		For computer generated speech output, this means limitations in the naturalness and intelligibility of synthetic speech.
		This is due in part to a limited understanding within the speech community of the fundamental physical mechanisms involved.
		To demonstrate the promise of this approach for speech synthesis, the new fricative model was implemented in a transmission-line articulatory speech synthesizer.
	www.caip.rutgers.edu /~sinder/thesis (1206 words)

	Experimental Phonetics - Synthesis at IMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The speech synthesis activities at the IMS (Experimental Phonetics) concentrates on various linguistic and application oriented aspects of speech synthesis.
		Our speech synthesis system has a refined text-preprocessing module that deals with all kinds of abbreviations and various different number formats (cardinal and ordinal numbers, dates, currency,...).
		In this project we are responsible for the speech output modality.
	www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de /phonetik/synthesis (274 words)

	CSLU Speech Synthesis Research Group - Research
		CSLU has recently increased its activities in the area of speech generation, and is now focusing on two key areas of research and development, small footprint speech synthesis and very high quality application-specific synthesis.
		Similar to general-purpose concatenative synthesis, except that the inventory consists of a large corpus of labeled speech, and that, instead of modifying the stored speech to match the target prosody, the corpus is searched for speech phoneme sequences whose prosodic patterns match the target prosody.
		And, obviously, phrase splicing methods produce completely natural speech, but can only say the pre-stored phrases or combinations of sentence frames and slot items; naturalness can be a problem if the slot items are not carefully matched to the sentence frames in terms of prosody.
	speech.bme.ogi.edu /tts/research/index.html (755 words)

	IBM Research \| Projects \| Text-to-Speech
		Our goal is to make synthesized speech as intelligible, natural and pleasant to listen to as human speech and have it communicate just as meaningfully.
		During synthesis very small segments of recorded human speech are concatenated together to produce the synthesized speech.
		Most speech synthesis has a neutral, one-size-fits-all expression, regardless of what it's saying.
	www.research.ibm.com /tts (429 words)

	Apple - Mac OS X - Speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Apple’s Speech Recognition and Speech Synthesis Technologies now give speech-savvy applications the power to carry out your voice commands and even speak back to you in plain English.
		Apple’s leadership in speech recognition technology makes it possible by bringing a whole new dimension to the user interface: speech.
		Combined with VoiceOver, speech synthesis will help turn the graphical user interface into a vocal user interface.
	www.apple.com /macosx/features/speech (223 words)

	Festival at CMU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This page describes current projects in speech synthesis in the speech group and the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.
		Speech synthesis demos of Festival and CMU related synthesis projects.
		Synthesis databases speech databases for using synthesis research, diphones, timit and domain dependent.
	www.speech.cs.cmu.edu /festival (199 words)

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