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Topic: Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics

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	Encyclopedia: Winter Olympics
		The 10000 m speed skating was abandoned in the 5th pair, and the 50 km cross-country ended with a temperature of 25 degrees above zero, forcing a third of the field to abandon competition.
		This decision caused the Swiss and Austrian skiers to boycott the Olympics.
		The 1940 Winter Olympics had originally been awarded to Japan, and were supposed to be held in Sapporo, but Japan had to give the Games back in 1938, because of the Japanese invasion of China in the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Winter-Olympics (10725 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Winter Olympics
		The Olympics organization is headed by a president, elected by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) members for an initial period of eight years.
		Men’s speed skating was introduced at the inaugural Winter Olympics; the women had to wait until 1960 for their inclusion.
		Figure skating has been an ever-present event at the Games with the men’s and women’s figures, the pairs was introduced in 1908, and the ice dance in 1976.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572547/Winter_Olympics.html (1248 words)

	KIAT.NET - Olympic Winter Games Speed Skating
		In the Netherlands, skating served as a way to travel over the canals in winter and the Dutch are still among the world's most avid skaters.
		Although the Netherlands is the birthplace of speed skating, the first known skating competition is thought to have been held in 1676.
		Speed skating at the Olympic Games consists of ten events: 500m, 1000m, 1500m, and 5000m for both woman and men, 3000m for women, and 10,000m for men.
	www.kiat.net /olympics/sports/winter/speedskating.html (392 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The winter Olympics were begun in 1924 and were held in the same year as the summer games until the 1994 winter games in Lillehammer, Norway, when the alternating cycles began.
		A total of eight sports were included in the winter Olympics in 1998: biathlon (cross-country skiing and rifle marksmanship), bobsled, curling (for the first time), ice hockey (which included women’s hockey for the first time), luge (toboggan), figure skating, speed skating, and skiing (which, for the first time, included snowboarding as a medal sport).
		The Olympic games are competitions of individual athletes, not of nations, and the IOC does not keep national scores; however, the media of all nations report national standings according to one of two scoring systems.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/sports/olympics.html (1093 words)

	1948 Winter Olympics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics.
		Dick Button became the first American to win a figure skating title for the United States, and also became the first figure skater to perform a double axel during an Olympic figure skating event.
		Winter pentathlon was held as a demonstration sport.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics (162 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Winter Olympics 2002 \| Front Page \| How the Winter Games were born
		The answer is 1893, the sport was speed skating, and that event was the first step towards the birth of the Winter Olympics.
		The 1928 Winter Olympics in St Moritz, Switzerland, attracted an 84 percent increase in participants.
		The Winter Games were cancelled in 1940 and 1944 due to World War II and returned in 1948 in St. Moritz.
	news.bbc.co.uk /winterolympics2002/hi/english/front_page/newsid_1628000/1628703.stm (441 words)

	History - Speed Skating Canada
		The iron blade accelerated the spread of speed skating and in 1642 the Skating Club of Edinburgh was formed.
		Speed skating races became a regular feature of winter life; and by 1887 the Amateur Skating Association of Canada, the young country's first sport association, was formed.
		Olympic speed skating, or long track as it is known today, made its debut at the first Winter Olympics in 1924 in Chamonix, France and it has been a highlight of the Games ever since.
	www.speedskating.ca /eng/about/index.htm (2661 words)

	Prince George Blizzard Speed Skating Club - Skating Info - Skating History - On to the Olympics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Olympic speed skating, or long track as it is known today, made its debut in 1908 in London.
		By the late 1930s, popular interest in speed skating began to decline as hockey arenas were built, professional hockey hastened the diminishing spectator appeal of the sport.
		By 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, speed skaters from the Soviet Union, absent from Olympic competition for 48 years, ended the Norwegian stranglehold on Olympic speed skating.
	members.shaw.ca /pgblizzard/blizzard/otto.html (811 words)

	German Info: Germany at the Olympics
		Among the stories for which the 1936 Winter Games have gone down in Olympics history was the performance of 16-year-old Norwegian Laila Schou Nilsen, who at the time held every speed-skating record for distances between 500 and 5,000 meters.
		Due to the exclusion of women's speedskating from the Olympics, she instead chose to compete in the combined downhill, which she won, although no medals were awarded at the time for success in individual races.
		Rudi Ball, a leading member of the Germany's 1932 Olympic hockey squad and a Jew in voluntary exile in France, was invited by the German government to return home to compete under the banner of his native country.
	www.germany-info.org /relaunch/info/publications/infocus/olympics2002/wg1936.html (592 words)

	Dolomiti.org - The History of Cortina d'Ampezzo by M.F. Belli
		Winter Olympics should have taken place in Cortina in 1944, as it had been arranged by the International Olympic Committee, as early as in 1930.
		Yet, in 1944 the war was furiously enraging all over the planet and Italy, invaded by the Reich army – of which it was formally an ally – was struggling on the brink of death.
		For speed skating competitions, the lake of Misurina, a few kilometres far, was chosen.
	www.dolomiti.org /dengl/Cortina/csto/mfbelli/cap20a.html (1037 words)

	FactsCanada.ca — Friday Feature 2002-02Fr — 2002 Winter Olympics
		The downhill is a celebration of speed in which skiers exceed 130 kilometres per hour; the super-G (super giant slalom) combines the reckless speed of the downhill with the giant slalom's demand for precision.
		After gaining speed on a downhill run, the individual launches him- or herself more than 15 metres into the air, twisting, flipping, or attempting any seemingly random, awe-inspiring feat the athlete wishes — as long as the landing on the snow is graceful and under control.
		This is the newest Winter Olympic event, and it has evolved from a gutsy pastime for youths to one of the fastest-growing winter sports in the world.
	www.factscanada.ca /friday/friday-2002-02-02-08.shtml (1882 words)

	BBC SPORT \| Winter Olympics 2002 \| Skating \| On the Button (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Be it ice skating, law or commentating, to name but three of his skills, he generally does excel.
		That same nature that shone through his routines on the ice is now captured in his extravagant and erudite commentaries on the sport.
		His two Olympic golds sandwiched the Sullivan Award which he was presented with in 1949 as America's leading amateur athlete.
	news.bbc.co.uk /winterolympics2002/hi/english/skating/newsid_1609000/1609095.stm (594 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Live Online
		However, the next day the head of the judges' commission, to her credit, did meet with the press and explained that whereas the average viewer concentrates on the jumps, judges are also looking at spins, steps and transition moves.
		David Wallechinsky: The International Skating Union will review the decision, and they may reprimand one or two of the judges, but there is nothing that the IOC can do, because the running of competitions is the responsibility of the international sports federation in charge of each sport.
		In 1948, when he was 17 years old, he won the Olympic decathlon only four months after learning that such an event existed.
	discuss.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/zforum/02/sports_wallenchinsky021202.htm (3839 words)

	Speed, style mark high-flying Olympics - 2002 Winter Olympics coverage
		Speedskaters are expected to shatter Olympic records on the ice of the Utah Olympic Oval in Kearns.
		A buildup of speed will give way to athletic artistry, whether it's landing a quad on the Delta Center ice, wowing the Gen-X crowds at the Park City halfpipe or busting through the bumps and off the kickers at Deer Valley.
		Biathletes in particular will be looking to catch their breath — and slow down pulse rates in the neighborhood of 170 beats a minute — as they pause from skiing to fire their.22s at targets not much bigger than a grapefruit.
	deseretnews.com /oly/view/0,3949,70000099,00.html (580 words)

	Detroit Free Press \| Winter Olympics 2002
		When Hayes Alan Jenkins won the figure skating gold in 1956, his brother David the bronze and teammate Ronnie Robertson the silver, it was a first for the United States in the Winter Olympics.
		SALT LAKE CITY -- One of the most exciting Winter Olympics events is pairs figure skating, which combines the beauty of an intimate dance with the athleticism of a large man throwing a tiny woman as far as 75 feet.
		Blustery winter weather was the big winner Friday on the first day of competition at the Winter Olympics, postponing ski-jump qualifying and practice for the men's downhill and several other events.
	www.freep.com /index/2002olympics.htm (11506 words)

	Winter Olympics by Year
		For the 1948 Games, Saint-Moritz was chosen as host for the second time, because Switzerland's neutrality during the war had saved it from the destruction sustained by other nations, and it was centrally located for many participating counties.
		Sapporo was chosen to host the XI Olympic Winter Games at the IOC Session held in Rome in April 1966, one and a half years after the Tokyo Games.
		This left the Denver Olympic Organizing Committee with no choice but to notify the IOC of its withdrawal.In February 1973, IOC President Lord Killanin convened a meeting of Executive Board Members at the IOC headquarters in Lausanne where Innsbruck was chosen as the host.
	hvv.freeservers.com /olymwint.htm (1813 words)

	2002 Winter Olympics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		In the first week the pairs figure skating competition resulted in the French judge's scores being thrown out and the Canadian team being awarded a second gold medal.
		Athletes in short-track speed skating and cross-country skiing were disqualified for various reasons as well, leading Russia and South Korea to file protests and threaten to withdraw from competition.
		A feature of this Olympics has been the emergence of the so-called "extreme" sports, such as snowboarding, moguls and aerials, which appeared in previous Olympics but have captured greater public attention this year.
	www.eurofreehost.com /20/2002_Winter_Olympics_2.html (289 words)

	Cool Attractions - Olympic History
		As Salt Lake City prepares for the 19th Olympic Winter Games, constructing multi-million dollar venues, landing corporate sponsorships, and adjusting the city's infrastructure to accommodate the temporarily swollen population, all eyes are on the future.
		The Olympics have always reflected the political goings-on in the world, and for this reason, the 1964 games in Innsbruck, Austria were particularly noteworthy.
		Calgary's Olympics in 1988 were well received by both athletes and spectators, however, there were some concerns regarding the facilities, and the choice of competition sites.
	www.saltlakecity.coolattractions.com /history.html (862 words)

	1948 — St. Moritz, Switzerland - 2002 Winter Olympics coverage
		The Winter Olympics survive both World War II and a 12-year hiatus.
		Alpine skiing returns to the Olympic program, with separate downhill and slalom events for both men and women joining the alpine combined event that debuted in 1936.
		Two U.S. hockey teams arrive in St. Moritz for the Olympics, with one sanctioned by the American Olympic Committee and another by the American Hockey Association.
	www.deseretnews.com /oly/view/0,3949,14,00.html (333 words)

	Speed skating at the 1948 Winter Olympics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Over US$180,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August.
		At the 1948 Winter Olympics, four speed skating events were contested.
		This page was last modified 16:56, 27 November 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1948_Winter_Olympics (70 words)

	XXI Winter Olympic Games - 2010 Vancouver Entertainment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Further, if you or your group are at various Olympic conferences ramping up to the 2010 games or attending the 2006 Torino or 2008 Beijing games; we also offer these events in Calgary, Toronto, Montreal and Lausanne and will have special entertainment events in Torino and Beijing.
		The 11-day event, which included nordic skiing, speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey and bobsledding, was a huge success and was retroactively called the first Olympic Winter Games.
		The event ended the four-year Olympic cycle of staging both Winter and Summer Games in the same year and began a new schedule that calls for the two Games to alternate every two years.
	www.murdermysterycanada.com /olympics.htm (519 words)

	kiat.net: Winter Olympic Games Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936
		For the first time the Olympic flame burned at the Winter Olympics too.
		There were 106 thousand paying spectators and record participation for the first German Olympics which was the prologue to the more imposing Summer Games in Berlin.
		Due to the exclusion of women's speed skating from the Olympics, she chose to instead compete in the combined downhill, which she won.
	www.kiat.net /olympics/history/winter/w04garmisch.html (362 words)

	Olympics - EnchantedLearning.com
		The Greeks held the first Olympic games in the year 776 BC (over 2700 years ago), and had only one event, a sprint (a short run that was called the "stade").
		For each Olympics, a new flame is started in the ancient Olympic stadium in Olympia, Elis, Greece, using a parabolic mirror to focus the rays of the Sun.
		The events in the Winter Olympics include: ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, snowboarding, luge, bobsleigh, skeleton (a type of sledding), curling, cross-country skiing, freestyle skiing, slalom, downhill (Alpine) skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined (skiing plus ski jumping), and biathlon (skiing and shooting).
	www.enchantedlearning.com /olympics (1136 words)

	Olympic Games Medallists - Speed Skating
		There are two forms of Speed Skating included in the Olympics - long track which is raced on a 400 metres oval and short track which is raced on a 111.12 metres circuit.
		In long track skaters compete in time trials (except in 1932) whilst in short track (and in the 1932 long track) skaters race head-to-head.
		The first women's medal events were not held until 1960, although 3 women's races were held as demonstration events in 1932 (winners: 500m Jean Wilson CAN 58.0, 1000m Elizabeth Dubois USA 2:04.0, 1500m Kit Klein USA 3:06.0).
	www.gbrathletics.co.uk /olympic/skating.htm (149 words)

	1960 Winter Olympics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		There were 15 alpine and ski jumping events, 8 speed skiing events, and 3 figure skating events.
		1960 was the first year for women's speed skating and the men's biathlon.
		It uses material from the wikipedia article 1960 Winter Olympics.
	www.eurofreehost.com /19/1960_Winter_Olympics_2.html (120 words)

	1948 Olympics
		The Winter Games originally scheduled for Sapporo, Japan (1940) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (1944) were cancelled because of World War II.
		Untouched by the war, the Swiss resort town of St. Moritz was picked to host the 1948 Games and 28 countries sent 706 athletes to compete.
		The IOC ruled that the AOC team could march in the opening parade and the AHA team could play in the tournament, but neither would be eligible for a medal.
	www.factmonster.com /year/A0300760.html (282 words)

	HickokSports.com - Biography - Ken Bartholomew
		His long career was interrupted by World War II, but Bartholomew nevertheless won more speed skating championships than any other American.
		He won the U. outdoor championship for the first time in 1939, when he was nineteen, and for the last time in 1960, when he was forty years old.
		He and U. teammate Bobby Fitzgerald tied for the silver medal in the 500-meter race with a time of 43.2 seconds at the 1948 Winter Olympics.
	www.hickoksports.com /biograph/bartholk.shtml (119 words)

	Weird Winter Sports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Skeleton is being held at the Winter Olympics for the first time since 1948.
		This is the oldest and probably the most fun winter sport.
		For more on the 2002 Winter Olympics, head to www.saltlake2002.com.
	www.kidzworld.com /site/p1636.htm (363 words)

	CNNSI.com - 2002 Winter Olympics - Skeleton - Shea wins gold medal in men's skeleton - Wednesday February 20, 2002 ...
		His 91-year-old grandfather, Jack, who died last month, was the first double gold medalist in the Winter Olympics, winning two speed skating events at the 1932 Lake Placid Games.
		Skeleton, in which competitors race headfirst down the ice at about 80 mph on a sled that looks like a large lunch tray, made its first appearance in the Winter Olympics since 1948 and only its third ever.
		He threw Olympic souvenir pins to the crowd, and pointed to all those friends, acquaintances, Americans who crowded the railing to see him.
	sportsillustrated.cnn.com /olympics/2002/skeleton/news/2002/02/20/mens_skeleton_ap (1129 words)

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