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	Spent mushroom compost - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Spent mushroom compost is the residual compost waste generated by the mushroom production industry.
		Mushroom compost may also contain pesticide residues, particularly organochlorides used against the fungus gnat.
		Therefore, the organic gardener must be careful regarding the sourcing of mushroom compost; if in doubt, samples can be analysed for contamination – in the UK the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) is able to advise regarding this issue.
	www.music.us /education/S/Spent-mushroom-compost.htm (468 words)

	Compost
		Compost is the decayed remnants of plant materials and animal manure.
		Compost is used in gardening and agriculture, mixed to the soil to improve its structure (by increasing its organic content[?] amount) and fertilizing quality.
		Depending on how quickly the compost is required, the heap can be turned one or more times to bring the outer layers to the inside of the heap and vice versa.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/co/Compost.html (400 words)

	Wikinfo \| Compost
		Compost is used in gardening and agriculture, mixed in with the soil to improve its structure (by increasing its organic content) and fertilizing quality.
		Compost is a common name for humus, which is the result of the composting process.
		Composting is performed primarily by microbes, although larger creatures such as worms and ants contribute to the process.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Compost (893 words)

	Teagasc - Mushroom Newsletter - Autumn 2000
		Disposal of spent mushroom compost in an environmentally friendly manner is now an issue of central concern to the Irish mushroom industry.
		All members of the mushroom industry have a part to play in the future success of any spent mushroom management strategy, therefore a coordinated, industry-led approach is likely to be more successful than the individual approach that has been used in the past.
		His compost is delivered in iron trays measuring 1.6m x 3.5m approx; each tray holding 600kg of compost which is equivalent to a fill weight of 107 kg Phase II compost per m2.
	www.teagasc.ie /newsletters/mushrooms/200008.htm (1942 words)

	Evergreen - GroundWorks '96
		Spent mushroom compost has been known for a long time to be a valuable amendment for garden soils.
		Considering the large amount of spent compost generated each year by mushroom farms, its exploitation as a soil or garden amendment could be enhanced substantially.
		When using spent compost in containers, we recommend that (a) there should be appropriate monitoring for salts and pH, and (b) there should be no more than two-thirds of the spent compost to avoid problems arising from shrinkage of the growing medium.
	www.evergreen.ca /en/cg/resources/groundworks96/chong.html (2345 words)

	Greely Sand & Gravel \| MUSHROOM COMPOST
		Mushroom compost is derived from almost 100% organic ingredients, including composted hay, corn cobs, brewer's grain, and cocoa beans shells or soya bean meal.
		These ingredients are combined and encouraged to undergo the composting process, after which the compost, as well as a mixture of peat moss and ground limestone, become the home for mushroom growth.
		If not using it as a mulch, mushroom compost should be worked into the existing soil due to its richness and the possibility of being blown away when dry.
	www.greelysand.com /GreelyEnvironmental/MushroomCompost/body.html (559 words)

	[No title]
		Spent mushroom substrate is the soil-like material remaining after a crop of mushrooms.
		Spent mushroom substrate still has some nutrients available for the mushroom; however, it is more economical to replace the substrate and start a new crop.
		Before removing the spent substrate from the mushroom house, the grower "pasteurizes" it with steam to kill any pests or pathogens that may be present in the substrate and casing.
	mushroomspawn.cas.psu.edu /Spent.htm (655 words)

	Spent mushroom compost - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spent mushroom compost is the residual compost waste generated by the mushroom production industry.
		Mushroom compost may also contain pesticide residues, particularly organochlorides used against the fungus gnat.
		Therefore, the organic gardener must be careful regarding the sourcing of mushroom compost; if in doubt, samples can be analysed for contamination – in the UK the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) is able to advise regarding this issue.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spent_mushroom_compost (253 words)

	Using Composts to Improve Turf Performance
		Composts are made from many different sources, including household refuse (municipal solid waste), leaves and grass clippings (yard trimmings), sewage sludge (biosolids), animal manure, paper mill by-products, and food residuals, just to name a few.
		Composts with moisture contents between 30 and 50% are usually ideal for handling, surface applications, and soil incorporation.
		Composts are typically applied to the soil surface at a 1- or 2-inch layer, then incorporated into the soil with rotary tilling equipment.
	www.compostingvermont.org /articles/using_composts.htm (2927 words)

	V. A. Dodd, W. Magette, S. Smyth and V. Howard
		SMC is produced at dispersed locations that are concentrated in regions of the country where the demand for plant nutrients is largely satisfied.
		Samples of SMC were spread in uniformly deep piles of 4, 6 and 8 cm in a randomised trial that examined drying under ambient climatic conditions with and without exclusion of natural precipitation.
		SMC is, as yet, an unknown product to some farmers (particularly those far removed from mushroom producing areas) but the results of agronomic trials being conducted by UCD and Teagasc are identifying its agronomic benefits.
	www.ucd.ie /agri/html/homepage/research_96_99/research_1998_99/Engineering/Eng4.html (974 words)

	Mushroom Compost
		This compost is made by mushroom producers from material such as hay, straw, corn cobs, poultry and horse manure – or any combination of organic material that is 1) inexpensive and 2) readily available.
		The spent compost is then removed, the buildings cleaned and sterilized and the process begun anew with the next batch of compost.
		Mushroom compost does not qualify for use on certified organic farms unless it too is certified.
	www.simplegiftsfarm.com /mushroom-compost.html (696 words)

	Continental Mushrooms :: Fun-gi Facts and Fables
		After the mushrooms are picked they are transported to the packing building where they are rapidly cooled in a machine called a vacuum cooler.
		The spent compost, (that the mushrooms were grown in), is wonderful for lawns and gardens.
		The highly enriched compost that is needed for the mushrooms is a terrific soil amendment and fertilizer.
	www.continentalmushroom.ca /facts3.php (300 words)

	Media: Organic Media
		The major types of organic media used in container-crop horticulture are peat moss, spent mushroom compost, and bark.
		Spent mushroom compost continues to decompose and compact in the container, decreasing air pore space and increasing the water-holding capacity of the mix.
		Continued decomposition of composted hardwood bark media during the growing season increases the water-holding capacity and decreases the air porosity of the mix.
	www.hort.cornell.edu /department/faculty/good/growon/media/organic.html (1899 words)

	Compost: Application and Use, QB 97-01
		There were eight media consisting of 25% or 50% sphagnum peat or composted pine bark, 25% sand, and the remainder one of two sources of spent mushroom compost; four media with 50% peat or bark mixed with 50% spent mushroom compost; and a control medium of 100% pine bark.
		The relative lignin content of composts as measured by the acetyl bromide procedure increased, both during composting and mushroom growth, and the chemical structure of lignin was altered by condensation and oxidation reactions.
		Descriptors: organic-acids; adsorption; rhizosphere; litter-plant; composts; poultry-manure; phosphorus; solubilization; nutrient-uptake; phosphorus-fertilizers; lolium- rigidum
	www.nal.usda.gov /afsic/AFSIC_pubs/qb9701.htm (12730 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Most of the compost is left behind as a residue called spent compost, spent mushroom substrate or more recently proposed "post mushroom substrate." This material is ready to be further attacked by a new set of organisms.
		Spent compost is a source of nutrients and water holding properties for such crops such as corn and other vegetables.
		Spent mushroom substrate is the material of choice for creating wetlands for passive treatment of coal mine drainage.
	mushroomspawn.cas.psu.edu /EnvImpact.htm (3557 words)

	Tameling Industries
		Mushroom Compost is both a perfect solution to low quality topsoil, and a great addition to high quality topsoil.
		The compost is formed from a mixture containing straw and stable bedding, which is fortified with organic supplements such as peat moss, cocoa bean shells, soybeans, and cottonseed meal.
		After the mushrooms are harvested, the material is called "spent" and the compost is then screened to remove bulk materials.
	www.tamelings.com /mushcomp.html (133 words)

	Penn State's Using Spent Mushroom Substrate for Improving Turf Performance
		Spent mushroom substrate is the composted organic material remaining after a crop of mushrooms is harvested.
		After the mushrooms are harvested, the "spent" substrate is removed from the houses and pasteurized with steam.
		Spent mushroom substrate is sometimes sold just after it is removed from mushroom houses; in this case it is referred to as "fresh SMS".
	spentmushroomsubstrate.turfgrass.psu.edu (363 words)

	duckweeds
		Mushroom = compost is a good source but this takes time and there is no substitute = for time when it comes to specific production of humic bio-polymers.
		compost that is prepared to serve as a = substrate for mushroom (spawn) cultivation =20 (b) "spent mushroom substrate" i.e.
		Spent mushroom compost is already a product = and therefore should be used on growing plants and not for growing = earthworms.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /hpg/envis/doc97html/ecomushroom429.html (1949 words)

	Mushroom Compost (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Horses are kept in their thousands in close confinement in order to produce the first stage of spent mushroom compost.
		At the M (International shorthand for mushroom farm) the RHM is composted in large heaps.
		Now the mushroom is a delicacy enjoyed by folk from all walks of life, stations and classes, from the very incredibly poor (VIPs) to the theoretically rather flush (The Royal Family).
	www.delphinium.co.nz /MushroomCompost.htm (616 words)

	J. Duggan, T. McCabe, M. J. Hennerty and M. J. Maher
		SMC has already been shown to be a useful source of K (3).
		The results indicate that where SMC is used as a nutrient source part of any N requirement would probably have to be supplemented from another source at least in the first year after application.
		However, SMC should be suitable for use as a P nutrient source and could be used to replace chemical fertilisers.
	www.ucd.ie /agri/html/homepage/research_96_99/research_1998_99/Crop/Crop5.html (919 words)

	Mushroom soil too 'hot' for new veggie bed? - Soil Forum - GardenWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The 3 to 4 week long composting period is closely supervised and managed to assure that the composting temperatures exceed 160°F for a few days in addition to a steam pasteurization which occurs about one week before mushroom spawn is mixed with the compost.
		Not all mushroom compost is created equal :-) Some growers advocate the use of fresh manures (either horse or poultry or both)as well as urea, often resulting in a high ammonium nitrate level that can burn tender young seedlings.
		Mushroom compost can also contain high salt levels and is often quite alkaline due to additions of ground chalk or limestone.
	forums2.gardenweb.com /forums/load/soil/msg0310113322107.html (599 words)

	The American Mushroom Institute - Washington DC
		The 3 to 4 week long composting period is closely supervised and managed to assure that the composting temperatures exceed 160°F for a few days in addition to a steam pasteurization which occurs about one week before mushroom spawn is mixed with the compost.
		Mushroom soil is great for gardens as a slow release organic fertilizer (2-1-1, pH 6.8) when mixed into soil or as a mulch one year and a soil amendment the next.
		Mushroom farmers have used integrated pest management practices for decades and pesticides are rarely used on mushroom crops.
	www.americanmushroom.org /compost.htm (380 words)

	Monitoring of Peat and Alternative Products for Growing Media and Soil Improvers in the UK 2001 - Department for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Relatively small volumes of spent mushroom compost are used by established producers in formulating branded soil improver products and this usage has been accurately captured by the producer surveys throughout this study.
		Green compost is mainly used as a soil improver by landscapers but consumption of this material by gardeners has increased, probably due its competitive price compared to bark and greater availability through garden centres in the last few years.
		Spent mushroom compost is used in a very similar way to green compost and increase in consumption of one may well reduce that of the other.
	www.communities.gov.uk /index.asp?id=1145873 (4174 words)

	National Research Centre for Mushroom
		Cultivation technology of shiitake mushroom has also been standardized and will be available for growers in the near future.
		It has identified some new casing materials out of which mushroom spent compost is commonly used by mushroom growers.
		Many wild mushrooms were collected for the first time from Himachal Pradesh and other parts of India.
	www.nrcmushroom.org /achievements.html (327 words)

	Managing Spent Mushroom Compost
		Mushroom compost is made from wheat straw, horse manure and poultry manure.
		Spent Mushroom Compost is a useful source of nutrients and organic matter but, like all sources of nutrients, if not used in a safe and responsible manner has the potential to impair the environment.
		The Environmental Protection Agency has suggested that SMC is attractive to landfill operators for daily and intermediate cover and for use in the restoration of mine wastes (it is worth noting that in one Co Council dump, 27,000 tonnes for daily cover was used in 2005.
	www.farmersjournal.ie /2006/0708/farmmanagement/environment/feature.shtml (533 words)

	Bulk organic fertiliser - Telegraph
		Another fabulous benefit of this mouth-watering compost is that it has been composted to such temperatures that it does not contain weed seeds.
		My compost did initially smell vaguely of chicken manure, but not for long, and none of the family complained, whereas they have complained loudly in the past about neat chicken manure, sewage sludge and other goodies I have used.
		The compost has few if any viable weed seeds, as it is composted on a large scale, regularly turned, and so high temperatures are achieved in the heap, which kill most seeds and diseases.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /property/main.jhtml?xml=/property/2006/11/14/pbunny14.xml (925 words)

	Recycling Water and Fertilizer in Nurseries and Mushroom Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Compost wastewater contains high levels of nutrients that would be ‘lost resources’ if they were not recycled.
		Water that is used to wash down mushroom growing rooms is recycled to prepare composted growing media for subsequent crops.
		Researchers at the University of Guelph conducted experiments to investigate the effects of the composting process by studying the influence of pH and temperature on the chemical and biological degradation of the pesticides.
	www.adaptcouncil.org /news_releases/2004/040610.asp (821 words)

	AN PHOBLACHT/REPUBLICAN NEWS
		Thus was made the apparently unlikely connection between spent mushroom compost, poultry litter and hydrocarbon contaminated soil.
		Poultry litter and spent mushroom compost present major challenges to the industry and to local authorities.
		Poultry litter and spent mushroom compost is mixed in carefully controlled and monitored conditions to produce a balanced compost.
	republican-news.org /archive/2000/May18/18wast.html (533 words)

	Ecotoxicology research at Athlone Institute of Technology
		A significant proportion of this spent mushroom compost is disposed of by landfilling at a considerable cost.
		While this organically rich SMC has many desirable properties for use in soil amendment, these benefits may be negated by the potential presence of pesticide residues.
		Researchers in the Ecotoxicology Unit have developed bacteria which are capable of detoxifying some of the pesticides found in the spent mushroom compost, which should enhance its beneficial properties, while eliminating many of the environmental concerns.
	www.irishscientist.ie /p98a.htm (322 words)

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