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Topic: Spermatogonia

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	Tribulus terrestris & Protodioscin Study - Pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic & Clinical
		Spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids of 40 cross-sections through the seminiferous tubules were counted for each animal from both experimental and control groups (a total of 640), with identical diameter of the tubules (determined by eyepiece micrometer) in phase VII, according to the classification of Leblond and Clermon (1952).
		The number of spermatogonia in one seminiferous tubule in the control animals was 36 (between 36 and 40 spermatogonia per tubule).
		The increased number of spermatogonia, with 3H-thymidine included for the treated animals, suggested an intensified DNA synthesis under the effect of protodioscin, as well as an increased number of spermatogonia during the phase V of the cell cycle.
	www.libilov.com /en/clinical_studies/study_IIMS_1994.htm (5523 words)

	Endotext.com - Endocrinology Of Male Reproduction, Endocrinology of the Male Reproductive System
		Spermatogenesis can be divided into three major phases (i) proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia, (ii) meiosis, (iii) spermiogenesis which represents a complex metamorphosis involved in the transformation of round spermatids arising from the final division of meiosis into the complex structure of the spermatozoon.
		The Type B spermatogonia are generally agreed to represent the cells which differentiate and enter into the process of meiosis where they are called primary spermatocytes(9).
		Nevertheless, the Sertoli cell, because it extends from the base of the tubule to the lumen, restricts entry to the tubule because of the blood-testis barrier and is intimately associated with several generations of germ cells from spermatogonia to spermatids, is in a powerful position to influence the radially directed organization of cell associations.
	www.endotext.org /male/male1/male1.htm (2954 words)

	Male Reproduction 4 Spermatogenesis
		Spermatogonia have spherical or oval nuclei, and rest on the basement membrane.
		Meiosis is the process by which the diploid number of chromosomes present in spermatogonia (the stem cells) is reduced to the haploid number present in mature spermatozoa.
		The spermatogonia are in the basal compartment (deep to the level of the tight junctions) and the more mature forms such as primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids are in the adluminal compartment.
	www.cvm.okstate.edu /instruction/mm_curr/histology/MR/HiMRP4.htm (807 words)

	[No title]
		Males have an almost unlimited capacity to produce germ cells; this is accomplished by replenishment of A spermatogonia early in mitosis.
		Although the mechanics of renewal are not totally understood, it appears that a stem cell (A-0) divides into an A-1 spermatogonia and an operative copy of itself.
		The stallion and boar are the most prone to cryptorchidism among the domesticated species (because the condition has a genetic predisposition, it is not advisable to use unilateral/restored animals for breeding purposes).
	www.uwyo.edu /wjm/repro/spermat.htm (1767 words)

	Determinants of Retroviral-Mediated Gene Delivery to Mouse Spermatogonia -- De Miguel and Donovan 68 (3): 860 -- ...
		Spermatogonia are distinguished from Sertoli cells by anti-vasa immunohistochemistry developed with Fast Red that produces a red precipitate in the spermatogonia cytoplasm.
		Spermatogonia were infected on the first day of culture and then cultured for 4 days in growth factors to allow for retroviral integration and retroviral-mediated gene expression.
		the susceptibility of mouse spermatogonia to retroviral infection,
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/68/3/860 (4715 words)

	Distribution of Type A Spermatogonia in the Mouse Is Not Random -- Chiarini-Garcia et al. 65 (4): 1179 -- Biology of ...
		of the earliest spermatogonia in the mouse testis.
		spermatogonia occupied 50% of a seminiferous tubule, the ratio
		Regulation of the density of spermatogonia in the seminiferous epithelium of the Chinese hamster: I. Undifferentiated spermatogonia.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/65/4/1179 (3584 words)

	Science News: Sperm stem cells beat ice, species barrier - researchers cryopreserve spermatogonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Since spermatogonia of all species appear similar, the freezing of human sperm stem cells is probably feasible, Brinster says.
		Physicians might be able to transplant a patient's thawed spermatogonia back into his testes to restore his fertility.
		In 1994, Brinster's group reported isolating spermatogonia from a mouse and transplanting the cells into the testes of another mouse (SN: 11/26/94, p.356).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n22_v149/ai_18368919 (705 words)

	Spermatogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The spermatogonia are constantly undergoing regular mitosis, so that the number of them never decrease.
		The testes contain an arrangement of the spermatogonia and their progeny within them into tubules.
		All of the spermatogonia lie in the outer edges of the seminiferous tubules.
	distance.stcc.edu /AandP/AP/AP2pages/reprod/spermato.htm (618 words)

	GENETICALLY MODIFIED SPERM IN FISH
		Spermatogonia, which proliferate in the testis by mitosis, are called type A at the earlier stage, including the undifferentiated stem cell, and type B for the later stage of the differentiating state.
		The factors required for the differentiation of spermatogonia type B into spermatids should be conserved in vertebrates, and, therefore, may be determined by the culture system of zebrafish male germ cells.
		Using zebrafish cultures as a starting point, many fundamental aspects of culturing spermatogonia and their transfection in vitro can be determined, with the ultimate goal of using the technique for many animal systems.
	www.nbiap.vt.edu /articles/apr0401.htm (1122 words)

	Developmental expression of BMP4/ALK3/SMAD5 signaling pathway in the mouse testis: a potential role of BMP4 in ...
		BMP4 and Kitl in 7 dpn spermatogonia was not significantly additive
		Proliferative response to BMP4 and Kitl in 4 and 7 dpn isolated spermatogonia.
		Fujiwara, T., Dunn, N. and Hogan, B. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 in the extraembryonic mesoderm is required for allantois development and the localization and survival of primordial germ cells in the mouse.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/116/16/3363 (5730 words)

	The Functional Significance of FSH in Spermatogenesis and the Control of Its Secretion in Male Primates -- Plant and ...
		In the monkey, Ap spermatogonia are the renewing stem cells, and the major phase of germ cell proliferation results from mitosis of differentiated type B
		spermatogonia are the renewing stem cells, and mitosis of these cells constitutes the major phase of germ cell proliferation.
		of differentiated spermatogonia to amplify the population of
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/6/764 (11572 words)

	Telomere length in male germ cells is inversely correlated with telomerase activity. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Then, we isolated type A spermatogonia from immature testis, and pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids from adult testis.
		In marked contrast, telomerase activity, measured by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol was very high in type A spermatogonia, decreased in pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids, and was totally absent in epididymal spermatozoa.
		In summary, these results indicate that telomere length increases during the development of male germ cells from spermatogonia to spermatozoa and is inversely correlated with the expression of telomerase activity.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_10906069.html (240 words)

	Cytoplasmic Liberation of Protein Gene Product 9.5 during the Seasonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis in the Monkey ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the breeding season (A), two distinct patterns are noted in the Ap spermatogonia; pattern 1: PGP 9.5 is strongly stained in the cytoplasm (arrowhead), or pattern 2: PGP 9.5 is faintly stained in both the cytoplasm and nucleus (arrow).
		B, The PGP 9.5 are localized preferentially in the cytoplasm of the resting form of type Ap, whereas PGP 9.5 are localized mainly in the nucleus of the proliferating form of Ap (C).
		PGP 9.5-positive spermatogonia (dark violet) are situated on the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/140/4/1875 (5029 words)

	HISTOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Type A spermatogonia are slightly flattened cells lying adjacent to the basal lamina.
		Type A spermatogonia divide by mitosis; about half replace themselves as stem cells, whereas the other half differentiate through four successive mitotic divisions into Type B spermatogonia.
		Type B spermatogonia are pear shaped-cells which contact the BL with a narrow base of cell membrane.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /Lecture/Main/male1.htm (942 words)

	XI. Splanchnology. 3c. The Male Genital Organs. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Among these cells may be seen the spermatozoa in different stages of development.
		(1) Lining the basement membrane and forming the outer zone is a layer of cubical cells, with small nuclei; some of these enlarge to become spermatogonia.
		The nuclei of some of the spermatogonia may be seen to be in process of indirect division (karyokineses, page 37), and in consequence of this daughter cells are formed, which constitute the second zone.
	www.bartleby.com /107/258.html (3421 words)

	Testis 1a
		The sperm (spermatozoa) are produced in the walls of the tubules but later appear in the lumen.
		The spermatogonia (2n) are the small cells occurring in one or two layers just inside the basement membrane.
		Some spermatogonia, however, do not undergo mitosis, but increase several times in size.
	bioweb.uwlax.edu /APLab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_18/Testis_1/Testis_1a/testis_1a.html (147 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		On irradiated mature spsrms a MR of 3.42% for lethal and of 0.73% for semilethal factors was found.
		The same types of germ cells were irradiated in pure nitrogen with the same dose and the MR determined for lethal and semilethal factors.
		On spermatogonia the MR was 0.40% lethal and 0.20% semilethal factors.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4207453 (296 words)

	Mouse homologues of the human AZF candidate gene RBM are expressed in spermatogonia and spermatids, and map to a Y ...
		Mouse homologues of the human AZF candidate gene RBM are expressed in spermatogonia and spermatids, and map to a Y chromosome deletion interval associated with a high incidence of sperm abnormalities -- Mahadevaiah et al.
		Rbm transcripts are abundant in spermatogonia, and, in common with other mouse X and Y genes analysed, are markedly reduced or absent in pachytene spermatocytes where the X and Y are condensed to form the heterochromatic sex body (`sex vesicle').
		In man, RBM protein is detected at high levels in spermatogonia, continues to be expressed throughout the primary spermatocyte stages, is clearly detected in round spermatids, but has disappeared by the elongating spermatid stages (36).
	hmg.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/7/4/715 (9806 words)

	MSH2-Dependent Germinal CTG Repeat Expansions Are Produced Continuously in Spermatogonia from DM1 Transgenic Mice -- ...
		R3, round spermatids; R4, elongated spermatids; R5, spermatogonia; R6, preleptotene primary spermatocytes; R7, secondary spermatocytes; R8, = pachytene primary spermatocytes; R9, leptotene/zygotene primary spermatocytes; R11, cells in which DNA is replicating prior to the first meiotic division.
		bl, blood; sp, spermatogonia; pl, preleptotene primary spermatocytes; lz, leptotene/zygotene primary spermatocytes; p, pachytene primary spermatocytes; sp2, secondary spermatocytes; rs, round spermatids; es, elongated spermatids; spz, spermatozoa.
		MSH2 is crucial for expansions in spermatogonia, and MSH3
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/24/2/629 (6219 words)

	Checkbiotech.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Enriching spermatogonia by employing transgenic fish expressing GFP using the vas promoter (5), which expresses GFP in spermatogonia and spermatocytes prior to the first meiotic division, and in vitro differentiation in culture will reveal the answer.
		Spermatogonia type A can be infected with a retrovirus and become immortalized cells by introduction of telomerase gene (9).
		Although the cells differentiate into spermatids in response to stem cell factor (or Steel factor), it has not been demonstrated that the spermatid can produce a normal mouse and that their genes can be transmitted into their germ line.
	www.checkbiotech.org /root/index.cfm?fuseaction=newsletter&topic_id=1&subtopic_id=4&doc_id=7506 (1218 words)

	Zoology 214 Lecture 53: December 10, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Towards the outside are cells called “spermatogonia” (Fig.
		Spermatogonia divide mitotically – that way there is always a reserve of spermatogonia
		The stimulated Sertoli cells release paracrine (remind of definition) factors that cause the spermatogonia to differentiate into sperm
	www.humboldt.edu /~bao3/214lectures/214Lecture53.htm (570 words)

	Section on Developmental Genomics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Based on the similarity in changes in profile of germ cells demonstrated by both techniques, we selected a number of genes for further study, hypothesizing that the distinct expression pattern of a gene reflects its specific role in different stages of spermatogenesis.
		Given that SAGE libraries are derived from transcripts, the SAGE database of mouse type A spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, and round spermatids, as previously generated by our laboratory, offers the opportunity to examine the presence of antisense transcripts in these cells.
		Ddx3y cDNA from mouse type A spermatogonia in the form of two transcripts that differ only in the length of the 3´untranslated region due to the presence of a different polyadenylation signal.
	nichddirsage.nichd.nih.gov:8080 /ar2004/pages/lcg/sdg.htm (3284 words)

	Differential Expression of c-kit in Mouse Undifferentiated and Differentiating Type A Spermatogonia -- Schrans-Stassen ...
		spermatogonia (17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26).
		Type A spermatogonia are indicated by arrowheads, Sertoli cells by asterisks and Leydig cells by arrows.
		In the VAD testis, the remaining population of A spermatogonia
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/140/12/5894 (4978 words)

	Impairment of Spermatogonial Development and Spermiation after Testosterone-Induced Gonadotropin Suppression in Adult ...
		Morphology of spermatogonia and Sertoli cell nuclei in 25-µm-thick sections of PAS stained, methacrylate-embedded monkey testicular biopsy material.
		spermatogonia was a major subsequent determinant of sperm output.
		1995 Follicle-stimulating hormone amplifies the population of differentiated spermatogonia in the hypophysectomized testosterone-replaced adult rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/86/4/1814 (7045 words)

	New Insights into the Rat Spermatogonial Proteome: Identification of 156 Additional Proteins -- Com et al. 2 (4): 248 ...
		Cell preparation contained mostly type B spermatogonia whose nuclei contain dense areas of chromatin close to the nuclear membrane (B).
		Type A spermatogonia are larger, are lightly stained, and have a large nucleus containing fine granules of chromatin (A).
		To a lesser extent, cell preparation contained intermediate (In) spermatogonia that present an intermediate state in chromatin characteristics and non-germ cell contaminants (Sertoli cell fragments, peritubular cells, and Leydig cells).
	www.mcponline.org /cgi/content/full/2/4/248 (5756 words)

	ANS 431: Sperm & Spermatogenesis
		A0, A1, A2 Spermatogonia are located along basement membrane of Seminiferous tubules A. A0 divide into A1 B. A1 divides into A2 a.
		A3 Spermatogonia become Primary Spermatocytes A. Four mitotic divisions a.
		There are 4 or 5 seminiferous epithelial cycles per spermatogenesis (spermatogonia to spermatozoon) 5.
	www.siu.edu /~tw3a/431spgns.htm (742 words)

	Digital Atlas of Fathead Minnow Histology: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - MALE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Spermatogenesis is said to be unrestricted in fathead minnows meaning that maturation of sperm occurs along the entire length of the seminiferous tubules (Grier, 1981).
		Each primary spermatogonia undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to produce a cluster of secondary spermatogonia encapsulated within a cyst.
		Clusters of cells resulting from divisions of the original germ cell maintain a consistent stage of development within the cyst Secondary spermatogonia are smaller than primary spermatogonia with large lightly basophilic nuclei and little cytoplasm.
	aquaticpath.umd.edu /fhm/male.html (378 words)

	HIV-1 nucleic acids localize to the spermatogonia and their progeny. A study by polymerase chain reaction in situ ...
		HIV-1 nucleic acids localize to the spermatogonia and their progeny.
		Viral DNA was detected in the testicular tissue of 11 of 12 men with HIV-1 infection using the PCR in situ hybridization technique.
		The demonstration that HIV-1 selectively infects the spermatogonia and their progeny suggests that this may serve as a primary source of venereal spread of the virus.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1994/sep/M9490809.html (475 words)

	Bcl-w Forms Complexes with Bax and Bak, and Elevated Ratios of Bax/Bcl-w and Bak/Bcl-w Correspond to Spermatogonial and ...
		Sc, Sertoli cells; A1–4, type A spermatogonia; In, intermediate spermatogonia; B, type B spermatogonia; Pl, preleptotene spermatocytes; L, leptotene spermatocytes; Z, zygotene spermatocytes; P, pachytene spermatocytes; Di, diplotene spermatocytes; m, meiosis.
		The lysates of whole testis, purified Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids were first immunoprecipitated using anti-Bax, anti-Bak, or anti-Bad antibody (marked on the top of each lane), and then the immunoprecipitates were subjected to immunoblotting by anti-Bcl-w antibody (the first panel from the top).
		Purified Sertoli cells (from 20-day-old rats), spermatogonia (from 9-day-old rats), and spermatocytes (from adult rats) were fractionated into soluble and crude membrane fractions.
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/14/5/682 (7774 words)

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