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Topic: Spermatophores

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	Monarchs in the Classroom
		Spermatophores are composed mainly of water and protein, with protein comprising about 21% and 65% of their wet and dry mass, respectively.
		Spermatophores are composed mainly of water (like most components of living organisms), and most of their dry mass is protein.
		Spermatophore mass from virgin males increased with male age, suggesting that as more accessory gland material was produced, it was transferred to females and not saved for future matings.
	www.monarchlab.umn.edu /Research/Rep/size.html (1274 words)

	Spermatogenesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spermatophores are formed during the passage of spermatozoa down the vase deferentia.
		Spermatophores are liberated as pairs, one from each side of the reproductive system.
		The spermatophoric mass emerges first, followed by the wing matrix, and the two spermatophores are pressed together to form a twin spermatophoric complex (Dall et al.
	www.aquaculture.ugent.be /shrimp-cd/bio/sperma.htm (197 words)

	Vern's Story: Let's dance. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) migrate to a vernal pool in the spring, the males and females engage in a mating dance in the water of the vernal pool which is called a "congress".
		Congressing lasts throughout the night with each male producing numerous spermatophores which are deposited on the pool bottom.
		The females pick up the sperm from these spermatophores in order to fertilize their eggs.
	www.vernalpool.com /vern_13.htm (67 words)

	NRC Research Press: Canadian Journal of Zoology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spermatophores enclosed either immature spermatids, mature spermatids, hitherto unreported spermatozoa, or cell forms intermediate between these three types.
		Overall, amorphous matter and spermatophores were topographically segregated by type within a spermatheca, and spermatophores enclosing immature spermatids occurred mostly in PAS-negative amorphous matter.
		Les spermatophores renferment des spermatides immatures, des spermatides matures ou des spermatozoïdes, ces derniers n'ayant jamais été signalés à ce jour, ou des formes intermédiaires entre ces trois types cellulaires.
	pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjz_z98-237_77_ns_nf_cjz3-99 (467 words)

	SEM - Spermatophores and Eggs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A substance inside the spermatophore expands and expels the spermatozoa.
		Before the spermatophore is placed on the genital field the latter is prepared and checked by the male and stimulated by the fast movements of his swimming legs.
		A female of Robertgurneya similis with spermatophore and paired eggsacks.
	www.uni-oldenburg.de /zoomorphology/Spermatophore.html (113 words)

	Shawna: Texas Blind Salamander
		The male salamander deposits spermatophores on the surface of the pool which are then picked up by the female.
		The spermatophores would then be in direct contact with lead before they were picked up by the female.
		Half of these spermatophores will be placed in a tank with lead deposits at the bottom of it.
	students.ou.edu /B/Shawna.B.Bolene-1/species.html (1375 words)

	MoleSallies
		These salamanders can live for up to 10 years, if they don't get run over during their migration. They can secrete a sticky, milky substance from their skin to deter predation by mammals.
		Above are spermatophores deposited on the bottom of a vernal pool by a male maculatum. These packets of fertilizing cells are picked up by a female through her cloaca (the opening to her reproductive organs)
		I found the above opacum larva along with many others in a vernal pool on February 27, 2004. The top of the pool was still covered with ice. The tail seems a bit worse for the wear. Note the front legs - the rear legs haven't appeared yet.
	ctamp.homestead.com /MoleSallies.html (240 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This begins a short mating dance, during which the male deposits his spermatophores on the rocks.
		The female follows behind and picks up the spermatophores with her cloaca and stores the sperm inside in a special structure called the spermatothecares (Armstrong and Malacinski, 1989).
		The eggs are never laid in clumps or a single mass, and they will hatch in about 2-3 weeks.
	bio.research.ucsc.edu /~barrylab/classes/herps/Classwebpages/April/web%20page/Amexicanum.html (274 words)

	Cephalopod Spermatophore Terminology
		The peculiar spiral filament is not a spring.
		Drew (1911) suggested that ejaculation is initiated by the male squid pulling on the thread with its arms as the spermatophore is transferred to the female.
		Often just placing fresh spermatophores in seawater is sufficient to initiate ejaculation so the role of the thread is uncertain.
	tolweb.org /tree/eukaryotes/animals/mollusca/cephalopoda/glossary/glossaryLichen/spermatophoreLichen/SpermatophoreTerm.html (447 words)

	NRC Research Press: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Despite an elaborate courtship, the actual spermatophore transfer, which always involved two animals only, was of short duration.
		Shortly after transfer the ventral spermatophore cover dissolved and some sperm gathered on the epidermis.
		Almost 30% of spermatophores fell off soon after transfer, but spermatophores from reciprocal matings and those placed in certain positions stayed on for longer.
	dx.doi.org /10.1139/z02-001 (471 words)

	Biochemistry of seminal secretions of the crab Scylla serrata with reference to sperm metabolism and storage in the ...
		The results reveal that the seminal plasma and spermatophores are rich in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid.
		Electrophoretic studies on LDH show that, in addition to the occurrence of a sperm-specific fraction, LDHx, the M-type subunits are predominant in the mature spermatophores.
		A low activity of SDH, but a moderate level of LDH and a high level of FR activity, is recorded in the spermathecal content of mated crabs, providing further evidence for anaerobic metabolism of sperm during storage in female.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/7144792.html (329 words)

	Annelid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The fluid is transferred from the male pore to the other worm.
		Different methods of (The male reproductive cell; the male gamete) sperm tranference have been observed in different genera, and may involve internal spermathecae (sperm storing chambers) or spermatophores that are attached to the outside of the other worm's body.
		Most polychaete worms have separate males and females and external fertilization.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/annelid.htm (1045 words)

	AllRefer.com - octopus (Zoology: Invertebrates) - Encyclopedia
		The common octopus of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic occasionally reaches 10 ft (3 m) in length; the giant octopus of the Pacific may have a diameter of over 30 ft (9 m).
		One of the arms of the male is modified into a sexual organ that deposits spermatophores in the mantle cavity of the female.
		The eggs are encased in capsules and attached to a rock, where the female guards them.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/octopus.html (377 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Part of the project is looking at the viability of spermatophores in the spermatheca of queen honey bees over a certain period of time.
		The queens must be killed and the spermatheca removed in order for the live spermatophores to be counted.
		Using a fluorescent die I could tag the live spermatophores still inside the spermatheca and then take pictures so that they could easily be seen and counted.
	aries.ento.vt.edu /ris/2004/students/lmburley/Confocal.html (204 words)

	Biochemical composition of seminal secretions with special reference to LDH activity in the reproductive tissues of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Though the LDH activity is found to be moderate in the spermathecal contents of freshly mated females, the carbohydrate reserves are very minimal.
		Electrophoretic separation of LDH isozymes reveals the occurrence of 6 fractions in spermatophores, of which, the most conspicuous fraction resolves in between LDH3 and LDH4.
		The seminal secretions comprising spermatophores and spermatophore-carrying seminal plasma (hereafter referred to as seminal plasma) are rich in protein, free carbohydrates and lipids.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/5610406.html (268 words)

	Imprint: November 14, 2003
		The two-spotted octopus is the only invertebrate animal known to possess erectile tissue.
		They transport the spermatophores with a copulatory organ, called the ligula, located on the tip of one of their arms.
		The ligula is then inserted into the female's oviduct via the male's outstretched arm.
	imprint.uwaterloo.ca /story.php?story=4051 (468 words)

	IngentaConnect Have spermatophores in Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The presence of spermatophores is widespread in earthworms from the family Lumbricidae but their function remains unclear.
		None of the hypotheses tested were supported from our results and we found that spermatophores had no effect on the reproductive success of this earthworm species.
		Spermatophores appeared in all the matings that produced cocoons and hence may be used as reliable indicators of a recent copulation.
	api.ingentaconnect.com /content/urban/281/2004/00000047/F0020005/art00021 (187 words)

	NRC Research Press: Canadian Journal of Zoology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		However, a smaller amount of this amorphous matter was sufficient to form the basal pellicle of spermatophores.
		The second type was PAS-negative and thickened the wall of spermatophores.
		The bridges and threads may form a pathway for the diffusion of extraneous substances through the spermatophore wall to the innermost cells.
	pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjz_z98-229_77_ns_nf_cjz3-99 (450 words)

	Ayres Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Evaluation of spermatophore counts in studying the mating behavior of Lepidoptera.
		Counts of spermatophores contained by field-collected females have been widely used to investigate mating behavior of Lepidoptera.
		Females that received small first spermatophores were significantly more likely to contain one or more additional spermatophores than those that received large first spermatophores.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~mpayres/pubs/abs07.htm (128 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Nitrogen levels in spermatophores from released and captive males will be measured to determine how protein content changes with male age and mating history.
		The rate at which spermatophores are digested by females will also be determined.
		The effects of the nutrients contained in spermatophores will be studied by comparing fertility in females that have received spermatophores of different masses.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/BIO/DEB.BIO.a8805884.txt (60 words)

	invertv (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The color of a velvet worm is brown and greenish.
		A single female was observed to receive no fewer than 180 spermatophores within the space of 14 days.
		Over the course of a week or so, the spermatophores are digested by the female's body cell.
	www.rhodes.k12.il.us /website/claudine/invert/invert%20a-z/invertv.html (247 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During copulation the male ejects the spermatophore containing the sperm through the petasma located on the fifth pereiopods into the thelycum of the female and the spermatophores finally reach the seminal vesicle.
		The same male cannot copulate twice in the same night because all the spermatophores are deposited in one female.
		While the eggs are extruded the spermatozoa from the spermatophores lodged in the seminal vesicle also extrude out into the sea water through a minute pair of openings at the base of the fourth pair of pereopods of the female, and fertilization takes place in the sea.
	www.indian-ocean.org /bioinformatics/prawns/GIF/LIFECY~1/Cycle.htm (1485 words)

	Monarchs in the Classroom
		The spermatophore is not transferred intact to the female; most of it forms during mating within an organ in the female called the bursa copulatrix.
		The roundish body of the spermatophore is covered with a tough, white sac, and contains a granular substance.
		The collum has an opening that is positioned next to the opening of a duct in the female that leads to the sperm storage organ.
	www.monarchlab.umn.edu /Research/Rep/male.html (664 words)

	Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Plant Pest Information - Aceria hippophaena (Nalepa), 1898, Gall Mite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Eriophyid mites are haplo-diploid; this means that unfertilized eggs become males, and fertilized eggs become females.
		Thus, a single unfertilized female can found a population: it arrives on the host, lays eggs that become males, which mature in 7-14 days and deposit spermatophores on the leaves.
		The female picks up a spermatophore, inseminates herself and begins laying eggs that become females.
	www.inspection.gc.ca /english/sci/surv/data/acehipe.shtml (306 words)

	Ambystoma maculatum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Visit a temporary woodland pool on one of the first warm days in early Spring and you are likely to see small white spermatophores dotting the leaves.
		If you return to the pond in the evening you may be lucky enough to see the organism that left these sperm packets.
		Once there they collect the spermatophores and use them to fertilize their eggs.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Bfec/amphibians/ambystoma.htm (410 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction (1995)
		She appears to do so indirectly, by gauging the size of their spermatophore, for which purpose she may use stretch receptors that female moths are known to have in the chamber (bursa) in which spermatophores are deposited (29).
		If such mated males are placed in competition with physically smaller males, whose spermatophores may now be the relatively larger ones, they tend to "lose out" (30).
		Perhaps their failure to do so is a reflection of the fact that they would be "found out" unless they also produced outsized spermatophores.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309052815/html/128.html (796 words)

	Kinky Sex Among The Invertebrates
		It is powerful enough to insert spermatophores directly under the skin of the females.
		The males are not always accurate, for males themselves are sometimes impregnated in this manner during the squids' deep-sea orgies.
		In the octopus and many cephalopods, the males have a special tentacle with which they insert their spermatophores under the mantle of the female.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf117/sf117p06.htm (305 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Courtship consists of multiple periods of clasping of the female by the male (amplexus), between which he dismounts to deposit spermatophores.
		Unpaired males wrestle with amplectant males in an effort to displace them (as in many frogs), and are sometimes successful.
		Males also interfere in one another's attempt to deposit spermatophores (as in many other salamander taxa), probably in an effort to 'steal' inseminations.
	www.wsu.edu /~verrelab/PAVNWSA.html (182 words)

	D.3.b. Report-04: Ultrasound and Indianmeal moth behavior [2002] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Approach: Effects of a novel ultrasonic emitter on Indianmeal moth reproductive performance were examined in Plexiglas enclosures under several combinations of programmable sound parameters in the laboratory.
		Female calling behavior, number of matings, number of spermatophores transferred by males to females, and adult movement were observed visually or by using a video set up.
		Female calling time, number of matings, number of spermatophores transferred, number of eggs and larvae decreased significantly when the insects were exposed to the ultrasound when compared with those unexposed to ultrasound.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /spiramp/Project_Reports/report_pages/progress_reports/REPORTS_2002/d3b02_FHuangUltrasound.htm (243 words)

	Octopus Sex - the Long Armed Lover
		When octopuses mate, the male moves elongate sperm packages, called spermatophores, along the groove to the arm tip.
		The male places the copulatory arm into the mantle cavity of the female where the tip of the arm inserts spermatophores into the female's oviducts.
		In some long-armed rock-pool octopuses, the male remains hidden, snaking a long modified arm across the rock pool to transfer spermatophores to the hidden female.
	www.australiancephalopods.com /occy_sex.html (354 words)

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