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Topic: Spermidine

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	BIOSYNTH : Spermine, Spermidine, Putrescine
		Spermidine is a triamine structure that is produced by spermidine synthase (SpdS) which catalyzes monoalkylation of putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) with decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcAdoMet) 3-aminopropyl donor.
		Hence, putrescine, spermidine and spermine are metabolites derived from the amino acids L-arginine (L-ornithine, putrescine) and L-methionine (dcAdoMet, aminopropyl donor).
		Acetylation of spermine and spermidine is catalyzed by SSAT (spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase).
	www.biosynth.com /index.asp?topic_id=162&g=19&m=205 (550 words)

	SRM - spermidine synthase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the striatum, spermidine synthase was found in neurones and the neuropil of the patch compartment (striosome) as defined by expression of the micro opiate receptor.
		Spermidine synthase also is regulated by androgens in the seminal vesicles but not in the muscle, brain, kidney, thymus, heart, or liver, suggesting that this enzyme is responsive to androgen in the male sex accessory organs only.
		Molecular, biochemical and genetic characterization of ornithine decarboxylase, S -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase establishes that these polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes are essential for growth and survival of the agents that cause African sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis and malaria.
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gi/92388.html (4691 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		The polyamines spermidine and spermine are expressed in a variety of tissues and are involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cellular proliferation, and progression through the cell cycle.
		Depletion of polyamines appears to reduce cell growth, and increased polyamine expression is associated with the cancer development and progression, making polyamine biosynthesis a target for the control of cancer.
		As positively charged amines, spermine and spermidine interact with DNA and may exert some of their effects through this interaction.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/spermidinePathway.asp (165 words)

	Spermidine and spermine synthesis - Polyamines, nonprotein amino acids and alkaloids - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant ...
		The condensation of decarboxylated SAM and putrescine is catalyzed by spermidine synthase (putrescine aminopropyltransferase) [EC 2.5.1.16].
		Further condensation of spermidine with decarboxylated SAM, catalyzed by spermine synthase [EC 2.5.1.22], produces the tetramine, spermine (Flores et al, 1989).
		The putrescine aminopropyltransferase of alfalfa may be responsible not only for spermidine and spermine synthesis, but also the synthesis of the uncommon polyamines, thermospermine, homocaldopentamine and homocaldohexamine (Bagga et al, 1997).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/polyam/po00002.htm (339 words)

	Spermidine but not spermine is essential for hypusine biosynthesis and growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Spermine is ...
		Spermidine but not spermine is essential for hypusine biosynthesis and growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Spermine is converted to spermidine in vivo by the FMS1-amine oxidase -- Chattopadhyay et al.
		be oxidized to spermidine in the absence of the FMS1 gene.
		spermidine is its importance as a substrate for hypusine biosynthesis
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/24/13869 (3163 words)

	Spermidine Release from Xenopus Oocytes -- Sha et al. 271 (7): 3392 -- Journal of Biological Chemistry
		We conclude that efflux of trivalent spermidine occurs through an electrodiffusive pathway, and hypothesize that the pathway is through cation channels in the cell membrane.
		This result argues against spermidine diffusing out as an uncharged species, or in exchange for similarly charged counterions, since the voltage-dependence of efflux would not then be as steep.
		The increased spermidine efflux during voltage-clamp at depolarized holding potentials is not a consequence of any significant increase in cell membrane conductance, as shown by the current traces obtained during voltage ramps (Fig.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/7/3392 (4039 words)

	Welcome To The Bio-Center Laboratory
		The Bio-Center Laboratory (BCL) was established in 1975 and has dedicated itself to providing accurate clinical assays focusing on nutritional medicine.
		Our specialties include testing for pyrroles, histamine, spermidine, spermine, cytoxtoxic food sensitivities, parasitology, analysis of red blood cell fatty acids and minerals, along with many vitamins.
		The Bio-Center Laboratory provides diagnostic services for physicians and hospitals throughout the country to help reveal biochemical impairments and monitor their correction.
	biocenterlab.org (204 words)

	Early Intermediates in Spermidine-Induced DNA Condensation on the Surface of Mica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The folding pathway of spermidine-induced DNA condensation on the surface of mica was examined by varying the concentration of spermidine in a dilute DNA solution and visualizing intermediates by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
		M spermidine there are no interesting morphologies of the DNA, although there is a reduction of the apparent persistence length.
		At the highest spermidine concentrations examined growth in the third dimension is seen as additional layers of condensates formed.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/1998/120/i35/abs/ja981332v.html (310 words)

	Homology modeling Spermidine Synthase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Spermidine synthase has been shown to play a significant role in the cell replication cycle of parasites.
		The biosynthesis of the triamine spermidine from putrescine is catalysed by spermidine synthase, which transfers an aminopropyl moiety from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine.
		The levels of inhibitor needed for spermidine synthase inhibition has been shown to be higher in chloroquine resistant strains than in sensitive strains.
	www.iscb.org /ismb2004/posters/pieter.burgerATtuks.co.za_134.html (359 words)

	Transcriptional Inhibition of the Operon for the Spermidine Uptake System by the Substrate-binding Protein PotD -- ...
		Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are known to be necessary for cell growth (1, 2).
		in the presence of 0.1 mg/ml putrescine, spermidine uptake was
		in the presence of spermidine was observed at an approximate molar
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/4/1942 (4633 words)

	Vitreous polyamines spermidine, putrescine, and spermine in human proliferative disorders of the retina -- Nicoletti et ...
		Vitreous polyamines spermidine, putrescine, and spermine in human proliferative disorders of the retina -- Nicoletti et al.
		Vitreous polyamines spermidine, putrescine, and spermine in human proliferative disorders of the retina
		of spermidine and putrescine as markers of all the proliferative
	bjo.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/87/8/1038 (3310 words)

	Absolute requirement of spermidine for growth and cell cycle progression of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomycespombe) -- ...
		The cultures were diluted into media with and without spermidine when necessary to keep the OD The optical densities presented have been corrected for these dilutions.
		M spermidine ("0 time") is shown in Fig.
		M spermidine and diluted in different concentrations of spermidine in EMM medium.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/16/10330 (2799 words)

	Polyamines in milk JP Buts
		In the rat mammary gland, the concentration of spermidine increases gradually during pregnancy and lactation, reaching a peak by day 13 postpartum that is almost 40 times the concentration of spermidine measured in virgin rats (45).
		Likewise, in porcine milk, spermidine concentration increases four fold between week 3 and 7 postpartum, which is coincident with rapid increases in intestinal mucosal RNA content, spermidine concentration and maltase expression (40).
		In a recent study (46), we showed that the oral administration of spermine or of spermidine to infant rats prematurely enhanced intestinal maturation with changes in enzyme expression and in the secretory component (receptor for polymeric immunoglobulins) of IgA that were detectable for doses of spermine or of spermidine exceeding 500 nmol per day.
	www.pediatrie.be /POLINMIL.htm (3334 words)

	Intra-Amygdala Administration of Polyamines Modulates Fear Conditioning in Rats -- Rubin et al. 24 (9): 2328 -- Journal ...
		Effect of pretraining intra-amygdala spermidine administration on freezing to context (A) and to tone (B).
		Effect of the pretraining intra-amygdala coadministration of arcaine (0.002 nmol) and spermidine (0.02 nmol) on the percentage of freezing to context (A) and to tone (B).
		Effect of the immediate post-training intra-amygdala coadministration of arcaine (0.0002 nmol) and spermidine (0.2 or 2 nmol) on the percentage of freezing to context (A) and to tone (B).
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/9/2328 (4540 words)

	The crystal structure of spermidine synthase with a multisubstrate adduct inhibitor - Nature Structural & Molecular ...
		Spermidine synthase (putrescine aminopropyltransferase, PAPT) catalyzes the biosynthesis of spermidine, a ubiquitous polyamine.
		Spermidine synthesis by TmPAPT had an optimal pH of 7.5 and was greatly increased at higher temperatures, with the k
		The reduction in reaction rate with either 1,3-diaminopropane or 1,5-diaminopentane is presumably caused either by extra flexibility of the molecule inside the cavity or by the variations in distance between terminal amino groups, which would prevent precise positioning of the substrate for the reaction.
	www.nature.com /nsmb/journal/v9/n1/full/nsb737.html (3164 words)

	Spermidine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		May be used for purification of DNA binding proteins.
		Solutions should be sterile-filtered, not autoclaved, if sterile solution is necessary.
		This page was last modified 08:10, 31 October 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spermidine (85 words)

	Interactive Fly, Drosophila
		Addition of spermidine to the culture medium resulted in rapid decrease in the ODC activity caused by the acceleration of ODC degradation, which was dependent on de novo protein synthesis.
		It is noteworthy that this effect of added spermidine is found even when the experiments are conducted with strains in which the ornithine decarboxylase is overexpressed several hundred-fold more than the wild-type level.
		The polyamines spermidine and spermine are ubiquitous and required for cell growth and differentiation in eukaryotes.
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/sturtevant/gufeel2.htm (3557 words)

	Characterization of Spermidine Binding to Solubilized Plasma Membrane Proteins from Zucchini Hypocotyls -- Tassoni et ...
		Characterization of Spermidine Binding to Solubilized Plasma Membrane Proteins from Zucchini Hypocotyls -- Tassoni et al.
		Characterization of Spermidine Binding to Solubilized Plasma Membrane Proteins from Zucchini Hypocotyls
		spermidine and PM occurs with the protein component of the membrane.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/117/3/971 (2975 words)

	Spermidine Acetyltransferase Is Required To Prevent Spermidine Toxicity at Low Temperatures in Escherichia coli -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Spermidine Acetyltransferase Is Required To Prevent Spermidine Toxicity at Low Temperatures in Escherichia coli -- Limsuwun and Jones 182 (19): 5373 -- The Journal of Bacteriology
		Spermidine Acetyltransferase Is Required To Prevent Spermidine Toxicity at Low Temperatures in Escherichia coli
		coli, the speG gene encodes the spermidine acetyltransferase,
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/182/19/5373 (334 words)

	SPE3, Which Encodes Spermidine Synthase, Is Required for Full Repression Through NREDIT in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- ...
		Cells of strains W303-1BT (denoted WT) and Yfrd3-1 containing the indicated plasmids were grown overnight in SD-Ura containing various concentrations of spermidine, and then diluted in the same medium grown for three to four generations, harvested, and assayed for ß-galactosidase activity.
		The data in the - column are from cells that had been grown overnight in SD-Ura with no exogenous spermidine, diluted, and grown for three to four generations in the same medium before being harvested and assayed for ß-galactosidase activity.
		Spermidine is the predominant polyamine in yeast with intracellular
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/150/1/59 (6829 words)

	Polyamines in the lung: polyamine uptake and polyamine-linked pathological or toxicological conditions -- Hoet and ...
		The natural polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine are found in all cells.
		Spermidine cytotoxicity in vitro: effect of serum and oxygen tension.
		Spermidine uptake by type II pulmonary epithelial cells in primary culture.
	ajplung.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/3/L417 (7770 words)

	Dietary Spermidine and Spermine Participate in the Maturation of Galactosyltransferase Activity and Glycoprotein ...
		Dietary Spermidine and Spermine Participate in the Maturation of Galactosyltransferase Activity and Glycoprotein Galactosylation in Rat Small Intestine -- Gréco et al.
		Dietary Spermidine and Spermine Participate in the Maturation of Galactosyltransferase Activity and Glycoprotein Galactosylation in Rat Small Intestine
		The galactoprotein detection was performed by lectins in the brush border membranes of the control rats (C), putrescine- (P), spermidine- (Sd) and spermine- (Sm)-treated rats.
	jn.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/131/7/1890 (5550 words)

	Dissertations from Karolinska Institutet - Published by Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet - ki.se
		The potentiating effect of spermidine was not altered by ethanol, indicating that ethanol and spermidine produce their effects acting at different sites within the NMDA receptor complex.
		In contrast, the neuroprotective action of ethanol on NMDA-induced cell death was significantly reduced by spermidine, suggesting that the spermidine enhancement of NMDA receptor function is so potent that it could mask the inhibitory action of ethanol on other sites within the NMDA receptor.
		Spermidine attenuates the inhibitory effect of ethanol on NMDA-induced neurotoxicity.
	diss.kib.ki.se /2001/91-628-5052-0 (818 words)

	The Human Gut Bacteria Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Fusobacterium varium Produce Putrescine and Spermidine in Cecum ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Spermidine was the predominant polyamine in cecal contents of ex-germfree
		of the rats with bacteroides, and spermidine was the dominant
		was accompanied by a further elevation of the cecal spermidine.
	jn.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/130/5/1225 (4646 words)

	The Effect of Polyamine Homologation on the Transport and Cytotoxicity Properties of Polyamine-(DNA-Intercalator) ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The derivatives were comprised of a spermidine fragment covalently tethered at its N4 position to either an acridine or anthracene nucleus via an aliphatic chain (e.g., spermidine-[aliphatic tether]-acridine).
		The distance separating the spermidine and aromatic nucleus was altered by using different tethers comprised of four or five methylene units, respectively.
		While the appended spermidine unit did not disrupt TOPO II inhibition by the tethered DNA intercalator, it did provide an alternative mode of entry into the cell as demonstrated by spermidine protection assays.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/joceah/2000/65/i18/abs/jo0002792.html (365 words)

	Genetic approaches to the cellular functions of polyamines in mammals -- Jänne et al. 271 (5): 877 -- FEBS Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		spermidine is not a substrate at all [8,9].
		of putrescine and spermidine with a slight decrease in spermine
		not for the conversion of spermine to spermidine, paving the
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/271/5/877 (8323 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Polyamine stress at high pH in Escherichia coliK-12
		Spermidine regulated most of the same proteins as spermine, although 10-fold higher concentration was required.
		Furthermore, the putrescine microarray study was performed using a mutant deficient for putrescine conversion to spermidine, which requires exogenous polyamines for optimal growth.
		Fukuchi J, Kashiwagi K, Yamagishi M, Ishihama A: Decrease in cell viability due to the accumulation of spermidine in the spermidine acetyltransferase-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/5/59 (3777 words)

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