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Topic: Sphincter

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anal sphincter

Sphincter ani externus muscle

Sphincter Ani Externus

Sphincter of Oddi

Sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle

Sphincter Urethra

bladder sphincter dyssynergia

Sphincter ani internus muscle

Sphincter Vagina

sphincters of the anus

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	eMedicine - Artificial Urinary Sphincter : Article by Kamran P Sajadi, MD
		The urinary sphincter is composed of an internal sphincter and an external sphincter.
		In females, the internal sphincter is composed of the bladder neck and proximal urethra.
		In males, the internal sphincter is composed of the bladder neck and prostate.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3019.htm (10687 words)

	Artificial Sphincter Insertion - Definition, Purpose, Demographics, Description, Diagnosis/preparation, Aftercare, ...
		Artificial sphincter insertion surgery is the implantation of an artificial valve in the genitourinary tract or in the anal canal to restore continence and psychological well being to individuals with urinary or anal sphincter insufficiency that leads to severe urinary or fecal incontinence.
		The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is a small device placed under the skin that keeps pressure on the urethra until there is a decision to urinate, at which point a pump allows the urethra to open and urination commences.
		This is a long tube with a balloon on the end that is inserted in the anus and rectum to measure the tightness of the anal sphincter and the ability to respond to nerve firings.
	www.surgeryencyclopedia.com /A-Ce/Artificial-Sphincter-Insertion.html (2691 words)

	Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (SOD)
		The biliary portion of the sphincter of Oddi is referred to as the sphincter choledochus (or sphincter of Boyden) and the pancreatic portion is referred to as sphincter pancreaticus.
		Sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia or sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) will be used to refer to a clinical syndrome where symptoms, certain laboratory findings and abnormalities of the bile duct and pancreatic duct are attributed to an abnormal function of the sphincter of Oddi.
		Type-I sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is a syndrome consisting of biliary-type pain, associated with dilation of the bile duct, and associated elevations of liver function tests with pain onset, and normalization of the liver function tests in the absence of symptoms.
	www.ercp.ucla.edu /pages/info/biliary/sphincter-of-Oddi-dysfunction.html (1375 words)

	Upper esophageal sphincter : GI Motility online
		The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is that area of the upper digestive tract that forms a barrier between the esophagus and the pharynx, but that intermittently opens and closes to allow passage of contents during various physiologic events.
		It is produced by both passive mechanical properties of the sphincter as well as active muscle contraction, and it is recorded intraluminally by manometric devices or externally by recording EMG from the muscles themselves.
		Manometry and electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter in the opossum.
	www.nature.com /gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo12.html (0 words)

	Sherman S, Lehman GA. Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Treatment. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2001; ...
		In a series [18] of 360 patients with pancreaticobiliary pain, 19% had abnormal pancreatic sphincter basal pressure alone, 11% had abnormal biliary basal sphincter pressure alone, and in 31%, the basal pressure was abnormal for both sphincters (overall frequency of SOD was 61%).
		Current data indicate that an abnormal basal sphincter pressure may be confined to one side of the sphincter in 35-65% of patients with abnormal manometry [18, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48].
		The therapeutic approach in patients with SOD is aimed at reducing the resistance caused by the sphincter of Oddi to the flow of bile and/or pancreatic juice [7].
	www.joplink.net /prev/200111/04.html (9556 words)

	American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy :: Member Site (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pancreatic sphincter pressure measurement is indicated in patients with unexplained recurrent pancreatitis following biliary sphincterotomy or in the presence of a normal biliary sphincter pressure.
		The sphincter of Oddi (SO) is a short muscular segment located at the terminal end of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct, which acts to regulate the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum.
		The sphincter is composed of several smailer muscles, the sphincter choledochus which surrounds the distal common bile duct, the sphincter pancreaticus, which surrounds the lower end of the pancreatic duct and the sphincter ampullae which surrounds the common channel or ampulla.
	www.asge.org /nspages/practice/patientcare/technology/96-sphincter.cfm (3501 words)

	MUSC DDC - Diseases: Pancreas & Biliary Tree
		The sphincter of Oddi is the muscular valve surrounding the exit of the bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum, at the papilla of Vater.
		Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and papillary stenosis are conditions which occur when this sphincter (opening) mechanism is disturbed.
		When sphincter of Oddi manometry has confirmed that the pressures are high, sphincterotomy gives complete relief in 70-80% of patients; unfortunately, sphincterotomy also carries a significant risk of complications in this context, particularly the provocation of pancreatitis, and the possibility of perforation.
	www.ddc.musc.edu /ddc_pub/digestiveProbs/diseases/pancBiliary/sphincterOddi.htm (811 words)

	University Surgeons - Artificial Anal Sphincter
		Anal sphincter: a series of circular muscles, the majority of which are under voluntary control, which prevent the release of gas or stool from the anus.
		The injury to the anal sphincter is identified and the injured muscle edges are freed from surrounding scar tissue.
		The artificial anal sphincter is a totally implantable, simple-to-use device consisting of three components: 1) an inflatable cuff; 2) a fluid reservoir (balloon); and 3) a semi-automatic pump connected between the cuff and balloon.
	www.usurg.com /news/Artificial_Anal_Sphincter.htm (1908 words)

	Sphincter
		The sphincter is a circular muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice.
		There are four main sphincter muscles along the alimentary canal that aid in digestion: The cardiac sphincter, between the esophagus and the stomach, opens at the approach of food, which is then swept into the stomach by rhythmic peristaltic waves.
		The sphincter mechanism consists of smooth muscle in the bladder neck and proximal urethra, a striated muscle sphincter consisting of slow twitch muscle fibers in the urethral wall, and periurethral muscles that are a component of the pelvic floor muscles.
	www.kegel-exercise.com /sphincter.html (425 words)

	Inflatable artificial sphincter (Surgery)... Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An artificial urinary sphincter is used to treat stress incontinence in men that is caused by urethral dysfunction such as after prostate surgery.
		An artificial rectal sphincter is used to treat fecal (bowel) incontinence caused by neurological or muscular dysfunction of the sphincter.
		The artificial urethral sphincter must be deactivated whenever urinary catheterization is performed, and the artificial rectal sphincter may need to be deactivated during rectal procedures or enemas.
	www.browardhealth.org /17249.cfm (929 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Sphincter
		The sphincter forms a circle around the above-mentioned structures in such a way that when the muscle tightens and becomes narrower, the opening or space inside of the tubes becomes narrower as well, which can eventually cause them to close.
		There are at least 42 different sphincters in the human body, some of which are visible to the naked eye and some of which can only be seen with a microscope.
		Sphincter is also known as the sphincter muscle or musculus sphincter.
	www.medfriendly.com /sphincter.html (218 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		an implantable prosthetic device for treating urinary incontinence due to an incompetent or absent sphincter; an artificial sphincter is created with an inflatable cuff around the bladder neck or bulbar urethra.
		(sfingk”tər-i´tis) inflammation of a sphincter, particularly of the sphincter of Oddi.
		(sfingk”tər-ot´ə-me) [sphincter + -tomy] division of a sphincter.
	www.mercksource.com /ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/dmd_s_18.htm (2939 words)

	Female Urology - Artificial Sphincter - An Overview
		With time there may be a gradual wear of the tissue under the cuff of the sphincter, which may lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of the device.
		Complications with artificial sphincter procedure are: failure of the implant to function properly, infection, and erosion of the device through the tissue in the area of sphincter placement.
		Artificial sphincter treatment is more successful in men than in women and is not usually considered until all other treatment methods have been tried and failed.
	www.urologyteam.com /female-urology/artificial-sphincter.htm (1222 words)

	CiteULike: Bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by microstimulation of S2 sacral spinal cord in spinal cord ...
		Urinary bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by bladder distention, ventral root stimulation, or microstimulation of S2 segment of the sacral spinal cord were investigated under alpha-chloralose anesthesia in cats with an intact spinal cord and in chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) cats 6-8 weeks after spinal cord transection at T9-T10 spinal segment.
		The effectiveness of spinal cord microstimulation with a single electrode to induce prominent bladder and urethral sphincter responses in SCI animals demonstrates the potential for using microstimulation techniques to modulate lower urinary tract function in patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunctions.
		Urinary bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by bladder distention, ventral root stimulation, or microstimulation of S2 segment of the sacral spinal cord were investigated.
	www.citeulike.org /user/jcohenadad/article/888141 (0 words)

	Dr. Koop - Inflatable artificial sphincter
		This is a surgical procedure to insert an inflatable artificial sphincter to treat either urinary sphincteric incontinence (artificial urinary sphincter will be inserted) or fecal incontinence (artificial rectal sphincter will be inserted) caused by a sphincter dysfunction or injury.
		The urinary and rectal sphincters are the muscles that allow your body to hold urine and feces, respectively.
		To use the sphincter, the person will squeeze the pump to divert urine (or feces) from the cuff to the balloon.
	www.drkoop.com /ency/93/003983.html (0 words)

	Inflatable artificial sphincter
		An inflatable artificial sphincter is a device used to treat problems with the urinary or rectal sphincter.
		Sphincters are muscles that allow your body to hold in urine and feces.
		The artificial sphincter is inserted into an area of the urinary tract or rectum, depending on the specific problem.
	www.healthcentral.com /prostate/enlarged-prostate-treatment-8809-108.html (0 words)

	AllRefer Health - Inflatable Artificial Sphincter (Artificial Sphincter - Rectal or Urinary) - Surgery & Procedures
		The urinary and rectal sphincters are the muscles that allow you to hold your urine and feces respectively.
		People having an artificial rectal sphincter may need to be admitted to the hospital prior to surgery to receive medications that cleanse the bowel.
		If you had an artificial urinary sphincter placed, you will return form surgery with a Foley catheter in place, which will be removed prior to discharge.
	health.allrefer.com /health/inflatable-artificial-sphincter-info.html (0 words)

	Definition of sphincter - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "sphincter" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "sphincter" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "sphincter" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/sphincter (0 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Inflatable Artificial Sphincter (Artificial Urinary Sphincter)
		An inflatable artificial sphincter is used to treat stress incontinence when the urinary sphincter isn't working well.
		It may also be performed in men and women with sphincter dysfunction due to spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.
		In men, the artificial urinary sphincter is placed through a cut made between the scrotum and anus.
	www.healthopedia.com /inflatable-artificial-sphincter (415 words)

	Inflatable Artificial Sphincter (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An inflatable artificial sphincter is used to treat stress incontinence when the urinary sphincter isn't working well.
		It may also be performed in men and women with sphincter dysfunction due to spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.
		In men, the artificial urinary sphincter is placed through a cut made between the scrotum and anus.
	www.drrajmd.com /conditions/treatments/inflatable_artificial_sphincter.htm (562 words)

	Sphincter information - Search.com
		A sphincter is a circular muscle which normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
		The cardia, or cardiac sphincter at the upper portion of the stomach.
		The sphincter pupillae, or pupillary sphincter, belonging to the iris in the eye.
	www.search.com /reference/sphincter (203 words)

	sphincter
		Ring of muscle, such as is found at various points in the alimentary canal, that contracts and relaxes to open and close the canal and control the movement of food.
		The pyloric sphincter, at the base of the stomach, controls the release of the gastric contents into the duodenum.
		The external anal sphincter closes the anus;; the internal anal sphincter constricts the rectum;; the sphincter vesicae controls the urethral orifice of the bladder.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0035602.html (263 words)

	UpToDate Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
		— The sphincter of Oddi is a muscular structure that encompasses the confluence of the distal common bile duct and the pancreatic duct as they penetrate the wall of the duodenum (show figure 1).
		The muscle fibers of the sphincter pancreaticus are interlocked with those of the sphincter choledochus in a figure eight pattern.
		Although the pancreatic and biliary sphincter portions of the SO can be distinguished anatomically, their manometric features are similar and a direct anatomic and manometric correlation has not been established.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=pancdis/8160 (625 words)

	Inflatable artificial sphincter (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The urinary and rectal sphincters are the muscles that allow your body to hold urine and feces, respectively.
		The procedure for placement of an artificial urinary sphincter and an artificial anal sphincter is similar and is performed during surgery using general or spinal anesthesia.
		People having an artificial rectal sphincter may be admitted to the hospital prior to surgery to receive medications that cleanse the bowel.
	www.shands.org /health/information/003983.htm (659 words)

	Artificial sphincter for urinary incontinence in men
		An artificial sphincter is a device made of silicone rubber that is used to treat urinary incontinence.
		An artificial sphincter has an inflatable cuff that fits around the urethra close to the point where it joins the bladder.
		Artificial sphincter placement is the most reliable treatment for men who have incontinence after prostate removal for cancer.
	men.webmd.com /Men-Medical-Reference/Artificial-sphincter-for-urinary-incontinence-in-men (463 words)

	Inflatable artificial sphincter
		Men who were treated for stress incontinence with the artificial urinary sphincter had a 82% cure rate, while women had a 92% cure rate.
		In early studies of use of the artificial rectal sphincter for treating fecal incontinence, 60% of the people reported successful treatment of their fecal incontinence.
		The artificial urethral sphincter must be deactivated whenever urinary catheterization is performed, and the artificial rectal sphincter may need to be deactivated during rectal procedures or enemas.
	www.umc-cares.org /health_info/ADAM/Articles/003983.asp (871 words)

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