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Topic: Spicule

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	Disk drive with spicule member - Patent 4740851
		The spicule member of this invention guides the movement of the cartridge and assures proper spacial alignment between the floppy disk pair contained within the cartridge and the transducer and motor spindle mounted to the spicule member.
		Spicule member 20 is called such because it serves as a backbone for two of the major components of the disk drive and it carries the disk cartridge in the region where the read/write function takes place.
		This is achieved according to the practice of this invention by mounting drive spindle 45 to spicule member 20 such that the lower surface of the drive spindle is held in a fixed plane relative to the spicule member.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4740851.html (4455 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Spicule
		Large spicules, visible to the naked eye are referred to as megascleres, while smaller, microscopic ones are termed microscleres.
		The composition, size, and shape of spicules is one of the largest determining factors in sponge taxonomy.
		Also, the low-temperature formation of the spicules, as compared to the high temperature stretching process of commercial fiber optics, allows for the addition of impurities which improve the refractive index.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Spicule (442 words)

	A technique for detecting matrix proteins in the crystalline spicule of the sea urchin embryo -- Cho et al. 93 (3): ...
		A technique for detecting matrix proteins in the crystalline spicule of the sea urchin embryo -- Cho et al.
		A technique for detecting matrix proteins in the crystalline spicule of the sea urchin embryo
		(spicule) of the sea urchin embryo, the structural and functional
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/93/3/1282 (309 words)

	spicule
		Visible in the light of H-alpha, spicules tend to cluster at the edges of supergranulation cells and are usually seen as a mass of tiny brighter spike-like features at the limb or as tiny darker spikes coming out of network elements.
		Macrospicules are about 10 times larger and are best seen in the He II ultraviolet line at 304 Å.
		Spicules are structural components in many sponges, and may serve a protective function in other organisms.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/spicule.html (0 words)

	[No title]
		The spicules are used by the male during mating to probe for the vulval opening and to hold the vulva open during ejaculation (Liu and Sternberg, 1995; Garcia et al, 2001).
		The sensory endings of the neurons are exposed at the spicule tip and so possibly sense chemosensory cues on the hermaphrodite surface during spicule prodding or in the hermaphrodite uterine environment during spicule insertion (Ruley and Greenstein, 2005).
		All spicule cells, including spicule neurons, are derived from the rectal cell B which is present in the L1 of both sexes but is a blast cell only in the male (MaleEpiFIG17A; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1980).
	www.wormatlas.org /maleHandbook/EpithelialMalePartII_Spicules.htm (1064 words)

	Fred Wilt
		The main interest of the lab is the cellular and molecular basis of biomineralization of the endoskeletal spicule of sea urchin embryos.
		We have developed methods to isolate and purify the spicules, and characterized the organic matrix of the spicules.
		Spicule matrix protein LSM34 is essential for biomineralization of the sea urchin spicule.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /faculty/CDB/wiltf.html (309 words)

	Male mating behavior
		Spicule insertion behavior is facilitated by the coordinate actions of male-specific neurons and sex muscles located in the male tail (Figure 2 and Figure 3).
		Associated with each spicule are protractor and retractor muscles that control spicule movement; shortening of the protractors causes the spicules to extrude from the tail, whereas shortening of the retractors withdraws them back.
		During prodding behavior, the gubernaculum twitches with the spicules while the male presses his cloaca and posterior regions of his tail against the vulva; presumably, the male uses these neurons to execute gubernaculum movements and regulate the posture of his posterior tail during spicule insertion.
	www.wormbook.org /chapters/www_malematingbehavior/malematingbehavior.html (0 words)

	[No title]
		The cloaca, the spicules and spicule channels and the gubernaculum are generated post-embryonically only in the male from the rectal epithelial cells that form the simple rectum of larvae and adult hermaphrodites (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1980).
		The copulatory spicules are a left/right pair of prong-like structures housed within the cloaca that are used by the male during mating (MaleEpiFIG30A, B; Liu and Sternberg, 1995; Garcia et al, 2001).
		The cloaca and spicule channels are formed post-embryonically from the progeny of epithelial blast cells B, Y, F, U, K and P12 (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1980).
	www.wormatlas.org /maleHandbook/EpithelialMalePartIII.htm (1869 words)

	Pharyngula Science
		Spicules of various sizes are organized into an interlocking meshwork that generates the supporting framework of the animal.
		Spicules are siliceous, with a triradiate symmetry—the spicule rays typically diverge at 60° or 120°.
		Spicules are siliceous, with a hexactine or tetraradiate symmetry—the spicule rays diverge at 90° angles.
	pharyngula.org /index/science/sponge_relationships (1051 words)

	Sponges grow sturdy optical fiber TRN 091003
		The free-standing spicules are multimode because the refractive index contrast is greater between the spicule shell and air than between its core and shell.
		Spicules are strong enough that they function as structural elements, he added.
		The researchers' next steps are to analyze spicules from other species of sponges to find how the characteristics of the spicules change depending on how deep the sponges reside.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/2003/091003/Sponges_grow_sturdy_optical_fiber_091003.html (856 words)

	Ingrown Toenail Removal - June 15, 2002 - American Family Physician
		Complications of the procedure include regrowth of a nail spicule secondary to incomplete matricectomy and postoperative nail bed infection.
		If a laterally pointing spicule of nail is found beneath the hypertrophied tissue of the lateral nail fold, it should be removed, and a new lateral nail edge should be created to allow the lateral nail fold to regrow normally.
		A second procedure may be required to obliterate the lateral spicule if inadequate matricectomy is performed during the first procedure.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20020615/2547.html (2234 words)

	Biology of Sponges video guide.
		Spicules are elaborate crystals produced from compounds precipitated by scleroblast cells in the sponge tissue.
		Spicules are either calcereous (precipitated from calcium ions and carbonate ions) or siliceous (precipitated from silicate salts).
		The spicules serve at least two roles in the sponge: a kind of mesh-work internal skeleton, and, in some cases, as a protective device against predation.
	ebiomedia.com /prod/BOsponges.html (2545 words)

	Ocheyoherpia trachia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		AMS C.203646 (alcohol specimen, spicule slide); length 5.4 mm, anterior, midbody, and posterior height 1.1 mm.
		Copulatory spicules (1 specimen examined) deeply curved, two per copulatory spicule sac, 1.3 mm and 0.9 mm long, curve nearly 90° (Fig.
		(3) The copulatory spicules are deeply curved, not nearly straight as illustrated for O.
	www.whoi.edu /science/B/aplacophora/trachia.html (432 words)

	Lyratoherpia incali
		Copulatory spicules not paired, formed of two elongate pieces, one about 150 µm long, flared and troughlike proximally, accompanied ventrally by clustered, small accessory spicules about 40 µm long; the other copulatory spicule with a proximal collar, about 80 µm long, partly wrapped around the longer, flared piece.
		Beneath the lower gametoducts is a single voluminous copulatory spicule sac, anteriorly glandular and surrounded by a thick layer of circular muscles (F).
		The copulatory spicule sac narrows posteriorly to form the portion containing the unpaired group of copulatory spicules (G), their former presence before dissolution marked by matrices in histologic sections (above, arrow).
	www.whoi.edu /science/B/aplacophora/Lyincal.html (470 words)

	Goldberg, W. M. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Spicule formation in the gorgonian Pseudoplexaura flagellosa (Houttuyn) is a complex event involving a transient intracellular step followed by a longer process of extracellular growth.
		These calcified structures, the spicule primordia, serve as the focal points for continued growth through the agency of secondary sclerocytes in the mesoglea.
		Crystal formation appears to occur within the space between membrane and spicule although details of the process are not clear.
	www.coral.noaa.gov /bib/abstracts/author-g/goldberg2.html (130 words)

	Television Without Pity » Angel » Soul Purpose
		Spicule is bathed in light, and I wonder if his soul is going to leak out again.
		Spicule gasps, and drops the cup as he spreads his arms messianically.
		Spicule finishes a drink and reaches into his pocket for some cash when a fresh drink is set before him.
	www.televisionwithoutpity.com /articles/content/a2784 (554 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chiton spicules: Relatively small projection on the girdle of a chiton, secreted by the mantle epidermis and usually surrounded at the base by a cuticularized sheath.
		An isoanchor is a C-shaped spicule with palmate ends whose branches extend toward the opposite end like teeth on a pair of jaws (photo).
		Spicule: A tiny, slender, usually pointed hard object such as the spicules in sponge and holothuroid skeletons.
	www.rosario.wwc.edu /inverts/Glossary/Glossary.html (10030 words)

	SkyTonight.com - News from SkyTonight - Solar Spicule Mystery Solved
		According to the new theory developed by Bart De Pontieu (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab) and his collaborators, the spicules are intimately related to the slight pulsations of the Sun's visible surface (photosphere) caused by giant sound waves called p-modes ricocheting in its interior.
		According to the new spicule theory, these granules provide some of the upward kick that gives rise to spicules, (the rest being due to p-modes).
		Using their new theory, the researchers have built a computer model that can predict where and when spicules will form based on the location of the magnetic flux tubes and timing of the sound waves.
	skytonight.com /news/3309406.html?page=1&c=y (577 words)

	Spicule Jets on the Sun
		Spicules dot the above frame of solar active region 10380 that crossed the Sun in June, but are particularly evident as a carpet of dark tubes on the right.
		Time-sequenced images have recently shown that spicules last about five minutes, starting out as tall tubes of rapidly rising gas but eventually fading as the gas peaks and falls back down to the Sun.
		These images also indicate, for the first time, that the ultimate cause of spicules is sound-like waves that flow over the Sun's surface but leak into the Sun's atmosphere.
	www.skyimagelab.com /spicules.html (265 words)

	Sea urchin spicules forming "RF" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I was fascinated by a paper published in 1975 by Kayo Okazaki, where she showed that cells isolated from a sixteen-cell-stage sea urchin embryo will divide, differentiate, and secrete larval skeletal rods without the presence of the rest of the embryo.
		I immediately had to repeat her experiments, and soon had these cells crawling on the bottom of a petri dish, synthesizing long spicules.
		One day I looked at the dish and was delighted to see that the cells had produced spicules that formed into a letter "R".
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~rfink/SpiculesRF.html (177 words)

	Structural Characterization of Siliceous Spicules from Marine Sponges -- Croce et al. 86 (1): 526 -- Biophysical Journal
		TABLE 1 Summary of the morphological features of the different spicule samples, as obtained from the SEM analysis, together with the weight loss percent determined by TGA (20–700°C interval) and the energy involved in the thermal degradation of the samples heated in the 25–580°C range, measured as
		Spicules are freed from the organic matter by immersion in hydrogen
		The spicule morphology was analyzed by SEM on a Leica Stereoscan
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/86/1/526 (4826 words)

	Lab Exercises-Intramembranous bone formation
		Note the regions of condensed mesencyme near the spicules.
		This photo shows the earliest development of bone at one end of the spicule.
		This higher magnification shows a bony spicule and the row of osteoblasts.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /microanatomy/bone/devbone2_lab.htm (267 words)

	ARCHAEOTHAMNULUS
		It must be noticed that, despite the superficial resemblance of their spicule, the absence of any tendency toward secreting a shell distinguishes undoubtlessly Archaeothamnulus from the members of this subfamily and suggests other relationships.
		Thus, the heteropolar spicule of Archaeothamnulus can be compared with Palaeoscenidium Deflandre that shows also an advanced heteropolarity and where the number of the basal spines is commonly four, and that of the apical is smaller.
		Description and dimensions:Large siliceous spicule consisting of a straight axial spine and four slightly curved basal spines arising from a centre and having a verticil of four spinules at a distance of 80-100µm from the spicule centre.
	www.mnhn.fr /mnhn/geo/radworld/genentactinia/Archaeothamnulus.html (1218 words)

	Television Without Pity » Angel » The Girl In Question
		Angel and Spicule turn, and we see a blonde tossing her hair about while dancing with a man whose back is to us.
		Spicule insists that he knows he never had a chance with Buffy, and adds, "I'm not gonna let her end up with a jerk like the Immortal.
		Spicule says, "It is if you do it enough times." Angel finally remembers the capo, and they look back at the bar, where they see Brighella picking up the bag.
	www.televisionwithoutpity.com /articles/content/a2794/index-6.html (489 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Initiation of male sperm-transfer behavior in Caenorhabditis elegansrequires input from ...
		Ablation of the SPV spicule neurons leads to premature sperm transfer at the vulva; therefore, the SPV neurons regulate the timing of sperm transfer by acting as a negative regulator [3].
		Although the B. ablation also eliminates four of 12 structural cells (two sheath and two socket), the sheath cells are not necessary for spicule morphology, and the function of the socket cells is redundant [28].
		Because sustained spicule protraction is necessary for proper continuation and cessation of sperm-transfer behavior, the coordination between sperm transfer and spicule protraction suggests that multiple sensory inputs and feedback are necessary for the proper execution of this behavior, especially from the gonad.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1741-7007/4/26 (8989 words)

	Systematics of Hexactinellida (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Spicule morphology has been the primary criterion for determining hexactinellid systematic groupings.
		For instance, in the phylogenetic hypothesis shown below, the Hexactinellida is split into two major groups, the Hexasterophora and the Amphidiscophora, based on the presence or absence, respectively, of six-rayed microscleres (small spicules) called hexasters.
		This suggests that spicule morphology may be too variable to reveal evolutionary relationships.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /porifera/hexactinellidasy.html (161 words)

	Integration of Male Mating and Feeding Behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans -- Gruninger et al. 26 (1): 169 -- Journal ...
		spicules spontaneously in the absence of mating cues.
		lev-11(rg1) suppresses unc-103(lf)-induced spicule protraction; lev-11(sy558) induces spicule protraction
		B, Loss of unc-103 function in the male genitalia and in the NSM causes the male spicule neurons and muscles to be hyper-excitable.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/26/1/169 (7310 words)

	An HMG1-like protein facilitates Wnt signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans -- Jiang and Sternberg 13 (7): 877 -- Genes ...
		spicule is generated by a single male specific B blast cell (Fig.
		The son-1 mutation is mapped on the basis of the SPD marker expression pattern in the spicules.
		SPD neuron marker expression in the spicule region is observed,
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/13/7/877 (6533 words)

	DYNAMICS OF SOLAR SPICULES
		The disk was observed on June 18, 1997 to detect the sources of macrospicules and the limb was observed by overexposure on June 19 to determine the height trajectory of the faintest H
		It is generally believed that spicules follow the local field lines; thus for the duration of the spicule we have information as to the spatial structure of the magnetic field.
		The fact that the field lines become twisted simultaneously with the formation of the spicule and become untwisted immediately before it fades is evidence that these Eiffel tower structures may be related to the same disturbance which twists the field.
	www.its.caltech.edu /~citsolar/paper1/Guadeloupe.html (1403 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Mortimer Abramowitz Gallery of Photomicrography - Sponge Spicule
		Possessing a simple cellular anatomy, sponges are composed of an outer layer of protective surface cells and an inner layer of flagellated cells that help move food and water through its inner cavities.
		The cells aid digestion, transport of nutrients, reproduction, and produce the structures that compose the skeleton of the sponge.
		The structures, known as spicules, give the sponge its shape and remain intact even after the animal has died.
	www.olympusmicro.com /galleries/abramowitz/pages/spongespiculelarge.html (104 words)

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