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Topic: Spinal accessory nerve

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Accessory nerve

	NERVE - LoveToKnow Article on NERVE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Between the two ganghia the accessory part of the eleventh nerve joins the tenth, and it is from this communication that the motor twigs to the pharynx, larynx, alimentary and respiratory tracts are derived, as well as the inhibitory fibres of the heart.
		The spinal nerves are those which arise from each side of the spinal cord and are distributed to the trunk and limbs, though some of the upper ones supply the lower parts of the head and face.
		The spinal nerves which are distributed - to the lower limbs first intercommunicate ~~-v,~ in the lumbar and sacral plcxuses, which, 4.~ ~ with the perineal nerves, are sometimes -.,_~~ss~i~ spoken of together as the lumbo sacral / sss~ s5ss~ \\\\ plexus.
	66.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NE/NERVE.htm (4960 words)

	Accessory nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The accessory nerve is the eleventh of twelve cranial nerves.
		There are two parts to the accessory nerve, a spinal part (innervates the muscles around neck), and a cranial part, that splits off, and quickly combines with the vagus nerve.
		The spinal accessory nucleus lies within the cervical spinal cord (C1-C5) in the ventral horn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Accessory_nerve (218 words)

	Arch Surg -- Abstract: Surgical Anatomy of the Spinal Accessory Nerve and the Trapezius Branches of the Cervical ...
		Surgical Anatomy of the Spinal Accessory Nerve and the Trapezius Branches of the Cervical Plexus
		anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve and the cervical plexus
		and surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) and
	archsurg.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/135/12/1428 (398 words)

	Spinal Accessory Nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The spinal accessory nerve originates from neuronal cell bodies located in the cervical spinal cord and caudal medulla.
		Most are located in the spinal cord and ascend through the foramen magnum and exit the cranium through the jugular foramen.
		The cranial root of the accessory nerve originates from cells located in the caudal medulla.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn11.htm (131 words)

	Cranial nerves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cranial nerves are nerves which emerge from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord.
		Just as grey matter in the ventral (closer to front of a human) spinal cord tends to be efferent (motor) fibres, and the dorsal horn tends to contain sensory neurons, nuclei in the brainstem are arranged in an analogous way.
		Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cranial_nerve (710 words)

	IX. Neurology. 5k. The Accessory Nerve. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		It then passes through the jugular foramen, separates from the spinal portion and is continued over the surface of the ganglion nodosum of the vagus, to the surface of which it is adherent, and is distributed principally to the pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of the vagus.
		The Spinal Part (ramus externus; spinal portion) is firm in texture, and its fibers arise from the motor cells in the lateral part of the anterior column of the gray substance of the medulla spinalis as low as the fifth cervical nerve.
		In the posterior triangle it unites with the second and third cervical nerves, while beneath the Trapezius it forms a plexus with the third and fourth cervical nerves, and from this plexus fibers are distributed to the muscle.
	www.bartleby.com /107/206.html (449 words)

	Physical Therapy: Physical therapy for spinal accessory nerve injury complicated by adhesive capsulitis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spinal accessory nerve injury was identified during the initial physical therapy examination, and a program of neuromuscular electrical stimulation was initiated.
		Spinal accessory nerve injury is documented in the literature as a complication of various surgical procedures or trauma.
		Surgical procedures contributing to iatrogenic spinal accessory nerve injury are carotid endarterectomy, biopsy of the cervical lymph nodes,1 radical neck dissection for the treatment of neck and head tumors,2 and surgical procedures in the posterior triangle.3
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3753/is_200103/ai_n8943801 (1232 words)

	(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vulnerability of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck: a cadaveric study.
		The accessory nerve courses obliquely across the posterior triangle on the surface of the levator scapula muscle and reaches the trapezius.
		The length of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle is 34.7+/- 6.3 mm.
	www.ombregt.be /abstracts/abstr33.HTM (264 words)

	Journal Articles - Functional Evaluation of the Spinal Accessory Nerve - Jim English, MD - Facial Plastic Cosmetic ...
		Among patients who had modified neck dissection with preservation of the spinal accessory nerve, jugular vein, and sternocleidomastiod muscle (risk factors 2 and 3), the distribution of subjective disability (that is, pain) correlated exceedingly well with decreased objective movement and strength at the neck and shoulder (Table II).
		Seventy percent of those patients and 60 percent of patients in whom the spinal accessory neve was spared but otherwise was a classic radical neck dissection (risk factor 4) who had no associated pain or subjective dysfunction nevertheless had shoulder dysfunction by objective measurement.
		The most likely possibilty is that near the entrance of the nerve into the sternocleidomastiod muscle, the nerve commonly divides and the branch to the trapezius may continue medially to the muscle which makes it vulnerable to injury during the dissection of the nodes underneath the lower sternocleidomastoid muscle and in the posterior cervical triangle.
	surgeonfacialplastic.com /article_spinal.htm (1905 words)

	"De Schouder" Demoversie
		We present cases which outline the risk of accessory nerve injury, the spectrum of clinical presentations and the problems produced by a failure to recognise the deficit.
		Wright TA In 7 cases of peripheral lesion of the spinal accessory nerve 4 were produced by malignancy, two by iatrogenical resection of lymph nodes, one by an en bloc dissection of the neck for arteriovenous malformation.
		Electrophysiologic studies demonstrated partial axonotmesis of the spinal accessory nerve branches innervating the sternocleidomastoid and upper and middle trapezius and complete axonotmesis of spinal accessory branches to the lower trapezius.
	www.ombregt.be /schouder/nl/snacces.htm (716 words)

	Anatomy of the Spinal Accessory Nerve Plexus: Relevance to Head and Neck Cancer and Atherosclerosis -- Brown 227 (8): ...
		of the spinal accessory nerve plexus, i.e., the lymphatic circulation
		the incidence of supraspinal accessory lymph node metastases
		Reconstruction of the spinal accessory nerve with an anastomosis of the dorsal C3 branch.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/227/8/570 (6242 words)

	[Anatomicosurgical comments on the importance of the spinal accessory nerve]. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The resection of the spinal accessory nerve leads to the so-called "shoulder syndrome" mainly due to the denervation of the trapezius.
		The deformation is provoked by the decreased muscular strength of the superior and middle portion of the trapezius manifested as the rocking of the shoulder and a higher superointernal angle.
		The preserved integrity of the spinal accessory nerve plays an extremely important role in cervico-facial surgery since the majority of surgical approaches involve this nervous structure.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/7478565.html (152 words)

	bibsurgery97
		The spinal accessory nerve and iintercostal nerves are widely used as donor nerves for neurotization in patients with brachial plexus injuries.
		In 10 beagle dogs, the spinal accessory nerve was used to reinnervate the left biceps muscle, and the second and third intercostal nerves were used to reinnervate the right biceps muscle.
		Intercostal nerves, pectoral nerves, and C4 roots were used for neurotizations, and the sural nerve was used for nerve grafting.
	www.ubpn.org /biblio/bibsurgery97.html (606 words)

	Cranial_Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The second cranial nerve from the brain.Visual impulses from the retnia are sent along the optic nerve.
		The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve.
		The eleventh cranial nerve is primarily responsible for movement of the muscles of the upper shoulders, head, neck, larynx and pharynx.
	www.polychondritis.com /Neurological/CranialNervesAnIntro.html (370 words)

	acoustic neuroma glossary
		CRANIAL NERVE - any one of twelve nerves, which are numbered, originating in the brain or brainstem and conveying information to or from structures in the head, neck, shoulders, or internal organs; the facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth cranial nerve.
		This is the highest resolution type of imaging of the brain and cranial nerves within the skull, and x-rays are not used.
		The facial and vestibulocochlear nerves travel through canals in the temporal bone, and removal of portions of the temporal bone is necessary for acoustic neuroma surgery.
	www.ohsu.edu /ent/ear/glossary.html (1508 words)

	Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury as a Complication of Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation -- Burns and Herbison 125 (8): 700 ...
		Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury as a Complication of Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation -- Burns and Herbison 125 (8): 700 -- Annals of Internal Medicine
		Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury as a Complication of Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation
		Permanent paralysis of the accessory nerve after cannulation of the internal jugular vein.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/125/8/700-a (384 words)

	February 2002 Head & Neck Exam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Geniculate ganglion: sensory fibers that course in the nerve of the pterygoid canal.
		The pterygopalatine venous plexus is transmitting the infection from the middle ear to the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa
		The chorda tympani nerve is being compressed by the pressure in the middle ear.
	mail.med.upenn.edu /~pennmsg/Exams/modules/1/H&N_22002_Exam.html (3210 words)

	AAPM&R - EMG Case No. 60, cont (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Given that the patient’s symptoms coincided with a lymph node biopsy of his neck on the same side of his nerve lesion, an iatrogenic injury to the nerve appears to be the cause of the spinal accessory neuropathy.
		Since the nerve passes through the sternocleidomastoid muscle, it has traction placed upon it when that muscle contracts to turn the head away from the affected side and the shoulder is passively pushed downward.
		The nerve is then stretched between the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid and anterior border of the trapezius muscles (see figure 2).
	www.aapmr.org /education/emgcases/emg6003e.htm (531 words)

	Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: Sensory pathways in the spinal accessory nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The sample obtained from the jugular foramen contained the same proportions of different-sized nerve fibres as the lower samples which supports the idea that dorsal-- root C and AS fibres are inherent to the spinal accessory nerve and do not derive from communications with the cervical plexus.
		Muscles supplied by the spinal accessory nerve are known to be particularly prone to the development of trigger points characteristic of myofascial pain.
		He also refers to the presence of sensory fibres in the spinal nerves which join the spinal accessory nerve, and cites the physiological experiments by Yee et al14 which implied that these fibres were proprioceptive in nature.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3767/is_199903/ai_n8846411 (1442 words)

	Targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Nkx2.9 reveals a role in development of the spinal accessory nerve.
		Targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Nkx2.9 reveals a role in development of the spinal accessory nerve.To investigate the role of the Nkx2.9 gene, we generated a mutant mouse by targeted gene disruption.
		In addition, the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves appeared abnormal in approximately 50% of mutant embryos, which may be related to the observed reduction of Phox2b expression in the nucleus ambiguus of adult mutant mice.
		Consistent with this phenotype, immature branchial motoneurons of the spinal accessory nerve, which normally migrate from a ventromedial to a dorsolateral position within the neural tube, were markedly reduced in Nkx2.9-deficient embryos at E10.5, while ventromedial motor column cells were increased in numbers.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/9849824.html (341 words)

	Search Results for "Accessory" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		...(N. Accessorius; Eleventh Nerve; Spinal Accessory Nerve) The accessory nerve (Figs.
		Associated with it are certain accessory structures, viz., the muscles, fasciæ, eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva,...
		Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col107%amp;query=Accessory (296 words)

	References
		Dolenc VV: Intercostal neurotization of the peripheral nerves in avulsion plexus injuries.
		Hou Z, Xu Z: Nerve transfer for treatment of brachial plexus injury: comparison study between the transfer of partial median and ulnar nerves and that of phrenic and spinal accessary nerves.
		Seddon HJ: Surgical Disorders of the Peripheral Nerves.
	www.medscape.com /content/2004/00/48/00/480075/480075_ref.html (2078 words)

	Neurotization via the spinal accessory nerve in complete paralysis - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		1988 Dec(237): 67-74 The authors report their experience with 21 cases of neurotization via the spinal accessory nerve for multiple nerve root avulsion injuries of the brachial plexus associated with total paralysis of the upper limb.
		They performed microneuroanastomoses with interposed cable nerve grafts between the spinal accessory nerve taken in the supraclavicular fossa and the musculocutaneous nerve at its entrance into the biceps muscle.
		Surgical indications depend on the accurate diagnosis of spinal nerve root avulsion, especially C5.
	www.wheelessonline.com /lib9/270.htm (209 words)

	Neck Dissection: Classification, Indications and Techniques
		The platysma is innervated by the cervical branches of the facial nerve.
		The spinal root of the accessory nerve is a union of motor neurons whose cell bodies originate in the spinal nucleus located in the anterior grey column of the spinal cord.
		The plexus is crossed by the supraclavicular nerves, the nerve to the subclavius, the inferior belly of the omohyoid, the external jugular vein and the transverse cervical artery.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Neck-Dissection-020116/Neck-Dissection-020116.htm (8029 words)

	eMedicine - Radical Neck Dissection : Article by Antonio Riera March, MD, FACS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The vagus nerve may be injured during the dissection and division of the lower portion of the internal jugular vein.
		If the spinal accessory nerve is preserved, identify the nerve in the posterior triangle and dissect it from the anterior border of the trapezius to the sternocleidomastoid muscle until it is totally free.
		The sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve, mandatory in the classic radical neck dissection, produces shoulder drop with local pain in the affected area and limitation in the range of motion of the arm and shoulder.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic502.htm (9917 words)

	Home Page
		Nerve conduction studies and electromyography are usually undertaken to confirm the diagnosis of long thoracic nerve injury.
		The nerve itself is small in diameter and fragile- appearing, in contrast to the relatively robust adjacent nerves of the brachial plexus.
		The long thoracic nerve was in continuity in all cases and this also might decrease the ability of EMG studies to uncover subtle denervation abnormalities that yet have significant functional consequences.
	freespace.virgin.net /steven.fromm/index.htm (14065 words)

	Neurotization of C7 Posterior Root and Spinal Accessory Nerve for Reconstruction the Trapezius Muscle Function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Objectives: To introduce a new approach of neurotization for treatment the shoulder complaints after the radical neck dissection which transfer the C7 posterior root to the spinal accessory nerve for reconstruction the function of trapezius muscle.
		In the operation, we preserved the apo-cranial part of spinal accessory nerve from the trapezius muscle (length>3.0cm) and anastomosed it to C7 posterior root we had previously reserved.
		Conclusion: Transfer the C7 posterior root to the spinal accessory nerve during radical neck dissection can well reconstruct the function of trapezius muscle.
	iadr.confex.com /iadr/china04/preliminaryprogram/abstract_49697.htm (240 words)

	Trapezius - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		and acromion, is innervated by spinal accessory nerve and branches from third and fourth cervical roots;
		- inevated by branches of the ansa cervicalis and the spinal accessory nerve from 3rd and 4th cervical roots;
		Identification of the Spinal Accessory Nerve Within the Surgical Field During Primary Exploration of the Brachial Plexus in Infants With Obstetric Palsy.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/trapezius (546 words)

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