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Topic: Spinal anesthesia

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Spinal anaesthesia

Local anaesthesia

Regional anesthesia

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	Spinal Anesthesia
		Spinal anesthesia is a form of local anesthesia in which an injection of local anesthesia is made in the low middle part of your back.
		Spinal anesthesia is a safe form of anesthesia.
		Some possible complications of spinal anesthesia include spinal headache, low back ache after recovery from anesthesia, and failure to establish spinal anesthesia.
	www.mindspring.com /~rhc1/ptguide/spinal.htm (661 words)

	Cesarean delivery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spinals, epidurals and combined spinal-epidurals are regional anesthetics. A section or "region" of the body is numbed by the medicine that is injected into the spinal canal.
		The spinal cord and the nerves are contained in a sac of cerebrospinal fluid. The space around this sac is the epidural space (see section on 'Regional anesthesia'). Spinal anesthesia involves the injection of numbing medicine directly into the fluid sac. Epidurals involve the injection into the space outside the sac (epidural space).
		The procedure for spinal anesthesia is similar to epidural anesthesia for labor or for cesarean delivery (see picture). The difference is that medicine is injected directly into the spinal sac. A thin needle is used to reduce the chances of a spinal headache.
	www.brighamandwomens.org /painfreebirthing/csreg.asp (683 words)

	Nursing: Getting to the root of pain: Spinal anesthesia and analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spinal anesthetics and analgesics are administered into the subarachnoid (intrathecal) space at the time of surgery.
		Spinal anesthesia is achieved by a single intrathecal injection of local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space to create sensory, motor, and autonomic blockage of the nerve roots and spinal cord.
		Disadvantages to spinal anesthesia include the extra time and expertise needed to position the patient and insert the needle, and possible pain from needle placement and medication administration.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3689/is_200106/ai_n8954098 (1363 words)

	Patients' Guide to Local and Regional Anaesthesia
		Spinal anaesthesia is suitable for many procedures in the lower half of the body.
		Spinal anaesthesia is especially useful during TURP surgery, as it allows the patient to detect side effects of the washing solution used in the bladder (it makes their vision fade temporarily) and it encourages clotting in the cut blood vessels.
		The major disadvantage of a spinal anaesthetic is a drop in blood pressure, caused by temporary blockage of the nerves that control blood flow into the legs, so that blood collects in them.
	www.oyston.com /anaes/local.html (2328 words)

	Spinal & Epidural Anesthesia
		The Spinal needle passes between the vertebrae of the Spinal column through the dural membrane where the cerebroSpinal fluid is located.
		Unlike Spinal this technique may also be accomplished in the mid-back(thoracic region) for surgery in the area of the chest.
		The needle for Epidural passes between the vertebrae of the Spinal column to the Epidural space.
	www.reddinganesthesia.com /spinal.htm (1257 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Spinal Anesthesia (Intraspinal Anesthesia, Subarachnoid Anesthesia, "A Spinal")
		Spinal anesthesia is a way to eliminate pain during certain procedures or surgeries.
		Spinal anesthesia is different from but similar to epidural anesthesia, also known as an epidural.
		Medication for a spinal is usually given as a one-time injection with a special needle.
	www.healthopedia.com /spinal-anesthesia (516 words)

	Health Library -
		Your anesthesia specialist, whether it is an anesthesiologist or a nurse anesthetist, is responsible for your comfort and safety during your surgery.
		Anesthesia is used to relax (sedate) you, block pain sensations (analgesia and anesthesia), induce sleepiness or forgetfulness (amnesia), or make you unconscious for your surgery.
		A local anesthetic is injected near the spinal cord and nerves that connect to the spinal cord to block pain from an entire region of the body, such as the abdomen, hips, or legs.
	yourhealth.goodshepherdhealth.org /library/healthguide/en-us/illnessconditions/topic.asp?hwid=tp17798 (1106 words)

	Spinal Anaesthesia - a Practical Guide (page 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If a spinal anaesthetic and the ensuing surgery are performed skilfully, the majority of patients are very happy with the technique and appreciate the rapid recovery and absence of side effects.
		Spinal anaesthesia is particularly suitable for older patients and those with systemic disease such as chronic respiratory disease, hepatic, renal and endocrine disorders such as diabetes.
		In the event of an inadequate spinal anaesthetic it is much better to electively administer a light general anaesthetic and safeguard the airway, then to over-sedate a patient with benzodiazepines or narcotics.
	www.nda.ox.ac.uk /wfsa/html/u12/u1208_01.htm (1509 words)

	Emory Healthcare: 43847 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spinal and epidural anesthesia are techniques that numb surgical patients from the chest on down the legs.
		Spinal and epidural anesthesia is frequently administered for surgeries involving the pelvis, hips, and legs, as well as for childbirth.
		Advantages of spinal and epidural anesthesia include the ability to be awake during the operation and the avoidance of complications associated with general anesthesia.
	www.emoryhealthcare.org /healthgate/43847.html (845 words)

	Spinal Anesthesia in the Post-delivery Period
		In a patient with cardiovascular disease in whom a relatively high block to T4 is risky (Chapter 83), a lower level is acceptable and anesthesia is supplemented by intraperitoneal instillation of 80 ml of 0.5% lidocaine 5 minutes earlier (3).
		The local anesthetic requirement for each spinal segment block after spinal anesthesia is less in cesarean section than in gynecologic operation, the ratio being 1:1.5.
		The types of regional anesthesia techniques available for PPTL are spinal, epidural, combined spinal and epidural, continuous spinal, or local (Chapter 68).
	www.manbit.com /OA/c67.htm (684 words)

	Current issues in spinal anesthesia -- Liu 49 (Supplement 1): 9 -- Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
		spinal lidocaine with an approximate incidence of 20% in the
		Ropivacaine is approximately 50 to 60% as potent as spinal bupivacaine.
		Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/49/suppl_1/R9 (2283 words)

	Spinal anesthesia for obstetrics: discovery, rediscovery/La rachianesthesie en obstetrique : decouverte et redecouverte ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spinal anesthesia for obstetrics: discovery, rediscovery/La rachianesthésie en obstétrique : découverte et redécouverte
		The grave spinal cord paralyses caused by spinal anesthesia.
		Spinal anesthesia in Cesarean section for toxemia of pregnancy.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/47/9/833 (1878 words)

	[No title]
		Spinal anesthesia was administered in the sitting position at L2-L3 or L3-L4 intervertebral space with a 25-gauge Whitacre needle.
		Most patients maintained motor function and proprioception 5 min after spinal injection: 96% were able to achieve the straight leg increase, 82% were able to perform deep knee bends, 77% were able to perform heel-to-shin maneuvers, and 91% were able to identify joint positions.
		Spinal anesthesia is favored by many of us over general anesthesia in the outpatient setting as a technique that is easy to perform, with a low failure rate and rapid onset, and affords us the opportunity of avoiding the side effects associated with general anesthesia and opioid analgesia.
	www.asra.com /newsletters/2003august/litreview3.iphtml?print (810 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Anesthesia, local (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Local or regional anesthesia involves the injection or application of an anesthetic drug to a specific area of the body, as opposed to the entire body and brain as occurs during general anesthesia.
		Spinal anesthesia involves the injection of a small amount of local anesthetic directly into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).
		Epidural anesthesia involves the injection of a large volume of local anesthetic directly into the space surrounding the spinal fluid sac (the epidural space), not into the spinal fluid.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0000/ai_2601000072 (1013 words)

	Spinal Anesthesia Increases In-Vitro Fertilization Success
		A recent study from Massachusetts General Hospital shows that spinal anesthesia may be superior to general anesthesia for oocyte, or egg, retrieval in terms of pregnancy rates as well as patient satisfaction.
		While both groups reported high levels of satisfaction rates with their anesthesia, the patients choosing spinal anesthesia all said that they would repeat that choice in the future.
		The authors of the study commented that spinal anesthesia was associated with fewer side effects, whereas general anesthesia can cause prolonged sleepiness, nausea, and/or vomiting after the operation.
	anesthesiologyinfo.com /articles/01172002.php (505 words)

	Anesthesia Options for Labor and Delivery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Obstetrical anesthesia is different from any other type of anesthesia in that there are two patients involved -- you and your baby.
		Spinal anesthetics are sometimes used for delivery by cesarean section or when the forceps use is indicated.
		Anesthesia should not hinder you from enjoying your baby as soon as possible after delivery.
	www.aana.com /patients/options.asp (1055 words)

	PharmaCare - Headline News \| Last Updated: 2000-10-16 18:16:55 EDT : Spinal anesthesia associated with higher pregnancy ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sixteen women (average age 35 years) received spinal anesthesia of either 30 mg to 40 mg lidocaine or 6 mg bupivacaine, which was combined with 20 mcg fentanyl in some cases.
		Sweitzer's team reported an average operating room time of 50 minutes with spinal anesthesia and 35 minutes with general anesthesia, and an average recovery room times of 91 minutes with spinal anesthesia and 100 minutes with general anesthesia.
		Fewer spinal anesthesia patients (3 of 16) required postoperative pain therapy compared with the general anesthesia group (3 of 9).
	www.stadtlander.com /reuters/repro/261717910043.html (411 words)

	Spinal Headache Prevention
		But, if spinal fluid leaks out through a needle hole, the pressures become imbalanced, and the cushioning effect of the fluid disappears and tension is applied directly to these nerves.
		Previous "conventional wisdom" in preventing or alleviating spinal headache has generally gone along three lines: (1) Use a smaller or higher-tech needle, make a smaller hole, and less fluid will leak out, so headache will be milder or less prevalent.
		The "few percentage points" may be of comfort the to patient before anesthesia, but is no comfort afterwards if he or she is one of the hundreds of thousands who have fallen into that "few percent".
	www.geocities.com /HotSprings/Villa/5422/index.html (1193 words)

	combined spinal-epidural anesthesia
		If a paresthesia is encountered, pull back the spinal needle a millimeter or two and assure that the paresthesia is resolved.
		Generally it is desirable to insert the spinal needle just about to the hub of the epidural needle.
		It is recommended that you return and check the patient within 1-2 hours to assure that she doesn't have any sign of a spinal block.
	www.dzemdibu-nams.lv /raksti/csea.htm (644 words)

	Re: Transient radicular irritation after spinal anesthesia induced with hyperbaric solutions of cerebrospinal, ...
		Transient radicular irritation after spinal anesthesia induced with hyperbaric solutions of cerebrospinal fluid-diluted lidocaine 50 mg/ml or mepivacaine 40 mg/ml or bupivacaine 5 mg/ml.
		The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of TRI after spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric lidocaine 50 mg/ml diluted with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1:1 and hyperbaric mepivacaine 40 mg/ml and hyperbaric bupivacaine 5 mg/ml.
		Characteristics of the patients and details of the surgical procedures and spinal anesthesias were similar in all groups except for the intensity of motor block.
	www.i-depth.com /P/r/ry03191.frm.forum1.msg/669.html (887 words)

	“In the News” “Transient restless legs syndrome after spinal anesthesia: A prospective study. Neurology” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An association between the occurrence of RLS and spinal anesthesia has been described, but little is known about this apparent relationship.
		This study examines the possible relationship between RLS and spinal anesthesia and assesses the incidence and time course of new onset RLS in 202 patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for a variety of surgical procedures.
		The occurrence of new-onset RLS after spinal anesthesia was associated with low mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, suggesting that iron deficiency may influence susceptibility.
	www.rls.org /nwalkers/article_32c327f449.html (308 words)

	Gertie Marx Needle for Spinal Anesthesia in Obstetrics
		Gertie Marx Needle for Spinal Anesthesia in Obstetrics
		Spinal anesthesia was performed in a routine manner by residents with the same level of training.
		Parameters recorded during the study included time and number of attempts for spinal needle placement, rate of CSF flow (time elapsed from removal of stylet till CSF appearance at the hub of the needle), failure rate and the incidence of PDPH.
	www.imd-inc.com /w_obstetrics.html (284 words)

	Prophylactic ephedrine prevents hypotension during spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery but does not improve ...
		A dose-response study of prophylactic intravenous ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
		Prophylactic intravenous ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.
		Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section.
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/full/49/6/588 (3513 words)

	Nursing Management: Spinal anesthesia and analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Follow this guide to lead a staff discussion on spinal anesthesia and analgesia.
		Make sure your patient's recovery from spinal blockade is uneventful by following these practical guidelines.
		Almost a century ago, Dr. August Bier pioneered the use of spinal anesthesia during surgery.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3619/is_200201/ai_n9065885 (1349 words)

	Links - VA GLAHS Regional Anesthesia Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Illustrated Notes in Regional Anesthesia - Edited by Andrew Elizaga, at the University of Washington.
		Choosing a Local Anesthetic: Spinal Anesthesia (SAB), Epidural Anesthesia - From the Cleveland Clinic.
		Epidural Anesthesia - From Donal Shanahan's Anatomy of the Vertebral Column.
	www.wso.net /hoshizaki/regional/reglinks.htm (1994 words)

	Ask an Expert: Spinal anesthesia for hip surgery - safe?
		In fact, spinal anesthesia has a long track record of safety, with a rate of serious complications (low!) about equal to the rate of major problems with general anesthesia (also low!).
		Studies that have looked at the overall outcome of spinal and general anesthesia for hip surgery have not found a completely convincing advantage of one over the other, and therefore both types of anesthesia are commonly used.
		Although a “spinal headache” is troublesome, it is not life-threatening.
	www.netwellness.org /question.cfm/26588.htm (484 words)

	CSE Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia
		This much discussed technique combines the low failure-rate and reduced latency period of spinal anaesthesia with the option of prolonging anaesthesia through the peridural catheter as required.
		By eliminating friction during the spinal needle's passage through the Tuohy, the important tactile sensation of dura puncture is unobscured.
		A Sprotte spinal needle is inserted coaxially into an Epidural Special Sprotte or Tuohy and emerges through the lateral opening of the Epidural needle.
	www.dynamedical.com /pg2i.html (236 words)

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