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	IX. Neurology. 4e. Composition and Central Connections of the Spinal Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The descending branches terminate in the dorsal (medial) vestibular nucleus, the principal nucleus of the vestibular nerve.
		The axons arise from the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve and pass in bundles through the posterior longitudinal bundle, the tegmentum, the red nucleus and the medial margin of the substantia nigra in a series of curves and finally emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle.
		The Olfactory Nerves (I cranial) or nerves of smell arise from spindle-shaped bipolar cells in the surface epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity.
	www.bartleby.com /107/191.html (8263 words)

	IX. Neurology. 6. The Spinal Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The roots of the lower lumbar and upper sacral nerves are the largest, and their individual filaments the most numerous of all the spinal nerves, while the roots of the coccygeal nerve are the smallest.
		The afferent fibers are derived partly from the unipolar cells and partly from the multipolar cells of the spinal ganglia.
		The dendrites of the multipolar nerve cells form synapses around the cells of type II (cells of Dogiel) in the spinal ganglia, and by this path the original impulse is transferred from the sympathetic to the somatic system, through which it is conveyed to the sensorium.
	www.bartleby.com /107/208.html (1334 words)

	Spinal nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term spinal nerve generally refers to the mixed spinal nerve, which is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord.
		The spinal nerve is the bit that passes out of the vertebrae through the intervertebral foramen.
		The muscles that one particular spinal root supplies are that nerve´s myotome, and the dermatomes are the areas of sensory innervation on the skin for each spinal nerve.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spinal_nerve (442 words)

	Spinal Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although spinal nerves do not have individual names, they are grouped according to the level from which they stem, and each nerve is numbered in sequence.
		The nerves coming from the upper part of the spinal cord pass outward nearly horizontally, while those from the lower regions descend at sharp angles.
		As a result, the adult spinal cord ends at the level between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, so the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves descend to their exits beyond the end of the cord.
	www.innerbody.com /text/nerv20.html (198 words)

	Chapter 13- The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A nerve plexus is the convergence of the ventral rami of many spinal nerves blending together to form trunks of nerves.
		The nerve root contributions are from the ventral rami of spinal nerves_____________.
		Spinal reflexes may be complex or simple reflexes, involving one segment of the cord or many segments of the cord.
	newebzone.net /pm/chapter13.htm (1257 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Spinal Cord
		The human spinal cord is protected by the bony spinal column shown to the left.
		Although the spinal column is somewhat flexible, some of the vertebrae in the lower parts of the spinal column become fused.
		Therefore, nerves that branch from the spinal cord from the lumbar and sacral levels must run in the vertebral canal for a distance before they exit the vertebral column.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/spinal.html (625 words)

	BIOL 237 Class Notes - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
		The spinal cord is the connection center for the reflexes as well as the afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) pathways for most of the body below the head and neck.
		In the spinal cord the synapses between sensory and motor and interneurons occurs in the gray matter.
		Spinal nerves are given numbers which indicate the portion of the vertebral column in which they arise.
	www.unm.edu /~jimmy/spinal_notes.htm (1491 words)

	Spinal Cord and Cranial Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The dorsal nerve root is composed of afferent, or sensory, fibers and have their cell bodies in a spinal ganglion, or dorsal root ganglion, outside the cord.
		The ventral nerve root is composed of efferent, or motor, fibers that arise from cell bodies located in the ventral and lateral columns of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
		Cranial nerves I and II (olfactory and optic) are special cases; the afferent fibers of their primary sensory neurons enter the brain stem and terminate on the secondary sensory neurons.
	nanonline.org /nandistance/nanneuro/modules/cranial/cranial.html (4852 words)

	The Spinal Nerves - Wikimd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The roots of the thoracic nerves, with the exception of the first, are of small size, and the posterior only slightly exceed the anterior in thickness.
		(Picture From the Classic Gray's Anatomy) The roots of the lower lumbar and upper sacral nerves are the largest, and their individual filaments the most numerous of all the spinal nerves, while the roots of the coccygeal nerve are the smallest.
		The spinal nerve then splits into a posterior or dorsal and an anterior or ventral division each receiving fibres from both nerve roots.
	www.wikimd.org /index.php?title=The_Spinal_Nerves (1266 words)

	Spinal cord injury: Spinal cord 101
		The nerves that lie within the spinal cord are upper motor neurons (UMNs) and their function is to carry the messages back and forth from the brain to the spinal nerves along the spinal tract.
		The spinal nerves that branch out from the spinal cord to the other parts of the body are called lower motor neurons (LMNs).
		The spinal cord is the major bundle of nerves that carry nerve impulses to and from the brain to the rest of the body.
	www.spinalinjury.net /html/_spinal_cord_101.html (1044 words)

	spinal nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nerves extending from the brain are cranial nerves and nerves extending from the spinal cord are spinal nerves...
		Spinal nerves typically are attached to the spinal cord by means of a posterior root and an anterior root; all spinal nerves are mixed.
		the spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by a...
	www.back-doctors.com /spine/spinal-nerves.html (2847 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Spinal surgery - cervical
		Cervical spinal surgery is used to correct the part of the spine in the neck, including problems with the bones (vertebrae), disks, and nerves.
		The spinal cord runs through the hole between the arch and the body of the vertebra and is thus protected by bone on all sides.
		Spinal stenosis occurs when the facet joints develop arthritis and start to grow excess bone around them (a typical response of a joint to arthritis).
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/002971.htm (972 words)

	Questions and Answers About Spinal Stenosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of spaces in the spine (backbone) that results in pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots.
		Spinal cord/nerve roots—a major part of the central nervous system that extends from the base of the brain down to the lower back and that is encased by the vertebral column.
		The purpose of surgery is to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and restore and maintain alignment and strength of the spine.
	www.niams.nih.gov /hi/topics/spinalstenosis/spinal_sten.htm (3539 words)

	SPINAL MOTOR STRUCTURES
		Although we usually study the spinal cord as a series of cross sections, it is important to remember that it is in fact a column, with continuous tracts and cell columns.
		However, the cord can be divided into segments by the nerve roots that come off of it; although the rootlets branch off nearly continuously, they coalesce into about 31 discrete nerves along the cord (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerves).
		All of the spinal reflexes are local - all of the cells involved are contained within one or two segments, and cortex is not necessary.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/spinal.html (1662 words)

	AMA (Atlas) Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves
		The four groups of nerves that branch from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions of the spinal cord are called the peripheral nerves.
		The spinal cord is a cylinder of nerve tissue that runs down the center canal in the spine.
		These nerves (five pairs) supply the thighs and lower parts of the legs, the feet, most of the external genital organs, and the area around the anus.
	www.ama-assn.org /ama/pub/category/7173.html (266 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Spinal Nerves
		On its way, two spinal nerves -- one to the left side of the body and the other to the right -emerge between the vertebrae, and another bundle of nerves, the cauda equina, extends from the end of the spinal cord.
		Moore's spinal cord and spinal nerves were not injured in the attack.
		Spinal cords are made up of several types of neurons, so the group is now creating and working with other cells that would create the types of neurons needed to completely repair spinal nerves.
	news.surfwax.com /anatomy/files/Spinal_nerves_anatomy.html (1824 words)

	Spinal Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		You are going to discuss spinal nerves repeatedly in both this course and neuroscience.
		On each side of the spinal cord, a dorsal root joins with a ventral root in the intervertebral foramen to form a spinal nerve.
		As the spinal nerve exits out of the intervertebral foramen, it splits again to form a ventral (anterior) rami and a dorsal (posterior) rami.
	info.med.yale.edu /anatomy/notes/back1-4.html (86 words)

	LUMBAR SPINAL STENOSIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Spinal injections (such as an epidural injection of cortisone) may be prescribed.
		Unless significant or progressive leg weakness develops, or bowel or bladder problems occur, the presence of spinal stenosis by itself usually does not represent a dangerous condition in the adult, Therefore, treatment is aimed at pain reduction and increasing the patient's ability to function.
		Since spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the bony canal, the goal of the surgery is to open up the bony canal to improve available space for the nerves.
	www.spine.org /articles/lumbarspinalstenosis.cfm (1327 words)

	MDVU - Pediatric Movement Disorders - Anatomy and Physiology: Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Muscles
		The spinal cord is the connection between the brain and all muscles of the body, with the exception of the cranial nerves to the head and neck.
		The stretch reflex is modulated by signals from the descending motor tracts and signals from the intermediate spinal layers.
		Damage to the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex results in abnormal or absent signals in the descending tracts.
	www.mdvu.org /library/pediatric/anatomy/ana_scmn.html (1396 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus III: Nervous System: Spinal Nerves and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ganglia aberrantia (small detached portions of spinal ganglia) may be found along the posterior roots of the upper cervical, lumbar, and sacral spinal nerves.
		The spinal ganglion and sensory root of the coccygeal nerves may be absent; the same may occur to a lesser degree in other spinal nerves.
		The majority of spinal ganglia are located in the intervertebral foramina, closely ensheathed but entirely outside the cavity or sac of the dura mater.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/NervousSystem/Text/SpinalNervesGanglia.html (418 words)

	Selective Fasciculation and Divergent Pathfinding Decisions of Embryonic Chick Motor Axons Projecting to Fast and Slow ...
		A, Fast (green) and slow (red) labeled SART axons exited the spinal cord mixed together (yellow) in the spinal nerves and quickly began to sort and move toward the anterior half of the spinal nerve (nerve outlined in white).
		As the spinal nerves converged in the plexus (Fig.
		Browne KM (1950) The spatial distribution of segmental nerves to striate musculature of the hindlimb of the rat.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/9/3297 (10122 words)

	Molecule Regenerates Damaged Nerves In Spinal Cord
		Researchers have identified a molecule capable of regenerating damaged nerves in the spinal cord.
		Nerve cells in the spinal cord don't heal in the same way as bone and tissue do.
		Since it is thought that the presence of such inhibitory molecules in the injured spinal cord contributes to the lack of regeneration following injury, it is possible that treatment of injured neurons with cAMP may be a way of overcoming this inhibitory effect.
	unisci.com /stories/20022/0613025.htm (408 words)

	Foraminotomy: Taking Pressure off Spinal Nerves
		A foraminotomy is a surgical procedure that is performed to enlarge the passageway where a spinal nerve root exits the spinal canal.
		The vertebral body and nerve structures of a single spinal segment are illustrated in Figure 1.
		There is 31-pair of spinal nerve roots that shoot off from the spinal cord and exit the spinal canal through the neuroforamen.
	www.spineuniverse.com /print.php/article554.html (360 words)

	Spinal Stenosis
		In spinal stenosis, the spinal canal, which contains and protects the spinal cord and nerve roots, narrows and pinches the spinal cord and nerves.
		Often, unusual leg symptoms are a clue to the presence of spinal stenosis.
		Sometimes the pressure on the nerves is caused by inflammatory swelling.
	orthoinfo.aaos.org /fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=128&topcategory=Spine (567 words)

	SPINAL INJECTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The type of injection you receive is based on your specific symptoms and the physical examination performed by your health care provider.
		Spinal nerves are branches from the spinal cord exiting the spinal column.
		The epidural space is the space around the sheath (dura) covering the spinal nerves.
	www.spine.org /articles/injections.cfm (1013 words)

	Chapter 13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord and its protection.
		Describe the major components of a spinal nerve and relate their distribution to their regions of innervation.
		The major components of a spinal nerve and their distribution in relation to their regions of innervation.
	www.nmc.edu /~koverbaugh/bio227/chapter13.htm (606 words)

	Re: spinal nerves
		In Reply to: spinal nerves posted by Susan on May 29, 1998 at 01:30:58:
		After all, there are sensory nerve roots in the region, and the change in fluid pressure or electrolyte content (sodium ions, etc) could trigger signals which would then be interpreted by the brain as if they originated from the other end of that nerve root - usually in the leg.
		Occasionally when I do a spinal tap, the needle will bump into a spinal root and a patient will complain of a transient shock-like effect down the leg.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/neuro/archive/5532.html (417 words)

	Spinal Nerves
		Dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves have fused or become lost
		CSF in ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
		Indicate which one is not a true nerve.
	comenius.susqu.edu /bi/302/Lecture30.htm (631 words)

	REGROWTH OF SEVERED SPINAL CORD NERVES IN RATS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		On April 28, Dr. Marc Lanser reported for Boston Life Sciences that a nerve growth factor, Inosine, stimulated regrowth of severed spinal cord motor nerve fibers in an experiment on laboratory rats.
		``This represents a giant step forward in our spinal cord program since these results indicated that motor function can potentially be reestablished under the control of the same area of the brain that gave rise to the injured spinal cord fibers,'' he said.
		The target was an enzyme within the central nervous system's neurons that controlled nerve growth in the brain, or in the spinal cord.
	www.cryonics.org /April2_00.html (308 words)

	Printed from www.spinalcord.uab.edu on 10/21/2005 5:23:26 AM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nerves within the spinal cord, Upper Motor Neurons & Lower Motor Neurons
		Shows areas of the body affected by damage to the nerves at the different levels of injury.
		A segment of the spinal cord, body of vertebra & nerves.
	www.spinalcord.uab.edu /show.asp?durki=21471&print=yes (126 words)

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