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Topic: Spinous process

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	XII. Surface Anatomy and Surface Markings. 4. Surface Markings of the Back. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human ...
		The root of the spine of the scapula is on a level with the tip of the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra, and the inferior angle with that of the seventh.
		The highest point of the iliac crest is on a level with the spinous process of the fourth lumbar, and the posterior superior iliac spine with that of the second sacral.
		The transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra is opposite the cricoid cartilage; below it is the transverse process of the seventh and occasionally a cervical rib.
	www.bartleby.com /107/282.html (371 words)

	Early American Manual Therapy
		This spinous process is on a level with the superior portion of the spine of the scapulae and it may be detected and located by placing the thumbs in a line with the fingers when they are placed above the spines of the scapulae on both sides.
		The location of the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra corresponds to the level of the inner edge of the spines of the scapulae and it is the second process palpated below the first thoracic spinous process.
		The spinous process of the tenth thoracic vertebra is about a finger's breadth below the attachments of the last two ribs, and it may be determined by the prominence of the tenth pair of ribs in the axillary line by following them to the spine.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /eamt/files/gregory/gregch1.htm (5002 words)

	Failure Load of the Lumbar Spinous Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The objective of this study was to measure the in situ loads of a novel interspinous process spacer and relate these implant loads to the failure loads of the spinous processes using a cadaver model.
		The spinous process of each L3 specimen was loaded along the caudal edge in the caudad/cephalad direction, and the spinous process of each L4 specimen was loaded along the cephalad edge in the cephalad/caudad direction until failure.
		During extension, the L3 spinous processes were loaded to a mean of 11.7% of their failure load (sd: 7.3%, range: 5.0 to 25.7%), and the L4 spinous processes were loaded to a mean of 16.3% of their failure load (sd: 11.4%, range: 4.7 to 40.7%).
	guide.stanford.edu /Projects/2kprojects/sci07.html (551 words)

	Radiology In Ped Emerg Med, Vol 5, Case 2
		Articular Processes and Articular Facets The articular processes are cylindrical structures at the junction of the pedicles and the laminae.
		In the middle of the transverse process is a foramen for the vertebral artery as it courses upward toward the foramen magnum.
		Spinous processes should be aligned in the midline and be generally equidistant from one another.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v5c02.html (4592 words)

	U.S. Patent: 6156038 - Spine distraction implant and method - December 5, 2000
		As the implant 96 is being urged between the spinous processes, the ramps further cause the spinous processes to be distracted.
		As the nose 276 is inserted between the spinous processes, this causes distraction of the spinous processes.
		The incision is spread downwardly toward the table, and the distracting unit 802 is preferably inserted upwardly between the spinous processes 840 and 842 in a manner that maintains the distraction of spinous processes.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat6156038.html (12736 words)

	SPINE DOCTOR - Surgery
		In the study on "Failure Load of the Lumbar Spinous Process During Flexion and Extension," Yerby, Lindsey and Kreshak measured the in-situ loads of the interspinous spacer and related these implant loads to the failure loads of the spinous processes using a cadaver model.
		The mean failure strength of the L3 spinous process was 1033 plus/minus 505 Newtons and was significantly greater than the mean failure strength of the L4 spinous process (765 plus/minus 374 Newtons).
		It is placed between the spinous processes anterior to the supraspinous ligament as close to the lamina as possible; however, it is outside the spinal canal and away from the nerves.
	www.spine-dr.com /site/surgery/s_xstop_ipd_local.html (1978 words)

	Chapter 39: The vertebral column
		In addition to the transverse and spinous processes, which serve as short levers, the 12 thoracic vertebrae are connected by joints with paired, long levers, namely the ribs.
		The transverse processes emerge laterally at the junction of the pedicles and laminae, and the spinous process proceeds posteriorly from the union of the laminae.
		The dorsal surface, convex and facing posterosuperiorly, presents a modified series of spinous processes termed the median sacral crest and four paired sacral foramina for the dorsal primary rami of sacral nerves 1 to 4.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_7/chapter_39.html (3148 words)

	Identifying image structures for content-based retrieval of digitized spine x-rays
		The end result is, for each pair of spinous processes, a single point lying on the user-defined line, which is a local minimum for the region between the pair of spinous processes.
		Again, this separation is illustrated by spinous process 5 in Figure 5: profile 2 is seen to separate the local minimum within the body of spinous process 5, from the local minima that border spinous process 5.
		The cases where spinous process 6 were missed were all cases where the shoulder-side boundary of this structure is only weakly visible in the image, resulting in a very small local minimum on the profile 1 curve; the detection of this miminmum is below the sensitivity of the current implementation.
	archive.nlm.nih.gov /pubs/long/spie-sd2002/spie-sd2002.php (4034 words)

	Spinal Column - MSN Encarta
		At the angle formed by the junction of the two laminae is another projection, the spinous process.
		The superior articular processes of the axis are jointed to the occipital condyles, or rounded projection of bone, of the skull.
		On the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae are special articulating surfaces for the ribs; the spinous processes, which are long, project downward and overlap each other.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576357/Spinal_Column.html (1088 words)

	Chiropractic Theory and Practice (1939)
		The spinous process is on the level of the ensiform cartilage of the sternum.
		Antero-Inferior subluxation: The spinous process is displaced upward and backward.
		The transverse process projects laterally in the cervical region, and in the thoracic region the transverse processes on one side is drawn away from the line of the spinous processes, while on the other side it approaches this line.
	www.chirobase.org /12Hx/gardner.html (2607 words)

	[No title]
		The parts of the neural arch between the spinous and transverse processes are known as the laminae and the parts of the arch between the transverse processes and the body are the pedicles.
		It attaches to lumbar and inferior thoracic transverse processes (longissimus dorsi) and in the thoracic region to the adjacent ribs (longissimus thoracis).
		From the lumbar aponeurosis, fibers of spinalis attach to the lumbar and thoracic spinous processes.
	www.emory.edu /ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/back.html (2141 words)

	Animal Chiropractic: the "Honest" Subluxation \| Daniel R. Kamen, DC
		All of the spinous processes are palpable, but none of the transverse processes are, except in very emaciated animals.
		In the lower thoracics, the mammillary processes are palpable (just lateral to the spinous processes) and are used as adjusting contact points.
		A spinous that is subluxated lateral to the right (pointing to the right) will not wiggle easily to the left, but easier to the right.
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/15/21/09.html (934 words)

	Spinous process clamp for spinal fusion and method of operation (US6364883)
		A spinous process clamp employs a pair of elongate plates that are positioned on either side of the spinous processes of vertebrae that are to be fused.
		When the bolts and nuts are tightened, the spinous processes are clamped between the plates, thereby preventing motion between the clamped vertebral bodies.
		A spinous process clamp for spinal fusion, comprising:
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06364883__ (219 words)

	Bubishi.com - Accupoint Specifics: Bladder Point Locations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		1.5 tsun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the third lumbar vertebra (L3).
		1.5 tsun lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4).
		3 tsun lateral to the midline, at the level of the spinous process of the second sacral vertebra.
	www.bubishi.com /accupoint/BlPntLct.html (1309 words)

	Lordosis: Assessment & Care
		However, the curve expressed by the tips of the spinous processes is not identical to that of the bodies of the vertebrae in one and often two ways.
		While the tips of the spinous processes are our best palpatory indicator of lumbar curve, keep in mind that they usually express less than the actual curve, and the amount of difference from the actual curve varies from person to person depending on the relative lengths of each person's spinous processes.
		Bony landmarks to locate the lumbar vertebrae are, the spinous process of L5 sits at or below the level of the illiac crests, and the 12th ribs connect to the 12th Thoracic vertebra.
	jeffreyburch.com /home/jb1/page/105/45 (2442 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Clay Shoveler's Fracture in a Volleyball Player
		In Brief: Clay shoveler's fracture is a repetitive stress injury that affects the spinous process of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine.
		The long, horizontal spinous processes of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine have relatively low resistance to stress and are subjected to considerable pull by the trapezius and rhomboid muscles (figure 4).
		The ligamentum nuchae is well developed in the cervical spine, where it forms an intermuscular septum attached to the external occipital protuberance and to the ends of the cervical spinous processes.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2005/0705/hetsroni.htm (1865 words)

	Anatomy Tables - Deep Back & Spinal Cord
		iliac crest, sacrum, transverse and spinous processes of vertebrae and supraspinal ligament
		a midline ligament that extends posteriorly from the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae and extends from the base of the skull to the 7th cervical vertebra
		A needle is inserted between the spinous processes of L3 and L4 or L4 and L5.
	anatomy.med.umich.edu /musculoskeletal_system/spinalcord_tables.html (3037 words)

	The Back
		The trapezius muscle originates from the external occipital protuberance, the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C7 and T1-T12.
		The rhomboid minor muscle originates from the spinous process of C7-T1 and ligamentum nuchae, and inserts on the upper 1/3rd of the verterbral border of the scapula.
		The rhomboid major muscle originates from the spinous process of T2-5 and inserts on the lower 2/3rds of the verterbral border of the scapula.
	www.ithaca.edu /faculty/lahr/LE2000/Back/Back_index.htm (1046 words)

	Anterior Triangle of the Neck
		The 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae are known as the typical cervical vertebrae because they all have the same characteristics and except for the foramen for the vertebral artery similar to other typical vertebrae of the spinal cord.
		transverse process (consists of a groove that carries a cervical spinal nerve and, of course the foramen for the vertebral artery)
		The spinous process of the 7 cervical vertebra is longer than those of the other cervical vertebrae and is not buried under the ligamentum nuchae of the neck.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wnor/lesson5.htm (1576 words)

	Spine
		This projection, located at the apex of the arch and bordered on the arch by the laminae, is known as the spinous process.
		The spinous processes of the sacrum and coccyx are generally fused together, to form a ridge called, in the sacrum, the sacral crest.
		To the outside of the intermediate sacral crests are the lateral crests, formed by the fused transverse processes of the component vertebrae.
	www.american.edu /adonahue/k6spine.htm (2552 words)

	Interspinous process spacers
		As seen in Figure 1 the spinous processes are located in the very back of the spinal column near the skin surface.
		The near proximity of the spinous processes to the skin allows for the implantation of interspinous process spacers with minimal operative intervention and spinal morbidity (unwanted aftereffects of the surgery).
		The interspinous process devices are designed to distract (open) the foramen, where the nerve endings pass away from the center of the spinal region and into the legs.
	www.spine-health.com /research/posterior/posterior02.html (1130 words)

	An Acupuncture Reflex System Used in Classical Chiropractic
		The four specific points are between the spinous process of C3/C4, between the spinous process of T4/T5-BL 14, Du 8-T9/T10-BL 18, and between the spinous process of L3/L4 (BL 24).
		The four specific points are between the spinous process of C4/C5, between T4/T5-BL 14, between the spinous process of T8/T9 (wei guan xia shu), and between the spinous process of L4/L5-BL 25.
		The specific points are between the spinous process of C5/C6, Du 11-T5/T6-BL 15, Du 10-T6/T7-BL 16 GV, Du 6-T11/T12-BL 20, Du 3-L4/L5-BL 25, and between the spinous process of L5/S1-BL26 (gate of origin).
	www.chiroweb.com /archives/24/09/01.html (1303 words)

	New Device Approval - X STOP Interspinous Process Decompression System
		The X STOP® is a titanium implant that fits between the spinous processes of the lower (lumbar) spine.
		Spinous processes are the thin projections from the back of the spinal bones to which muscle and ligaments are attached.
		acute fracture of the spinous process or pars interarticularis
	www.fda.gov /cdrh/mda/docs/p040001.html (392 words)

	MIR Teaching file case bs064 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The spinous processes were not well visualized on plain films although mild anterior compression of the vertebral body of T7 was noted.
		Given the mechanism of injury and the appearance of consecutive foci of uptake, these findings are most consistent with contusion and/or fractures of the spinous processes of T7-11 as well as compression fracture of T7.
		Increased uptake in the posterior spinous processes was quite subtle on the original film version of the planar images, though it can be seen on careful examination of the digital images shown here.
	gamma.wustl.edu /bs064te144.html (226 words)

	UAMS Department of Anatomy Gross Anatomy - Bones of the Back Region
		the transverse processes and spinous process are attached to the neural arch; the neural arch protects the spinal cord
		a lateral process the extends from the junction of the pedicle and the lamina of the vertebra
		processed that project inferiorly and superiorly from the junction of the lamina and pedicle of the vertebra
	anatomy.uams.edu /anatomyhtml/bones_back.html (1203 words)

	PT Central - Muscles of the Trunk
		Insertion: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C4
		thoracic region: from transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae
		Insertion: spinous process of all vertebrae extending from L5 - C2 (skipping 1-3 segments)
	www.ptcentral.com /muscles/muscletrunk.html (883 words)

	Paraspinal electromyography scanning - Patent 5058602
		measuring electrical potential across the person's spinous process bilaterally at the first thoracic segment, at the third thoracic segment, and every other segment of the spinous process progressing caudad and ending at the first sacral level.
		This process is thought to be part of a protective mechanism for lesions of the spinal column.
		A method of determining paravertebral muscular hyperactivity in a person comprising measuring electrical potential bilaterally across segments of the persons spinous process to obtain electrical potential measurements and comparing these measurements to a predetermined scale of electrical potential measurements.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5058602.html (6662 words)

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