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Topic: Spirant

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	The stop-spirant alternation in Spanish: converging evidence for a fortition account. - Journal, Magazine, Article, ...
		The goal of the study was to determine the level of frication of the spirant allophones relative to the approximant /1/ and to the fricatives /s, z/ by measuring noise components.
		The results of their investigation determined that the noise levels for the spirants were more similar to approximants such as /1/ than to fricatives such as /s/ or /z/, in that the noise levels were more periodic in nature--with periodicity being more characteristic of sonorants (such as approximants) and vowels than of obstruents.
		The spirantization pattern is said to originate historically in the postvocalic context and, in many dialects, the pattern is said to be gradually extending to other contexts of decreasing sonority, such as following glides, liquids, and the fricative [s] (Amastae 1995, Widdison 1997b).
	goliath.ecnext.com /coms2/summary_0199-3392005_ITM (2252 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for spirant
		It is a usual symbol for a glottal spirant, murmured (as in the English house) or voiceless (as in the English herb).
		It is a usual symbol for a voiced labiodental spirant, as in the English v at.
		In chemistry V is the symbol of the element vanadium.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=spirant (224 words)

	Germanic spirant law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, the Germanic spirant law or Primärberührung is a specific historical instance of assimilation which occurred at an early stage in the history of the Germanic languages and is regarded by some as being early enough to fall into the same general context as Grimm's and Verner's law.
		It will be seen that this development bears some similarities to the High German consonant shift, which caused the same voiceless stops to undergo the same change (though in different phonetic environments) in German, and the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, which caused a nasal to disappear before a spirant in English and Dutch.
		The effect of the Germanic spirant law can also be very neatly observed by comparing certain verbs with related nouns.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Germanic_spirant_law (419 words)

	Linguistique UNIL - Spirants
		Spirants involve the same restriction of the speech canal as fricatives, but the speech organs are substantially less tense during the articulation of a spirant.
		This symbol represents the fricative as well as the spirant, according to the degree of tension of the articulators.
		The spirant is the lax counterpart of the stop [b].
	www.unil.ch /ling/page24537.html (333 words)

	Brithenig Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spirant mutation marks nouns, adjectives and verbs as plural, it is also used with the prepositions tra, through, and a, to, at, and the conjunction mai, but.
		The infinitive of a verb is speech normally undergoes spirant mutation, unless the preceding verb was an auxiliary verb.
		Nasal mutation is used with the negative adverb rhen to mark verbs as negative, it is also used with the preposition in, in, into and cun, with.
	hobbit.griffler.co.nz /mutations.html (416 words)

	Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (also called the Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic nasal spirant law) is a description of a phonological development in some dialects of West Germanic, which is attested in Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon.
		By this sound change, in the combination vowel + nasal + fricative, the nasal disappeared, with compensatory lengthening of the vowel.
		("Spirant" is an older term for "fricative".) The sequences in question are original -ns-, -mf-, and -nþ-.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Anglo-Frisian_nasal_spirant_law (448 words)

	Germanic spirant law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In linguistics, the Germanic spirant law or PrimÃ¤rberÃ¼hrung is a specific historical instance of assimilation which occurred at an early stage in the history of the Germanic languages and is regarded by some as being early enough to fall into the same general context as Grimm's and Verner's law.
		It will be seen that this development bears some similarities to the High German consonant shift, which caused the same voiceless stops to undergo the same change (though in different phonetic environments) in German, and the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, which caused a nasal to disappear before a spirant in English and Dutch.
		The effect of the Germanic spirant law can also be very neatly observed by comparing certain verbs with related nouns.
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /g/e/r/Germanic_spirant_law.html (435 words)

	Fricative consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers.
		Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
		These are the lower lip against the upper teeth in the case of [f], or the back of the tongue against the soft palate in the case of German [x], the final consonant of Bach.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spirant (503 words)

	TITUS Texts: Yajur-Veda: Taittiriya-Pratisakhya
		After a surd spirant followed by a mute is inserted a first mute of the same position with the latter, as abhinidhāna.
		A first mute followed by a spirant is changed into its corresponding aspirate.
		According to hārīta, a surd spirant is not doubled.
	titus.uni-frankfurt.de /texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/tp/tp014.htm (305 words)

	Linguistique UNIL - True fricatives
		This symbol stands for both a fricative articulation and a spirant articulation, according to the degree of tension of the articulators (see figure 3.15 below).
		This spirant can be considered the lax counterpart of the the stop [p].
		This symbol stands for both a fricative articulation and a spirant articulation, according to the degree of tension of the articulators.
	www.unil.ch /ling/page24535.html (815 words)

	Cymdeithas Gymreig Maesbedr: Tudalen y Dysgwyr. Treigladau
		You only need to be aware of them when looking words up in the dictionary, and to some extent whilst listening to native speakers.
		All the Welsh grammars say Welsh has 3 types of mutation — soft, nasal and spirant, and 9 consonants that are mutable.
		Spirant mutation changes 'c-' to 'ch-, 'p-' to 'ph-' and 't-' to 'th-' in the following circumstances :-
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~scrol/pws/tudalennaudysgwyr/treigladau.html (714 words)

	Differences with E.S.R.'s proposal — Vodka Pomme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is untrue, and this being untrue explains why the fricative "s" and "z" are exiled from the Tengwar table.
		The problem is that Lojban's "c" and "j" are the spirant "equivalents" of "s" and "z", which are fricatives.
		[1] consonants are said "fricatives" when air is breathed with force in the corresponding position of the mouth, usually because the passage of air is restricted (as with "s"); on the other hand, consonants are "spirants" when air flows smoothly (like in the arabic spirant "h").
	vodka-pomme.net /projects/tengwar-for-lojban/diffesr/document_view (962 words)

	Indo-European Phonetic System: Spirant
		This is not typical, by the way, for modern Indo-European tongues: the majority of them is much richer in spirants.
		For today's languages of the Indo-European family it is habitual to have voiced and voiceless pairs of spirants: so it is even more interesting to find that Proto-Indo-Europeans used the sound [s] widely without its voiceless counterpart.
		Still, the question of the labialized spirant in Proto-Indo-European is a matter for discussions.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/phonetics/ie6.html (695 words)

	Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar
		The seventeen consonants are divided into stops (or mutes), spirants, liquids, nasals, and double consonants.
		A spirant is heard when the breath passage of the oral cavity is so narrowed that a rubbing noise is produced by an expiration.
		Modern Greek has the spirantic sounds, and these, though at variance with classical pronunciation, are now usually adopted.
	www.ccel.org /s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1a_uni.htm (1209 words)

	Indo-European Phonetic System: Principal Stops
		It seems that Germanic reflexes of Indo-European voiced stops had spirant allophones which are evident in Gothic.
		Different situation in the word could cause their transformation into other sounds practically in every language: stops could become spirants (as in Germanic, Albanian, Iranian, Italic), or sibilants (as in Tocharian and Umbrian) or sonants (e.g., the 'rhotacism' in Latin and Hittite).
		The originally very rich system of Indo-European stops with only one spirant was transformed into a balanced system of both stops and spirants.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/phonetics/ie5.html (655 words)

	AFRASIAN PHONOLOGY
		The pharyngal voiceless spirant, HH[y], merged into the laryngal voiceless spirant, H[y].
		All voiceless spirants (except H and HH; ¿ is here considered a voiceless pharyngal stop), including those in affricates, were voiced: S became Z and X became g ("gamma" - voiced dorsal spirant);
		The spirants Z([H]) and g([H]) were de-voiced to s and x* (post-velar /x/), including as second elements in affricates;
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/2803/c-AFRASIAN-3_phonology.htm (1354 words)

	TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LA... - Online Information article about TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LA... (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In all other cases they became voiceless spirants, f, p, x, (h).
		This voiced spirant subsequently became r in all Teutonic languages except Gothic, where however the distinction between voiced and voiceless spirants is not well preserved; e.g.
		voiced spirants when final (also before s) became voiceless; e.g.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org.cob-web.org:8888 /TAV_THE/TEUTONIC_GERMANIC_LANGUAGES.html (4524 words)

	COMMENTARIA IN QUATUOR LIBROS SENTENTIARUM -- Lib. I, d. 11, a. 1, q. 2: S. BONAVENTURAE
		Si in quantum sunt idem in notione; hoc nihil est, quia non ideo spirant, quia sunt spiratores, sed e converso.
		Et hoc est quod dicit Anselmus, quod Pater et Filius spirant, secundum quod uterque est idem Deus, non secundum quod Deus simpliciter, sed secundum quod Deus in utroque; hoc est considerare voluntatem in personis.
		Alii dicunt, quod sicut potentia generandi dicit naturam in persona, ita essentiam personaliter, sic vis spirativa volunatem dicit, ut voluntas est in personis, in quibus est fecunda;
	www.franciscan-archive.org /bonaventura/opera/bon01214.html (3899 words)

	Coulter V. Carlin on Leno Tonight - Page 5 - The Slush Factory Forum
		Spirant, and once again how does a spoken sound have any bearing on an online "conversation" that is entirely in written form?
		Unless you are now advocating that asseverating gobbledygook is conducive to discourse.
		Look up "spirant" in the dictionary; the definition is one word long...
	www.slushfactory.com /forums/showthread.php?threadid=6002&perpage=20&pagenumber=5 (407 words)

	Amazon.com: "spirant mutation": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The spirant mutation, in standard usage, involves frictionalisation of the tense plosives /p t k/>/f 0 x/.
		Note that this dialect also has an occasional voicing of the voiceless fricatives which result from stops by the spirant mutation, e.
		There are also variations known as nasal mutation and spirant mutation.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/spirant-mutation (531 words)

	Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (also called the Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic nasal spirant law) is a description of a phonological development in some dialects of West Germanic, which is attested in Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon.
		("Spirant" is an older term for "fricative".) The sequences in question are original -ns-, -mf-, and -nÃ¾-.
		One consequence of this is that English has very few words ending in -nth; those which do exist must be more recent than the productive period of the Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law:
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /i/n/g/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law.html (409 words)

	(Type a title for your page here)
		If elsewhere in a word, sounds like 'v', "d" sounds like the soft "th" in "then", and "g" sounds like a voiced guttural spirant (a little like the Parisian French 'r', but with no hint of a trill in it).
		"th" is the hard 'th' as in "think"; "ch" is a voiceless guttural spirant, like the German Ach-laut or the proper Scottish pronunciation of the last sound of "loch".
		If elsewhere in a word, "b" sounds like 'v', "d" sounds like the soft "th" in "then", and "g" sounds like a voiced guttural spirant (a little like the Parisian French 'r', but with no hint of a trill in it).
	www.fortunecity.com /bally/dublin/68/pron.html (766 words)

	Spirant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In historical linguistics, the Anglo-Frisian nasal spirant law is a description of a philological development in some dialects of West Germanic which affected consonants in English and in Frisian.
		It states that when a Germanic word contained the combination vowel + nasal + spirant (or fricative), the nasal disappeared, with compensatory lengthening of the vowel.
		The /n/ has disappeared in English, Frisian and Old Saxon, with compensatory lengthening of the /u/.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/169/spirant.html (227 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Chapter 2: The Phonological System of PIE
		But they differ in their phonetic interpretation of this series; some assume that they were stops, others that they were spirants.
		But the circumstances under which such spirantization takes place have not yet been determined; for not all combinations of dental and velar show such spirantization.
		Benveniste examines the words for which such spirants are assumed in Le problème du þ indo-européen, BSL 38.139-47 (1937), and offers no solution.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/piep02.html (5245 words)

	spirant
		Grep of noun spirant antiperspirant aspirant spirant spiranthes spiranthes cernua spiranthes porrifolia spiranthes romanzoffiana spiranthes spiralis Overview of noun spirant The noun spirant has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1.
		fricative consonant, fricative, spirant -- (a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract) Overview of adj spirant The adj spirant has 1 sense (no senses from tagged texts) 1.
		fricative, sibilant, spirant -- (produced by forcing air through a constricted passage (as `f'.
	www.beetfoundation.com /words/s/alt.spirant.html (202 words)

	COMMENTARIA IN QUATUOR LIBROS SENTENTIARUM -- Lib. I, d. 29, a. 2, q. 2: S. BONAVENTURAE
		Likewise, that They are “the same principle”, seems, because a non-multiplied unity causes an omnimodal identity; but the Father and the Son are the one principle of the Holy Spirit, such that the unity of the principle in no manner is multiplied in Them:
		Et ad illud quod primo obiicitur, quod sunt unum principium, quia unica spiratione spirant; dicendum, quod haec non est tota ratio; sed haec est tota ratio, quia unica spiratione et unica virtute et in unitate naturae spirant eundem; et principium hoc modo importat illam notionem: et ideo sunt unum principium.
		And because the unity of a principle is compatible with a plurality of Persons, for that reason that (objection) is clear.
	www.franciscan-archive.org /bonaventura/opera/bon01515.html (3039 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.1596: Phonetics: s/z/h Alteration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, the conditions for the s : h alternation seem to be different, more simple: h appears in all intervocalic positions, not just in the beginning of closed syllables, as the weak grade in the consonant gradation did.
		These new instances of postvocalic t [being preaspirated?] were lenited to spirant* *th.
		(Unlike Jackson 1967, 317-319, I cannot see the Brittonic phenomenon as a direct change from geminate voiceless stop to spirant.) Besides the voiceless spirant th, Brittonic had a voiced spirant* *dh ('eth', 'delta'), maintained in Welsh (spelt dd).
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-1596.html (1790 words)

	Amazon.com: "velar spirant": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There are numerous morphemes in German which display the velar spirant in some forms and the palatal one in others.
		or neither may protrude; the articulation may be quite impure and accompanied by synchronous articulations, such as a x-like (velar spirant) or sh-like sound.
		Colonial Yucatec had the velar spirant j as well as Is, but they were not differentiated in transcription; modern Yucatec has only h.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/velar-spirant (519 words)

	LINGUIST List 7.1164: TH-substitution
		I had posted the following question on Linguist List: Dear list members, Most languages appear to lack a dental spirant as the english th is (I mean basically the voiceless variant here), so when speakers of such languages try to imitate such a spirant they are likely to replace it by something else.
		Allison Mary Teasdale is also working on this subject; she recently posted a query on linguist list where her approach is described.
		Let me add additional observations from Ancient Egyptian: There is quite a lot of Semitic loan words in Egyptian around 1200 or 1000 B.C. Here the voiceless dental spirant of Semitic is rendered regularly as /s/, the voiced by /t-/ or /d-/ in about equal distribution.
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/7/7-1164.html (676 words)

	Spirant
		The word "spirant" uses 7 letters: A I N P R S T.
		List all words starting with spirant, words containing spirant or words ending with spirant
		All words formed from spirant by changing one letter
	www.morewords.com /word/spirant (167 words)

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