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Topic: Split ergativity

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	Split ergativity -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The Australian language (A language of Australian aborigines) Dyirbal behaves ergatively in all (additional info and facts about morphosyntactic) morphosyntactic contexts, except when one of these is involved.
		When a first or second person pronoun appears, however, it is marked according to a (additional info and facts about nominative-accusative) nominative-accusative pattern (with the least marked case when it is the subject, and with the most marked case when it is the object).
		A verb in the perfect aspect causes its arguments to be marked using an ergative pattern, while the imperfect aspect triggers accusative marking.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/split_ergativity.htm (296 words)

	Ergative-absolutive language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An ergative-absolutive language (or simply ergative) is one that treats the subject of transitive verbs distinctly from the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs.
		Ergative languages are in contrast to nominative-accusative languages (such as English), which treat the object of transitive verbs distinctly from the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs.
		Georgian also has an ergative alignment, but the subject is only marked with the ergative case for transitive verbs in the past tense (also known as the "aorist screeve").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ergativity (1063 words)

	Split ergativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Split ergativity is shown by languages that have a partly ergative behaviour, but employ another syntax or morphology (usually accusative) in some contexts.
		When a first or second person pronoun appears, however, it is marked according to a nominative-accusative pattern (with the least marked case when it is the subject, and with the most marked case when it is the object).
		An example of split ergativity conditioned by tense/aspect is found in the Urdu and Hindi languages, that have an ergative case on subjects in tenses showing perfective aspect for transitive and ditransitive verbs (not for intransitive verbs), while for other cases subjects appear in nominative case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Split_ergativity (343 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Many languages classified as ergative in fact show split ergativity, whereby syntactic and/or morphological ergative pattern are conditioned by some part of the...
		221 The origin of NP split ergativity Andrew Garett 261 A discourse explanation of the grammar of relative clauses in English...
		HirschbÃ¼hler and M.-L. Rivero 591 An interpretation of split ergativity and related patterns Scott deLancey 626 Subject-object concord in Coahuilteco Rudolph C. Troike 658 The loss of the negative particle...
	split_ergativity.iqexpand.com (452 words)

	Ergativity in Indo-Aryan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The existence of clitic reversing in parallel to ergativity damages the claim that old Persian is an ancestor of Kurdish.
		We might thus expect a split ergative system conditioned by aspect or tense, where the ergative is found in perfect tense or past tense, to be likely to have a passive origin.
		A rexamination of the accusative to ergative shift in indo-aryan.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/KURDICA/2001/3/ergativity.html (1467 words)

	Georgian: Verbal Syntax and Ergativity
		Ergativity in and of itself is not exceptionally marked in a language, although traditional linguistics, which has been based upon the work of Indo-European-speaking scholars, for whom ergativity seemed foreign and therefore unnatural, has tended to regard ergativity as something strange or uncommon.
		The Caucasian language family is one of the most significant in terms of European ergative language groups; most of its members have some form of ergativity inherent to their syntax and structure, and offer interesting cases of study since they have been fairly well-documented and are still readily accessible to field workers.
		This system of split ergativity according to the tense system is very rare, and is shared only by Chol, a Mayan language of Mexico, which, however, assigns the ergative and absolutive cases somewhat differently.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/L12paper.html (1666 words)

	Ergativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Topics to be considered include morphological vs. syntactic case, types of split ergative systems, the factors conditioning split ergative morphology, the notion of 'subject' in ergative systems, syntactic pivots, and the treatment of ergativity in different syntactic frameworks.
		The aims of the seminar are to examine data from language families not case-marked in the familiar European manner, to help participants understand different case systems, to investigate the nature of grammatical relations cross-linguistically, and to consider their treatment in current syntactic theories.
		The topic may either be a case study of an ergative language or a discussion of some of the issues raised in class.
	www.dur.ac.uk /Linguistics/syllabi/crosslx.html (263 words)

	ipedia.com: Split ergativity Article
		Split ergativity is shown by languages that have a partly ergative behaviour, but employ another syntax or morphology in some contexts.
		In fact, most of the so-called ergative languages are not pure b...
		The use of certain tenses and/or aspectss in the verb.
	www.ipedia.com /split_ergativity.html (296 words)

	Iranica.com - ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION
		An ergative construction is then one in which S has grammatical properties identical to those of O, and distinct from those of A.
		To put it differently, in a full ergative construction involving both verb-agreement and case-marking, called by some Iranists also "passive" construction, and used with the past tenses of transitive verbs, the verb accords not with its "agent" or "logical subject" (A), which is put in the oblique case, but with its object (O).
		It should be noted that Pashto, and ergative Iranian languages generally, exhibit what is known as split ergativity, since the ergative construction is found only in clauses using tenses based on the past stem of the verb.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f5/v8f566.html (1332 words)

	Case: Interaction between Syntax and Discourse Grammar
		The phenomenon of split ergativity shows that, contrary to the usual description, the only real difference between nominative-accusative languages and ergative languages is the existence of ergative Case.
		1 This view of the moral of split ergativity contradicts the conventional wisdom, according to which one argument of a transitive clause must be marked with morphological Case to avoid ambiguity.
		Jelinek's explanation of animacy- and definiteness-based splits is based on the theory of Diesing (1992), according to which at LF definite nominals are outside VP and indefinite nominals are inside.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /LFG/3/falk.html (4528 words)

	Ergativity main page
		I argue that ergative case is not equivalent to nominative nor to accusative case in that it is direct, inherent and assigned internally to vP to the external agent argument.
		Thus, at least one instance of syntactic ergativity is shown to be a manifestation of morphological ergativity.
		We conclude that ergativity characteristics vary not only from language to language but even within languages and within particular constructions raising serious doubt as to whether there is a macroparameter of ergativity and even whether there is a necessary clustering of ergative characteristics in any construction.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~ajohns/ergativity.html (1437 words)

	Ergative-absolutive language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		An ergative-absolutive language (or just ergative language) is one that marks the subject of transitive verbs distinctly from the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs.
		The subject of a transitive verb is marked with a case conventionally known as "ergative".
		The first form is in the absolutive case (marked by a null morpheme) and the second form is in the ergative case (marked by a suffixed -k).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/E/Ergative-absolutive-language.htm (835 words)

	individual book page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In the ensuing 30 years he has worked on many other languages with ergative systems, most recently in Amazonia, and few linguists are better prepared than D. to write the definitive book on the subject.
		This volume is essentially a survey of the types of ergativity found in the world, presented in a relatively theory-neutral framework.
		Chapters include: Introduction; Syntactically based and semantically based marking; Intra-clausal or morphological ergativity; Types of split ergativity; The category of ‘subject’; Inter-clausal or syntactic ergativity; Language change; and The rationale for ergativity.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/books/indbook/b244.htm (183 words)

	Linguistic typology Article, Linguistictypology Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Another common classification is whether the language is accusative or ergative.
		If the language has cases, this is determined by whether the subject of an intransitive verb has the same case as the subject or theobject of a transitive verb.
		ergative morphology marking the verb arguments,on top of an accusative syntax), or behaves ergatively only in some contexts (this is called split ergativity, and is usually based on the grammatical person of the arguments or in thetense/aspect of the verb).
	www.anoca.org /verb/subject/linguistic_typology.html (423 words)

	Split ergativity in Shuswap Salish
		We provide an analysis in which Shuswap is shown to have a split ergative morphological case marking system.
		Split ergative systems frequently make a distinction based on aspect.
		Split ergative phenomena often appear on the basis of clausal type.
	www.vjf.cnrs.fr /celia/FichExt/Am/A_16_04.htm (1117 words)

	Split-agreement and ergativity in Pashto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		This dual criterion for ergativity can result in verbal agreement that is 'split' in a single sentence, one element of the verb agreeing with the object, and the other element of the verb agreeing with the subject.
		This split agreement pattern also appears in the imperative mood of compound verbs, which are similarly formed from both present and past perfective auxiliaries.
		Although both parts here agree with the object (since the verb is past tense), evidence for their separate status comes from non-past perfectives and imperatives (34d), since in those constructions, the two parts of the compound verb agree with different constituents of the sentence.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~siamakr/Kurdish/KURDICA/2001/3/trpashto.htm (3351 words)

	[No title]
		Ergative languages make a distinction between the Subjects (S) of intransitive verbs as compared to the Agents (A) of transitive verbs.
		At a minimum, what one would like to see in a language which is proposed as ergative would be some kind of ergative mark, whether a special case marking or a syntactic signal.
		It also will not do to call this "split ergativity" as he seems to do on p.266: "Since both meanings are seen in connection with the same form we have an example of split ergativity." Again, polysemy and split ergativity are two different things.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/V03/v03.n071 (4333 words)

	Dave's Language Creation Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Essentially (and you should take that word with a bucketful of kosher salt), ergativity is this: In English (a nominative-accusative language), the subject of a sentence with a transitive verb and the subject of a sentence with an intransitive verb are treated alike; direct objects of transitive verbs are treated differently.
		Finally, the ergative case is the name for a case that marks the subject of a transitive verb (not necessarily the agent) in ergative-absolutive languages.
		A good many first-time ergative languages are not pristine, but usually it's unconcious, because, since English is a nominative-accusative language with no case marking, it seems natural to always put the subject on the same side of the verb.
	dedalvs.free.fr /notes.html (13067 words)

	Encyclopedia: Grammatical gender
		The Dyirbal language is well known for its system of four noun classes, which tend to be divided along the following semantic lines: Jump to: navigation, search The Australian Aboriginal languages comprise several language families and isolates native to Australia and a few nearby islands, but by convention excluding Tasmania.
		Dyirbal (also Djirubal) is an ergative Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northeast Queensland by about 5 speakers.
		Jump to: navigation, search Bats, or Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb, Batsaw, is the language of the Bats people, a Caucasian minority group, and is part of the Nakh family of Caucasian languages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Grammatical-gender (6773 words)

	Some handouts for Stan Starosta's courses
		Ergativity, transitivity, and clitic coreference in four Western Austronesian languages [et_blak'.rtf] Ergativity exercise [b459.rtf]
		Lexicase meets ergativity in the land of Oz [b450.rtf]
		Lexicase meets ergativity: a lexicase analysis of Mika's Ilokano examples from Gerdts 1988 [b449.rtf]
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stanley/cptadm.html (420 words)

	[No title]
		WomanABS dances “The woman dances.” A distinction is made between: morphological ergativity (refers to the surface case forms) syntactic ergativity (patterns of linking of thematic roles such as agent and patient to grammatical relations such as subject and object).
		The more the number of semantic factors which condition split case-marking across languages, the larger the set of constraints which are posited to be universal.
		Overt (ergative) case should be assigned to agents which are somehow "marked" (in the grammatical role of subject) and hence confusable with patients.
	www.mpi.nl /world/persons/private/bhuvana/lsa03_hdout.doc (2625 words)

	Ling 640X-ReadingList
		Ergativity, transitivity, and clitic coreference in four Western Austronesian languages.
		Gerdts, Donna B. Antipassives and causatives in Ilokano: Evidence for an ergative analysis.
		Anderson, Stephen R. On the notion of subject in ergative languages.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~hsiuchua/Ling_640X-ReadingList.html (302 words)

	Dictionary Split (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		, stock split, split up -- an increase in the number of outstanding shares of a corporation without changing the shareholders' equity; "they announced a two-for-one split of the common stock"
		-- the act of rending or ripping or splitting something; "he gave the envelope a vigorous rip"
		-- broken or burst apart longitudinally; "after the thunderstorm we found a tree with a split trunk"; "they tore big juicy chunks from the heart of the split watermelon"
	www.dictionarydefinition.net /Split.html (412 words)

	A new perspective on grammatical voice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Modern understandings of voice phenomena in terms of diathetic alternation (or change in the relationship between the subject and object of a verb) fail to align such a familiar voice opposition as active and passive with various other phenomena including the active-inactive/stative opposition, split case-marking phenomena (including split-ergativity), and the direct-inverse system.
		What is explored here is a direction toward a new conception of voice that permits a coherent and comprehensive treatment of various phenomena.
		It is further shown that the universals of voice constructions can be arrived at in terms of the correlation between event configuration (i.e., the nature of the origin and the terminal point of an action) and the form of the voice construction (i.e., the markedness relation between the relevant voice constructions).
	greenberg-conference.stanford.edu /Shibatani_Abstract.htm (322 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Ergativity
		Kibrik, Alexandr E. "Semantically ergative languages in typological perspective."
		Jones, Linda K. "The question of ergativity in Yawa, a Papuan language."
		"Split ergativity in Siane: a study in markedness."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=ERG (146 words)

	EGG03 Course: "Ergativity: Splitting Hairs" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Such languages are called split ergative because they show the ergative marking pattern in one half of the grammar, and the more familiar nominative-accusative marking pattern in the other half.
		Ergative case is like an inherent Case for agents, that happens to interact with the rest of the case system, illustrated in Nez Perce
		Ergative case is assigned in a lower domain than Nominative: Using external tests of quantifier scope in Hindi
	www.ai.mit.edu /projects/dm/erg.html (390 words)

	Syntactic Structures of Ergative Systems -- Bibliographic Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		This bibliography provides references to works examining patterns of co-occurrence of sentence elements in languages whose morphology and/or syntax prominently or predominantly distinguishes between the subject of a transitive verb (ergative case) and the subject of an intransitive verb or object of a transitive verb (absolutive case).
		Split Ergativity in Basque: The Pre-Basque Antipassive-Imperfective Hypothesis
		Fluid Ergativity in Gujarati and Kashmiri and the Notion of Suspension
	csa.lib.tsinghua.edu.cn /csa/e_products/bacontent/LLB000452.html (1608 words)

	Scott DeLancey Publications--by topic
		Modern Tibetan: A case study in ergative typology.
		Ergativity and the cognitive model of event structure in Lhasa Tibetan.
		The historical status of the conjunct/disjunct pattern in Tibeto-Burman.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/pubs/pubtop.html (911 words)

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