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Topic: Spontaneous generation

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	Abiogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aristotle explicitly taught this form of abiogenesis, and laid it down as an observed fact that some animals spring from putrid matter, that plant lice arise from the dew which falls on plants, that fleas are developed from putrid matter, that mice come from dirty hay, and so forth.
		From the 17th century onwards it was gradually shown that, at least in the case of all the higher and readily visible organisms, spontaneous generation did not occur, but that omne vivum ex ovo, every living thing came from a pre-existing living thing.
		This argument is generally understood to assert false presuppositions, namely that that Earth is in a closed system, which it is not since it receives energy from the Sun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spontaneous_generation (1329 words)

	Pasteur, fermentation, contagion, and proving a negative
		Redi did not disprove spontaneous generation as such, as Magner notes, but his experiments did "shrink the battle from the generation of macroscopic creatures to the small new world of infusoria and animalcules discovered by van Leeuwenhoek" {Magner 267}.
		Schwann, trying to prove that spontaneous generation did not occur on meat, showed that the air in the flasks used to prove that meat would not putrefy when boiled was still "vital" by using it to grow yeast on boiled cane sugar.
		Spontaneous generation had been previously attacked for being irreligious, as the event was due to the chance recombination of molecules.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/abioprob/spontaneous-generation.html (8597 words)

	Alan Colburn's Web Site
		This doctrine was called spontaneous generation, and was substantiated by evidence of frogs appearing from mud, flies from rotting fruit and flesh, and other commonly witnessed occurrences by the pre-science world.
		This new evidence reaffirmed the doctrine of spontaneous generation, as apparently the life was simple enough that scientists believed it might have formed spontaneously.
		By 1862 when he wrote his first memoirs concerning spontaneous generation, Pasteur was already a popular and prominent scientist due to his discoveries of bacterial fermentation and the process we now know as pasteurization.
	www.csulb.edu /~acolburn/SCED496/Spontaneous_Generation.htm (1376 words)

	Creationist claims about Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
		Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur proved in the middle of the eighteenth century that the concept of "spontaneous generation" was indeed false.
		To believe that life spontaneously resulted from dead matter because of an electrical charge from some unknown source is to return to this false concept of spontaneous generation.
		Spontaneous generation is the notion that biological life, in and of itself, may be "jump started" from inorganic materials.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/abioprob/creationist.html (2273 words)

	spontaneous generation -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Among the many philosophical and religious ideas advanced to answer this question, one of the most popular was the theory of spontaneous generation, according to which, as already mentioned, living organisms could originate from nonliving matter.
		His influence regarding this concept of spontaneous generation was still felt as late as...
		The first serious attack on the idea of spontaneous generation of life was made in 1668 by Francesco Redi, an Italian physician, who proved that maggots did not arise spontaneously in decaying matter, as commonly believed, but from eggs deposited there by flies.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9069208?&query=abiogenesis&ct= (879 words)

	The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859)
		For example, a seventeenth century recipe for the spontaneous production of mice required placing sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an open-mouthed jar, then waiting for about 21 days, during which time it was alleged that the sweat from the underwear would penetrate the husks of wheat, changing them into mice.
		The theory of spontaneous generation was finally laid to rest in 1859 by the young French chemist, Louis Pasteur.
		Pasteur had both refuted the theory of spontaneous generation and convincingly demonstrated that microorganisms are everywhere - even in the air.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.html (611 words)

	Abiogenesis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Abiogenesis ((A native or inhabitant of Greece) Greek a-bio-genesis, "non biological origins") is, in its most general sense, the hypothetical generation of life from non-living matter.
		This was mostly disproved by (Italian physiologist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation (1729-1799)) Lazzaro Spallanzani, who, in 1768, proved that (A minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use) microbes came from the air, and could be killed by boiling.
		It should be noted that Yockey, in general, posesses a highly critical attitude toward people who give credence toward natural origins of life, often invoking words like "faith" and "ideology".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ab/abiogenesis.htm (1183 words)

	Spontaneous Generation of Life
		Spontaneous generation of life in nature, without a Supernatural controlling factor such as a Creator, is a chemical scientific impossibility.
		Spontaneous generation of life is a chemical scientific impossibility.
		The reason why evolutionary scientists hold onto the theory of spontaneous generation so tenaciously is because of their undying belief that all that exists is matter and its motion.
	www.layevangelism.com /qreference/chapter42.htm (5234 words)

	Why Is Abiogenesis Impossible? - ChristianAnswers.Net
		The variety of cells generated by this process eventually developed the machinery required to do all that was necessary to survive, reproduce, and create the next generation of cells in their likeness.
		The spontaneous generation of life theory eventually was proved false by hundreds of research studies such as the 1668 experiment by Italian physician Francesco Redi (1626-1697).
		Nearly all biologists were convinced by the latter half of the nineteenth century that spontaneous generation of all types of living organisms was impossible (Bergman, 1993a).
	christiananswers.net /q-crs/abiogenesis.html (9558 words)

	Evolution - Spontaneous Generation
		By this margin, "spontaneous generation" escapes being classified as a "miracle." Neither does it make issue with the principle of continuity or uniformity of law, as would seem to be the case upon first consideration.
		Therefore, a scientist who needs the hypothesis of "spontaneous generation" to complete his theory should not seriously object to other scientists supplying various hypotheses for the missing links in their theories.
		"Spontaneous generation" appears to some to be a "miracle." If one "miracle" is slipped into the argument, the way is opened for others which may appear equally reasonable.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles29/evolution-10.shtml (1171 words)

	Abiogenesis
		Aristotelian abiogenesis, also known as spontaneous generation, (and, in older texts, Generatio acquivoca, Generatio primaria, archegenesis, autogenesis, and archebiosis), was the theory according to which fully formed living organisms sometimes arise from not-living matter.
		Different hypotheses for modern abiogenetic processes are currently under debate; see, for example, RNA world hypothesis, proteinoid, Miller experiment.
		Spontaneous Generation and the Origin of Life - an article part of the Talk.Origins FAQ
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/a/ab/abiogenesis.html (779 words)

	spontaneous generation
		Spontaneous generation was proposed by Aristotle, espoused by theologians in the Middle Ages, including Thomas Aquinas, and upheld by the likes of William Harvey and Isaac Newton.
		Only when the hypothesis was properly put to the test by experiments, such as those of Redi (1668) Spallanzani (1765), de La Tour (1837), Schwann and, most decisively, by Pasteur (1862), was it seen to be in error.
		Farley, J. The Spontaneous Generation Controversy from Descartes to Oparin.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/spontgen.html (229 words)

	Spontaneous Generation
		After this experiment, people were willing to acknowledge that “larger” organisms didn’t arise by spontaneous generation, but had to have parents.
		He claimed that there was a “life force” present in the molecules of all inorganic matter, including air and the oxygen in it, that could cause spontaneous generation to occur, thus accounting for the presence of bacteria in his soups.
		The prize was claimed in 1864 by Louis Pasteur, as he published the results of an experiment he did to disproved spontaneous generation in these microscopic organisms.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio114/spontgen.htm (2009 words)

	Evolution and the Spontaneous Generation Debate - Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Georges Cuvier had laughed to scorn Lamarck's speculations about electricity and mud and consequent spontaneous generation of worms, and everyone had had a fine old time over the Vestigenarian's speculations about frost ferns and their relationship to living beings.
		The Spontaneous Generation Controversy from Descartes to Oparin [1977]) was in fact far from totally opposed to the emergence of life from non-life.
		They could not afford the whiff of heresy that surrounded spontaneous generation - as today's science-doubters show, the origin of life is even more threatening than simple evolution - and in any case new life from nothing seemed dangerously threatening to the germ theory of disease.
	www.thoemmes.com /science/evolution_rev.htm (1385 words)

	Rednova NEWS \| Sparks of Life: Darwinism and the Victorian Debates over Spontaneous Generation / Evolution and the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		On the medical side, there was belief in spontaneous generation, indifference to micro-organisms in disease and deference to the traditional authority of the clinician.
		On the non-medical side, there was scepticism about spontaneous generation, indifference to the constitution of the diseased person and deference to the rising authority of the physiologist.
		He made exactly the connections between evolution, spontaneous generation, the germ theory of disease and the correlation of forces that Stride prepares his readers to appreciate.
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=15854 (2284 words)

	Theory of Spontaneous Generation
		Spontaneous generation implies that life can arise from non-living substances.
		Probably the best argument against spontaneous generation is the fact that no experiment ever performed has produced any living material from dead atoms.
		I don't know whether or not spontaneous generation is actually possible, and I can live without having an answer.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/gen01/gen01517.htm (1021 words)

	BILL MORGAN'S QUESTION: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
		Spontaneous generation is the assembly of fully formed complex organisms out of inanimate material in short periods of time; it is an abrupt, all-at-once process.
		All that you are trying to accomplish by equating abiogenesis with the long-discredited idea of spontaneous generation is to discredit evolution through association, even though evolution does not depend on abiogenesis (which you already know, or should know).
		It's called spontaneous generation." "Life starting from non-life" is called Abiogenesis, as opposed to the general observation of life coming from life, or Biogenesis.
	members.aol.com /billyjack6/morgan/q_spontaneous.html (1881 words)

	Spontaneous generation and amplification of optical activity in
		Spontaneous generation and amplification of optical activity in
		We report here that this process can take place with centrosymmetric crystals of glycine, in a way that may be of relevance to the generation of optical activity during prebiotic evolution.
		The addition of a particular enantiomer of a hydro-phobic amino acid orientates the floating crystals in such a way that the face that occludes amino acids of the opposite chirality is exposed to the solution.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/310161a0 (285 words)

	The Scientific Method
		Some people claimed that there was a “life force” present in the molecules of all inorganic matter, including air and the oxygen in it, that could cause spontaneous generation to occur, thus accounting for the presence of bacteria in spoiled soups.
		From general premises, a scientist would extrapolate to specific results: if all organisms have cells and humans are organisms, then humans should have cells.
		Generally, in the scientific method, if a particular hypothesis/premise is true and “X” experiment is done, then one should expect (prediction) a certain result.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio104/sci_meth.htm (3745 words)

	Introductory Biology Courseware (111)- Origin of Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		(spontaneous generation) is possible: new life arises from non-life regularly as we can easily observe when meat is left on the ground and turns into maggots (more on Aristotle*).
		Later, Needham (1748) concluded that spontaneous generation could occur after he conducted a flawed experiment involving boiled meat broth placed in closed (but unsterilized containers).
		In 1861, Pasteur used 'swan neck flasks' in experiments on spontaneous generation and addressed criticisms which had been directed toward his predecessors' experimental results.
	tidepool.st.usm.edu /crswr/111originoflife.html (1958 words)

	Maggots, Mice and ... Stanley Miller? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		In the end, Louis Pasteur was the one to land the decisive blow against spontaneous generation with his swan-neck experiments that proved that microorganisms came from the air and not from decaying substances.
		He predicted that spontaneous generation would never recover now that the paradigm had shifted to the belief that all life must come from previous life.
		Pasteur was correct that spontaneous generation as it was conceived of then, is an impossibility for the present Phanerozoic epoch we live in; however, his authority does not extend to preclude the more refined, scientific notion of spontaneous generation concerning chemical evolution of the past Archean epoch.
	www.stanford.edu /group/STS/techne/Fall2002/srinivasan1.htm (3913 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		At the beginning of the seventeenth century, belief in Spontaneous Generation was common.
		Eels were generated out of mud, fleas and lice appeared on the bodies of man and beast, and parasitic worms likewise arose internally.
		However, by the end of the seventeenth century, spontaneous generation became incompatible with the new scientific philosophy.
	www.d.umn.edu /~aroos/METHOD.htm (1265 words)

	BrothersJudd Blog: SPONTANEOUS GENERATION:
		Madison supported limited government not only because he thought it was just but because he recognized, as did Adam Smith, that limiting government to the defense of persons and property prevents corruption and lays the basis for the emergence of a spontaneous market order and wealth creation.
		He called himself a “friend to a very free system of commerce” and regarded as self-evident the notion “that commercial shackles are generally unjust, oppressive, and impolitic.” He recognized that “all are benefitted by exchange, and the less this exchange is cramped by Government, the greater are the proportions of benefit to each.”
		* A spontaneous market-liberal order will arise to coordinate economic activity and create wealth, provided the government minimizes its role in the economy and lets people be free to choose.
	www.brothersjudd.com /blog/archives/017353.html (514 words)

	Spontaneous Generation of Life from Cosmic Dust? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Generally, these first, and up to now unique, in-situ measurements confirmed the model of Greenberg, thus saying that cometary dust grains were agglomerated of interstellar dust, water ice, and frozen gas chemically altered by cosmic radiation.
		A diluted soup of organics is not capable of spontaneous generation.
		Accepting at least, for the moment being, the general szenario presented here, one may state: Origin of life on earth is by no means an extremely unprobable mood of chance, needing hundreds of millions of years for trial and error.
	www.thecosmiccontext.de /cosmism/cosmic_dust.html (4236 words)

	Evolution and the Spontaneous Generation Debate - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		‘Spontaneous’, however, implied a random or lawless process; this was one of the chief reasons why spontaneous generation had always been difficult or impossible to accommodate with Christianity.
		But it was not present-day spontaneous generation; rather, it must have occurred only once or a few times and only in the earth’s distant past.
		Spontaneous generation seemed to bring home to many evolutionists the stark materialist implications of what Huxley had called ‘the physical basis of life’.
	www.thoemmes.com /science/evolution_intro.htm (4792 words)

	Evolution and the Spontaneous Generation Debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The hostile reaction of Thomas Henry Huxley and his allies to Bastian's challenge - that they accept the theory of spontaneous generation and the materialism connected with it - shows just how far they were willing to go to sanitize evolutionary theory for public consumption while maintaining their own respectability.
		The knock-down fight in the 1870s between Huxley and Tyndall, and the brilliant pathology professor Henry Bastian, was over the inclusion of spontaneous generation.
		Evolution and the Spontaneous Generation Debate collects the rare primary works on the origin of life by Henry Charlton Bastian (1837—1915), one of the brightest young rising Darwinian stars of the time.
	www.thoemmes.com /science/evolution.htm (989 words)

	Termpapers on spontaneous generation
		Spontaneous generation, the generation of living from nonliving matter, was an accepted explanation which explained that under the proper conditions of temperature, time, place, etc., decaying matter simply turns into organic life.
		These organisms come from a biological cause, not a generational development.
		The mice that came out of the rags in the barn was an example of a psychological explanation for reproduction and could not be explained in any other logical way according to the people of the 1600-1700’s.
	www.custompapers.net /research/spontaneous_generation-36407.html (171 words)

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