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| | Clark's Nutcracker and Pine Forest Mutualism |
 | | Closely associated with the distribution of pine trees across the northern hemisphere is the occurrence of the corvids, the jays, crows, magpies and especially the nutcrackers. |
 | | The mutual dependence between nutcrackers and pines is one of the important ecological relationships between birds and conifer forests that remains largely unnoticed by ornithologists, foresters, naturalists, biologists, botanists, and bird watchers (Lanner 1996). |
 | | Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), first observed on 22 August 1805 by William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition, is one of three nutcracker species that occur worldwide, all in the northern hemisphere. |
| www.wbu.com /chipperwoods/photos/clarks.htm (1082 words) |
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