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Topic: Spruce Budworm

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	Spruce Budworm -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The eastern version of the Spruce Budworm is Choristoneura fumiferana, which is one of the most destructive native insects in the northern spruce and fir forests of the Eastern United States and Canada.
		Periodic outbreaks of the spruce budworm are a part of the natural cycle of events associated with the maturing of balsam fir.
		Budworm populations are usually regulated naturally by combinations of several natural factors such as insect parasites, vertebrate and invertebrate predators, and adverse weather conditions.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spruce_budworm.htm (1327 words)

	Spruce Budworm Model
		A key factor in determining the spruce budworm population is the leaf surface area per tree.
		In an effort to understand the cycles of spruce budworm populations, and with an eye toward developing inexpensive and effective management of the problem, several scientists at the University of British Columbia (R. Morris, D. Ludwig, D. Jones and C.S. Holling) studied the problem and produced a series of mathematical models.
		Large spruce budworm populations represent a loss to the landowner because any trees killed by budworm infestation cannot be sold to lumber mills.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/mckelvey/envision.dir/spruce.html (1766 words)

	Spruce budworm outbreaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spruce budworm larvae feed on the young needles of balsam fir and spruce, although balsam fir is by far the most vulnerable species.
		Rather, the rate of budworm parisitism has been found to be significantly higher in isolated softwood stands surrounded by hardwoods (Cappuccino et al, 1998).
		Budworm mortality during larval development may therefore result in reduced defoliation levels and lower tree mortality in these situations.
	web2.uqat.uquebec.ca /ferld/recherches/budworm.htm (373 words)

	F.A.Q.
		A cycle of the spruce budworm epidemic generally lasts from 25 to 30 years, and will last approximately 8 to 10 years in a given region, depending on various factors such as local climate.
		As the spruce budworm is always present on the land of Québec, the outbreak of an epidemic is instead the result of a combination of factors favourable to this insect, such as an appropriate climate, good fertility among females, and the relative absence of natural enemies.
		Furthermore, when the last spruce budworm epidemic died out in the Gaspé area in 1992, wood was still available in sufficient quantities to enable the insect to continue creating damage for a long time yet.
	www.sopfim.qc.ca /en/faq/main.html (1066 words)

	Spruce Budworm - on Ornamentals and Christmas Trees
		In Maine, the spruce budworm feeds primarily on balsam fir and white spruce, but also readily attacks fl and red spruce, larch and hemlock.
		The spruce budworm seldom needs control except under epidemic conditions and at this time such a control is best accomplished by air on a large scale.
		At times, however, it may be desirable to control the spruce budworm on a small scale (100 acres or less) or even on single trees from the ground.
	www.state.me.us /doc/mfs/sprbdwm.htm (713 words)

	publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Albert, P.J. Electrophysiological responses to sucrose from a gustatory sensillum on the larval maxillary palp of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
		Influence of epicuticular waxes from white spruce and balsam fir on feeding behavior of the eastern spruce budworm.
		Albert, P.J. Morphology and innervation of mouthpart sensilla in larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
	alcor.concordia.ca /~albert/publ.html (909 words)

	[No title]
		There have been periodic spruce budworm outbreaks for centuries, therefore, there have been several studies to determine those trees most susceptible and vulnerable to severe damage and the most effective control measures to reduce the destruction caused by the spruce budworm.
		Because of the high tree mortality associated with heavy outbreaks, the spruce budworm can be responsible for the destruction of billions of board feet of merchantable timber in the spruce-fir forests of eastern North America.
		However, the spruce budworm outbreaks with fir-dominated forests also can contribute to the perpetuation of the fir within an area, and consequently could be considered as part of a self-regulating system within the balsam fir forests (Morin 1994).
	forest.mtu.edu /classes/fw3020/budworm.htm (1576 words)

	Spruce budworm - Northern Forestry Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens]) is a destructive defoliator insect that is native to spruce and spruce-fir forests in North America.
		Although the mature stands of spruce and spruce-fir are most susceptible to attack, once spruce budworm populations reach high levels the spruce budworm moths migrate to other sites such as immature mixedwood stands, single planted trees, spruce plantations, and shelterbelts.
		The methods of control and management of spruce budworm infestation vary widely, depending upon whether the objective is to protect forest properties managed for timber, to preserve high-value recreational sites, or to protect and maintain the visual appearance of single tree plantings.
	www.nofc.forestry.ca /publications/leaflets/sbw_e.html (940 words)

	Defoliator Management Guidebook
		The procedure is similar to that described for the western spruce budworm, but since mature white spruce exceeds 30 m in height, branch samples are usually obtained by felling at least one tree per stand and taking six 45-cm branch samples: 2 from each of the upper, mid- and lower crown.
		The methodology is similar to that used for western spruce budworm except for the constraint of collecting limited branch samples from 30 m high mature spruce.
		The methodology is the same as for western spruce budworm with the exception of obtaining a smaller number of samples per stand from tall spruce.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /tasb/legsregs/fpc/fpcguide/defoliat/chap4c.htm (2544 words)

	Manitoba Conservation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Manitoba the spruce budworm is a serious defoliator of balsam fir, white spruce and occasionally fl spruce.
		White spruce, which is more tolerant of budworm feeding, may die after five or six years of severe defoliation.
		Insecticide application is not worthwhile on properties where trees have declined past the point of recovery or where spruce budworm host tree species are not present.
	www.gov.mb.ca /conservation/forestry/forest-health/fh-budworm-02.html (516 words)

	International Conference "Tree Rings and People"
		Spruce budworm defoliation and its impact on the tree ring formation of Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.).
		The Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak is along with wildfire one of the most important disturbances in the boreal forest of Canada, especially with respect to forest yield and management.
		This study is carried out to obtain information about how the progress of defoliation by spruce budworm is related to the mechanism of tree-ring formation of Balsam fir, the preferred host tree species.
	www.wsl.ch /forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs178.ehtml (299 words)

	Cape May Warbler, Great Lakes Bird Conservation
		In Wisconsin, 68% of observations from 1995-2000 were in upland mixed forest (particularly with spruce) or upland conifer forest (spruce); the next common habitat type indicated was lowland conifer forest with 16% of the observations (WSO 2002).
		Insectivorous during breeding season, primarily spruce budworms; maximum availability of large larvae and pupae is synchronous with nesting and fledging periods (Crawford and Jennings 1989).
		The numerical response of avian and mammalian predators during a gradation of the spruce budworm.
	www.uwgb.edu /birds/greatlakes/species/cmwa.htm (1451 words)

	Pest control in northern Alberta...Searching for the secrets of the spruce budworm - Northern Forestry Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The best way to mitigate spruce budworm damage in white spruce stands is to thin the stand by 25% in a feathered pattern, where the boundaries of the strips are irregular.
		Repeated defoliation of spruce trees by budworms was causing growth loss, top kill and tree mortality.
		When they undertook the study, the forest researcher and his team looked at experiments done in Oregon with spruce budworm that found that the populations could be significantly reduced while stand productivity increased.
	www.nofc.forestry.ca /publications/articles_e.php?id=9&source=wwc (631 words)

	Spruce
		Spruce has scaling or flaking bark, and, in general, its needles are short enough for use in most sizes of bonsai, with many dwarf varieties available.
		Spruce, in general, need to keep a decent-sized root ball, and may need to be planted in a deep pot to achieve this.
		Picea engelmannii is one of the toughest spruces, and is forgiving of mistakes made due to over-enthusiastic root/branch pruning.
	www.bonsai-bci.com /species/spruce.html (1762 words)

	Insects - Forest Ecosystems of Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The spruce budworm is probably the best known forest pest insect in Canada.
		The knowledge gained with regard to the spruce budworm and its behaviour vis à vis the environment is now being used to estimate the time, place and scale of future outbreaks.
		Even if a new spruce budworm outbreak is feared, observations suggest that the infestation should not reach the scale of the previous one.
	www.cfl.scf.rncan.gc.ca /ecosys/disturb/insects_e.asp (835 words)

	Alberta Forest Health - Insects - Spruce Budworm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) is one of the most severe forest defoliators in North America.
		Spruce budworm caterpillars damage trees by feeding on the current year's needles, conelets and occasionally on mature needles.
		Larger budworms with brown bodies (18-24 mm in length), fl heads, and two rows of paired whitish spots down the back, can be spotted on shoots in June.
	www3.gov.ab.ca /srd/forests/health/i_sprucebudworm.html (589 words)

	Western Spruce Budworm - Utah State University Forestry Extension
		Budworm outbreaks occur in cycles lasting 3 to 10 years in moist stands and up to 30 years in dry stands.
		Adult moths of the western spruce budworm are about one inch across, with brown to orange-brown forewings and light tan hind-wings (Figure 1).
		Registered insecticides for control of western spruce budworm are Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.; a biological insecticide for caterpillars; may cause less problems for non-target species), Sevin, Dursban, and Tempo 2.
	extension.usu.edu /forestry/Management/Protect_Budworm.htm (945 words)

	Forest Health - Western Spruce Budworm - WSU - NRS EXT
		Budworms are also favored in stands that are overmature, as trees in those stands are usually declining in vigor.
		The USFS estimates that the western spruce budworm affected 234,430 acres in Washington in 1990, and 1,027,671 acres in 1991.
		Chemical spraying operations, although occasionally highly successful in reducing budworm populations, have fallen out of favor as questions about undesirable impacts on the ecosystem have been raised Fine-tuning of insecticides against the budworm are ongoing.
	ext.nrs.wsu.edu /forestryext/foresthealth/notes/westernbudworm.htm (1469 words)

	Black Spruce, Picea mariana
		Black spruce usually grows on wet organic soils, but productive stands are found on a variety of soil types from deep humus through clays, loams, sands, coarse till, boulder pavements, and shallow soil mantles over bedrock.
		Spruce Budworm causes defoliation and if it occurs several years in a row will lead to death, though Black Spruce is less susceptible than White Spruce, or Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea).
		Wildfires are frequent and extensive in Black Spruce forests and usually prevent the development of uneven-aged stands excepting in bogs and muskegs with longer fire-free intervals.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/trees/piceamar.html (2601 words)

	TreeHelp.com: Trees: Douglas-fir Insects and Diseases: Western Spruce Budworm
		Budworms like forest stands that are dense, dominated by host species of all sizes, surrounded by similar forests, and stressed.
		Budworm populations usually are held in check by a combination of predators, parasites, adverse climatic conditions, or inadequate food supply.
		A close relative of western spruce budworm is the so-called pine budworm, Choristoneura lambertiana ponderosana (Obraztsov).
	www.treehelp.com /trees/douglas-fir/douglas-fir-iandd-budworm.asp (692 words)

	Spruce Budworm
		The spruce budworms native to North America are found throughout most of Canada and the northern United States.
		The budworms have numerous parasites and predators, and a number of viral and fungal diseases in combination with climatic conditions usually regulate populations.
		During the early larval stage, budworms are vulnerable to windy conditions which can dislodge and disperse them, and to late spring frosts which can freeze them or destroy their food supply.
	wlapwww.gov.bc.ca /epd/ipm/docs/bdwrm.html (1234 words)

	Maine Forest Service Insect & Disease Publications
		Spruce Budworm in Maine: Results of the 1981 Project, Biological Conditions in 1981, and Expected Infestation Conditions for 1982.
		Spruce Budworm in Maine: Results of the 1982 Project, Biological Conditions in 1982, and Expected Infestation Conditions for 1983.
		Spruce Budworm in Maine: Results of the 1984 Project, Biological Conditions in 1984, and Expected Infestation Conditions for 1985.
	www.state.me.us /doc/mfs/idmpubli.htm (750 words)

	International Conference "Tree Rings and People"
		However, during a severe budworm outbreak within central insular Newfoundland most fl spruce trees were partially defoliated for one or more years during the 1976-1979 period.
		Consequently, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of defoliation on fl spruce stem growth employing dendro-ecological analytical techniques.
		Results of this analysis indicated that the effect of spruce budworm defoliation on the xylem increment of dominant fl spruce trees was of significance consequence: a maximum loss of approximately 55% six years after defoliation.
	www.wsl.ch /forest/dendro2001/abstracts/abs49.ehtml (327 words)

	National Christmas Tree Association: ARIZONA CYPRESS
		White spruce has a cone-shaped crown, and when grown in the open develops a conical crown which extends nearly to the ground.
		Leaves of white spruce are often infected by rust diseases resulting in premature shedding of needles.
		White spruce is important as a source of food for grouse and seed eating birds.
	www.realchristmastrees.org /treetype/wht_spr.html (617 words)

	Eastern Spruce Budworm - pest guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Distribution: The eastern spruce budworm is found in the boreal forests of north-eastern B.C., at 350 to 1050 m elevation.
		Insect Description and Damage Symptoms: The eastern spruce budworm and the damage it causes appear very similar to the western spruce budworm and its damage (see photographs on pages 11-12).
		The eastern spruce budworm moth is smaller than the western and 2-year-cycle budworms, with a wingspan of about 2 cm.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /hfp/forsite/pest_field_guide/esbw.htm (364 words)

	Forest Disease Newsletter: Spruce Budworm: Minnesota DNR
		Defoliation of white spruce by spruce budworm larvae is a fact of life again this summer in Region I. Larval surveys of white spruce stands in Becker, Hubbard, Beltrami and Cass Counties were carried out and completed by June 26th.
		Results of surveys indicate that defoliation is increasing in geographical distribution in Region I and also into white spruce stands situated between Region I and Region II in the Chippewa National Forest.
		This defoliator of spruce and balsam continues to spread to plantations in central Minnesota.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /fid/july97/07239711.html (345 words)

	CBC News: Budworm menacing Cape Breton forests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		HALIFAX - A type of budworm is posing a serious threat to forests and livelihoods in the Cape Breton Highlands, government officials say.
		Provincial officials believes the budworm is in the first of a possible four-year cycle.
		The Highlands have regenerated since the spruce budworm outbreak thanks to extensive planting in the 1980s.
	www.cbc.ca /story/canada/national/2005/03/09/budworm-cape-breton-050309.html (316 words)

	- Information page
		Native to North America, the spruce budworm is considered the most destructive pest of fir and spruce forests.
		In Canada, this budworm is found on 25 conifer species: 8 spruces, 6 pines, 5 firs, 3 hemlocks, 2 larches, and 1 juniper.
		Prolonged outbreaks of spruce budworm cause severe branch and top kill and ultimately lead to tree mortality.
	www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca /cfs-scf/science/prodserv/pests/budwrm_e.html (247 words)

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