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	Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a creeping perennial that reproduces from seed and vegetative root buds.
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a creeping, herbaceous perennial weed of foreign origin that reproduces from seed and vegetative root buds.
		Leafy spurge is very competitive, one of the first plants to emerge each spring, and uses moisture and nutrients that otherwise would be available for more desirable vegetation.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/natres/03107.html (1380 words)

	Leafy Spurge
		Life duration/habit: Leafy spurge is an aggressive, persistent, deep-rooted perennial, growing to a height of 1 meter (3 ft) or taller.
		Leafy spurge is extremely difficult to control by chemical means and almost impossible to control by cultural or physical methods in rangelands.
		In short, leafy spurge is an economic and environmental catastrophe for ranchers, land managers and taxpayers in the U.S. and Canada.
	www.team.ars.usda.gov /v2/leafyspurge.html (978 words)

	Leafy spurge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Leafy Spurge is a member of the spurge family, or Euphorbiaceae, characterized by plants containing a white milky sap and flower parts in threes.
		Leafy Spurge reproduces readily by seeds that have a high germination rate and may remain viable in the soil for at least seven years, enhancing its chances of recovery over time.
		Leafy Spurge displaces native vegetation in prairie habitats and fields through shading and by usurping available water and nutrients and through plant toxins that prevent the growth of other plants underneath it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leafy_spurge (648 words)

	Basics of Leafy Spurge
		The green flowers of leafy spurge are small and are surrounded by a pair of yellow-green heart-shaped leaves (bracts) that are often mistaken for flowers.
		Heavy leafy spurge infestations require 4 - 7 sheep per acre and are usually necessary for the first two to four years.
		The species most competitive with leafy spurge are wheatgrass (low precipitation), pubescent wheatgrass (13-16" precipitation), smooth bromegrass (16-20" precipitation) and bluebunch wheatgrass, a native.
	weeds.montana.edu /range/spurge.htm (863 words)

	Montana Homes & Land - Noxious Weeds - Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge is a long-lived, deep-rooted perennial that reproduces vegetatively and by seeds.
		Leafy spurge is particularly successful in areas with few desirable species that can consistently compete for surface moisture, especially if those species that can consistently compete for surface moisture, especially if those species and avoidance of leafy spurge also enhance success of the weed.
		However, sheep that graze leafy spurge plants with mature seeds should be corralled for at least 11 days to pass seeds from their digestive tracts before being moved to uninfested areas.
	www.mthomesandland.com /nwleafy.html (1772 words)

	Biological Control of Weeds - Biology - Leafy and Cypress Spurge
		Cypress spurge hybridizes with the hexaploid leafy spurge to produce intermediate forms, but most plants are easily distinguished as cypress spurge leaves are narrow and those of leafy spurge are elongate ovals.
		The aggressiveness of spurge seems to be related to symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi that enhance its nutrition in dry, nutrient-poor soils and in competitive situations.
		Leafy spurge in Canada occurs in all these habitats, so insects with a broad tolerance to spurge toxins will thrive on leafy spurge if their habitat needs are met.
	res2.agr.ca /lethbridge/weedbio/plant/blfysprg_e.htm (1381 words)

	WDNR - Invasive Plant Species - Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)
		Leafy spurge is considered a noxious weed under Wisconsin law, which requires landowners to attempt eradication of the species.
		Leafy spurge reproduces readily from seed dispersed by explosive ejection from the seed capsule.
		In natural areas, leafy spurge reduces species diversity and habitat for wildlife, and has the ability to displace native grasses and forbs in the course of only a few years.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /invasives/fact/spurge.htm (1093 words)

	Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)
		Leafy spurge is a deep-rooted perennial that ranges in height from 6" to 36" (15-91 cm).
		The most conspicuous features to look for when distinguishing leafy spurge from other plants are its greenish-yellow inflorescences; alternate, linear to slightly oblong or scaly leaves; and milky-white sap that flows readily upon injury to the plant.
		Leafy spurge is adapted to a wide range of soil moisture conditions from moist to dry.
	mdc.mo.gov /nathis/exotic/vegman/sixteen.htm (1490 words)

	Leafy Spurge Information
		One reason for spurge's success in establishing throughout the United States is the lack of natural enemies that suppress its populations in European ecosystems.
		Leafy spurge has become a serious threat to the thousands of acres of wildlife habitat in Minnesota due to its aggressive spread throughout the state and its low forage value for indigenous wildlife species.
		However, when leafy spurge was introduced to the United States, these natural enemies were left behind and leafy spurge was able to outcompete native vegetation at an alarming rate.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /weedcontrol/leafyspurge.html (2124 words)

	37. SPURGES, EUPHORBIA
		Spurges are highly unpalatable, and are rarely consumed in quantities sufficient to cause serious toxicity, but are very irritating upon contact.
		SIGNS: Spurges contain sap that is highly irritating upon contact, especially to the eyes and mouth, and upon prolonged exposure to skin (legs and head primarily).
		Small amounts of spurge in hay may be safe for most animals since they typically will avoid eating it, although all efforts should be made to provide clean feed.
	www.vet.purdue.edu /depts/addl/toxic/plant37.htm (414 words)

	Leafy Spurge
		The greenish-yellow inflorescence of leafy spurge is borne in an umbel pattern and typically blooms from May-October.
		The most conspicuous features to look for when identifying leafy spurge from other plants are its greenish-yellow inflorescences; alternate, linear to slightly oblong or scaly leaves; and milky-white sap that flows readily upon injury to the plant.
		Leafy spurge is well established in the central plains states where much time and effort is spent trying to find a control.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /chf/outreach/VMG/lspurge.html (1116 words)

	Weber County Weed Abatement-Leafy Spurge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Leafy Spurge is a long-lived herbaceous perennial plant.
		Leafy Spurge leaves are usually green or grayish-green in color, linear or lanceolate in shape, and from 2-8 cm long and 2-10 mm wide.
		Spurge seeds are also transported by humans in gravel, soil, hay and farm equipment.
	www.co.weber.ut.us /weeds/types/l_spurge.asp (746 words)

	Integrated Management of Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge is the most difficult noxious weed to control in North Dakota and infests all 53 counties in a variety of environments (Figure 1).
		Sheep should be grazed at approximately three to six head per acre of leafy spurge per month or one to two ewes per acre of leafy spurge for the summer.
		Leafy spurge should be allowed to regrow at least three to five weeks after mowing before a herbicide application or control may be reduced.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/plantsci/weeds/w866w.htm (2525 words)

	Leafy Spurge Control Using Flea Beetles
		Leafy spurge is an exotic perennial weed that causes an estimated annual economic loss of $23.2 million in North Dakota.
		Biological control of leafy spurge with flea beetles is not a "quick fix" and a land manager must practice patience when using this control method.
		Herbicides should be used to control leafy spurge patches as they become established and around the perimeter of larger infestations to keep them from spreading while biological control agents become established.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/plantsci/weeds/w1183w.htm (2385 words)

	Information about leafy spurge - Euphorbia esula
		It appears that leafy spurge of European origin is found along the east coast and that areas of the Great Plains are infested with leafy spurge imported from Russia.
		Control of leafy spurge in established forage grasses can usually be accomplished by spraying with maximum labeled doses of selective herbicides such as 2,4-D, dicamba and picloram, followed by fertilizing to encourage the growth of the forage grasses.
		Spraying should be done when leafy spurge is between the early bud and first bloom stage and again usually in the fall, when the leafy spurge regrowth is four to six inches high.
	www.nwcb.wa.gov /weed_info/Written_findings/Euphorbia_esula.html (1819 words)

	KES- Goats Control Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is an aggressive perennial herb that cattle and horses generally don't graze.
		Protein concentration of leafy spurge roots is a good indicator of the relative health of the plant and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments in stressing leafy spurge.
		However, by the second sample date leafy spurge biomass was reduced to one tenth the amount in ungrazed paddocks and significantly lower than rotationally grazed paddocks, which had experienced a substantial amount of regrowth (Table 1).
	oregonstate.edu /dept/kes/goats.htm (1164 words)

	CWMA Leafy Spurge
		Ecological: Leafy spurge is an aggressive, long-lived, perennial weed that tends to displace all other vegetation in rangeland, pasture, and native habitats (Biesboer 1998).
		Life cycle: Leafy spurge is one of the earliest plants to emerge in the spring, usually in mid-April to late May (Butterfield et al.
		Leafy spurge is extremely difficult to control by chemical means and is almost impossible to control by cultural or physical methods.
	www.cwma.org /nx_plants/leafspurge.htm (1113 words)

	Leafy Spurge Management
		Early emerging grasses that utilize early season moisture have reduced spurge density and limited the spread and establishment of new infestations.
		Mechanical control of spurge is difficult because it is a creeping perennial.
		Mowing spurge a regular intervals 4 to 6 times per spring/summer is an effective stress treatment that will reduce root food reserves and prevent seed set.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/CoopExt/Adams/weed/spurge_mgt.htm (598 words)

	Leafy Spurge
		A study to evaluate the effects of sheep grazing and bio-control of insects in the control of leafy spurge was established on the Rom Hedges ranch near Antelope in the spring of 2001.
		Enhance plant species diversity and reduce leafy spurge stem density compared to an area that had no sheep grazing or bio-control.
		Demonstrate the results of this study to local producers that have leafy spurge infestations on their own land and educate them in the use of sheep and bio-control insects.
	sheridan.mt.nacdnet.org /leafyspurge.htm (330 words)

	Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge is the most difficult noxious weed to control in North Dakota and infests all 53 counties in a variety of environments.
		are effective for leafy spurge control because the larvae feed on the root system, the populations can increase rapidly after introduction, and the insect is easily captured for transport to additional locations.
		NDSU research using Angora goats found that 12 to 16 goats per acre of leafy spurge per month or three to four goats per acre of leafy spurge for four months (growing season) controlled leafy spurge with little utilization of the grass species.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/bdeckard/rod/lspurge.htm (2109 words)

	Spurge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the past, the milky latex of the Caper Spurge was used as a depilatory (hair removal) and to remove corns.
		The leaves of the Caper Spurge was employed by beggars to raise unsightly sores on their skin, thereby increasing their chances of eliciting pity and alms.
		Shikimic acid and choline in Asthma Spurge may be partly responsible for the antispasmodic action of the plant.
	www.innvista.com /health/herbs/spurge.htm (966 words)

	Spurge - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spurges (genus Euphorbia) are a very large and diverse worldwide group of plants, belonging to the spurge family, or Euphorbiaceae.
		The latex (milky sap) of spurges acts as a deterrent for herbivores as well as a wound healer.
		Several spurges are grown as garden plants, among them the poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) and the succulent Euphorbia trigona.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spurge (1151 words)

	Cypress Spurge - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States
		Cypress spurge is particularly prevalent in Ontario and Quebec (Gassmann, 1985).
		Cypress spurge is a perennial that overwinters as root and crown tissue.
		Cypress spurge and leafy spurge are not serious weeds in Eurasia where they are attacked by a large complex of specialized insects and pathogens (Spencer, 1994).
	www.invasive.org /eastern/biocontrol/15CypressSpurge.html (5608 words)

	PCA Alien Plant Working Group - Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)
		Leafy spurge is characterized by plants containing a white milky sap and flower parts in three's.
		Leafy spurge tolerates moist to dry soil conditions but is most aggressive under dry conditions where competition from native plants is reduced.
		Leafy spurge was transported to the U.S. possibly as a seed impurity in the early 1800s.
	www.nps.gov /plants/alien/fact/eues1.htm (804 words)

	Prostrate Spurge weed bio at MSU Turf Weeds.net
		Spurge is very often found in unirrigated bark mulch common to parking lot tree islands, crevices and boulevards.
		Spurge is most likely to invade when spring conditions have opened the turf from drought or grub damage.
		Prostrate spurge is a late-germinating summer annual, idealy suited to fill-in voids in the turf during June, July and August.
	www.msuturfweeds.net /details/_/prostrate_spurge_38 (372 words)

	Euphorbia genus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cattle avoid foraging on leafy spurge when possible, but goats and sheep are generally immune to its irritant properties and may develop a preference for it.
		Serrate spurge is also a class A species and oblong spurge is a class B species.
		Lacey, J. and Sheley, R. Leafy spurge and grass response to picloram and intensive grazing.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ipc/weedinfo/euphorbia.htm (4085 words)

	THE SPURGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		CASTOR BEANS are the most common spurges in Nova Scotia, and the most likely to cause accidental poisoning (it's those beans!), so they have a page to themselves.
		All spurges have small, but often colourfully showy flowers; they also share a milky sap, which contains a variety of toxins.
		In ancient medicine, Spurges were well-known for their purgative and emetic qualities- really "opening up the sluices at both ends", to quote Eric Idle.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /poison/spurges.htm (360 words)

	clanspurge
		New member in SpurGe is Kridt from the multigaming clan #incorrect.
		SpurGe is now in the tournament EDoDC (Europian Day of Defeat CUP) read more under EDoDC news.
		The 2 danish players McFutte and Dresser from the clans AE and 16c has joined SpurGe.
	www.geocities.com /clanspurge/clanspurge (247 words)

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