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Topic: Sputnik 2

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Laika

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	Sputnik
		Sputnik is the name for a series of artificial Earth satellites that were launched by the Soviet Union that began the Space Age.
		Sputnik 1, a 184-pound (84-kilogram), 23-inch-diameter (58-centimeter) capsule, was launched on October 4, 1957, and took 96 minutes to circle the Earth.
		Sputnik 2, launched on November 3, 1957, carried the dog Laika, the first living creature to travel into space and orbit the Earth.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/SPUTNIK/DI195.htm (320 words)

	Sputnik - MSN Encarta
		Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957, and weighed 508 kg (1100 lb).
		The first three Sputnik satellites each carried instruments to measure the temperature and density of the earth's upper atmosphere, the electron density of the ionosphere, and the size and number of micrometeorites (tiny particles in space).
		Sputniks 7 and 8, launched in February 1961, served as launching platforms for the Venera spacecraft, which were sent toward Venus.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569642/Sputnik.html (561 words)

	Sputnik program at AllExperts
		Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger, a dog named Laika.The mission planners did not provide for the safe return of the spacecraft or its passenger, making Laika the first space casualty.
		Sputnik 5 was launched on August 19, 1960 with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants on board.
		Sputnik 40 (Object 24958/97058C) was a 1/3 scale model amateur radio AMSAT satellite launched from the Mir space station on 3 November 1997 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Sputnik 1.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/sp/sputnik_program.htm (510 words)

	Sputnik2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sputnik 2 was the whole last stage of the rocket, in which all the scientific and measuring instruments were installed.
		The combined weight of the apparatus, of the dog and of the batteries on Sputnik 2 was almost exactly half a tonne.
		On a special frame in the forward part of the last stage of the rocket were installed an instrument for measuring solar radiations in the ultra-violet and X-ray regions of the spectrum, a spherical container with the radio transmitters and other apparatus, and the hermetically sealed chamber in which the dog was kept.
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Sputnik/Sputnik2.htm (541 words)

	[No title]
		Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957, and carried aboard it a dog, Laika.
		Sputnik 2 was larger with a mass of 508.3 kg., orbital period of 103.75 minutes and orbital altitude of 225-1,671 Km.
		Sputnik 3 was the largest with a mass of 1,327 kg, orbital period of 105.8 minutes and orbital altitude of 230-1,880 km.
	www.csulb.edu /colleges/coe/ae/engr370i/ch2/ch2_2.html (638 words)

	Index (Space Travel History)
		Sputnik 1 was designed to send radio signals to Earth and determine the radioed data concerning cosmic rays, meteoroids, and the density and temperature of the upper atmosphere.
		Sputnik 2 was launched one month after Sputnik 1 on November 3, 1957, and this time it carried aboard a dog named Laika.
		Sputnik 2 sent biomedical measurements from space to earth and this was the first data of its kind.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Delphi/1729/space/sth.html (1355 words)

	Soviet Craft - Sputnik
		The Sputnik 1 rocket booster also reached Earth orbit and was visible from the ground at night as a first magnitude object, while the small but highly polished sphere barely visible at sixth magnitude more difficult to follow optically.
		Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit and was the first biological to contain a passenger.
		Sputnik 20 was intended to be a Venus landing mission.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/20th_soviet_sputnik.html (2250 words)

	Sputnik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sputnik 2, with the dog 'Laika' aboard was not designed to return safely to Earth so the animal was destined to die in orbit.
		Sputnik 2 (PS-2) launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Sputnik (R-7) rocket into 211 x 1659 kilometre orbit at 65.3 degrees inclination with the dog 'Laika' aboard - by design, the dog cabin and instrument unit remain attached to the launching rocket - some thermal insulation comes loose and subjects Laika to severely high temperatures
		Sputnik 3 - backup of Korolyov's satellite - launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome by Sputnik (R-7) rocket into 216 x 1863 kilometre orbit at 65.2 degrees inclination - an immediate failure of its onboard tape recorder means that data can only be gathered when the satellite is within range of a ground-based radio receiving station
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Sputnik/Index.htm (942 words)

	Space Today Online - Animals - Dogs in Space
		Sputnik 2 was outfitted with scientific gauges, life-support systems, and padded walls, but was not designed for recovery.
		Korabl-Sputnik-4, also known as Sputnik 9 was launched on March 9, 1961 and carried the fl dog Chernushka (Blackie) on a one orbit mission.
		Korabl-Sputnik-5, also known as Sputnik 10 was launched on March 25, 1961 and carried the dog Zvezdochka (Little Star) and a dummy cosmonaut — a wooden mannequin — on a one orbit mission.
	www.spacetoday.org /Astronauts/Animals/Dogs.html (3806 words)

	Reflecting on Sputnik - Dow 2
		Although the Sputnik reformers largely ignored the educational establishment, classroom teachers were partners in the enterprise.
		Educator John Goodlad later cited the decline of this scholar-teacher partnership as one of the major causes of the demise of the Sputnik reforms.
		The Sputnik reforms were to prove as ephemeral as the technological threat that spawned them.
	www.nas.edu /sputnik/dow2.htm (1276 words)

	Reflecting on Sputnik - Bybee 2
		Sputnik made clear to the American public that it was in the national interest to change education, in particular the curriculum in mathematics and science.
		Just as social and political factors had initiated and supported the Sputnik era of educational reform, in the 1960s social and political factors also arose and acted as countervailing forces to the pursuit of excellence, high academic standards, and learning the conceptual and methodological basis of science and mathematics disciplines.
		I should also note that in the Sputnik era political, social, and economic support combined with the enthusiasm of scholars and a single focus on replacing curriculum programs omitted what I consider a necessary aspect of educational reform--establishing policies at the state and local levels that would sustain the innovative programs in the school system.
	www.nas.edu /sputnik/bybee2.htm (1284 words)

	Sputnik
		“Sputnik” (satellite) was the abbreviated Western name for these spacecraft, known in Russia generically as Iskusstvenniy Sputnik Zemli (Artificial Earth Satellite).
		Sputniks 1, 2, and 3 were launched during the International Geophysical Year, a period lasting from Jul. 1, 1957, to Dec. 31, 1958.
		The spacecraft known in the West as Sputnik 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10 were announced at the time in Russia as Korabl-Sputnik 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/Sputnik.html (310 words)

	Sputnik program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger, a dog named Laika.
		Sputnik 45, also called Sputnik PS2, Radio Sputnik 17 (RS-17) and Mini-Sputnik, was a ⅓-scale model amateur radio satellite launched from the Mir space station on 3 November 1998 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Sputnik 1.
		The spacecraft body resembled Sputnik 1 and was built by students at the Polytechnic Laboratory of Nalchik in Kabardino-Balkaria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sputnik (584 words)

	SpaceViews November 1997: Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sputnik 2 itself continued to transmit until a week after its launch.
		The now-inert Sputnik 2 and the spent core of the R-7 launch vehicle remained in Earth orbit for a total of 162 days with reentry coming on April 14, 1958.
		While the historic flight of Sputnik 2 was not a total success, it did prove that extended periods of weightlessness were survivable and thus opened the way for the human exploration of space.
	www.seds.org /spaceviews/9711/articles2.html (2007 words)

	Laika the Russian Space Dog at tedstrong.com
		To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods up to 20 days, placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and placed in simulators that simulated the noises of the spacecraft.
		Sputnik 2 was finally destroyed during reentry on April 14, 1958 after 2,570 orbits.
		Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable, so Laika was doomed to die from the beginning.
	www.tedstrong.com /laika-trsd.shtml (1593 words)

	Retro Galaxy - Sputnik Program
		Sputnik 2 was launched some months later, and carried the first living passenger, a dog named Laika.
		Sputnik 5 was launched into orbit on August 19, 1960 with the dogs Belka and Strelka (Russian for "Squirrel" and "Little Arrow"), 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants on-board.
		A Sputnik I Model was given as a present to the United Nations and now decorates the entry Hall of their NYC Headquarter.
	www.retrogalaxy.com /sputnik.asp (491 words)

	Sputnik program Summary
		Sputnik is the name given to a series of scientific research satellites launched by the Soviet Union during the period from 1957 to 1961.
		Sputnik 3 was launched on May 15, 1958, Sputnik 4 on May 15, 1960, Sputnik 5 on August 19, 1960, Sputnik 6 on December 1, 1960, Sputnik 7 on February 4, 1961, Sputnik 8 on February 12, 1961, Sputnik 9 on March 9, 1961, and Sputnik 10 on March 25, 1961.
		Sputnik designations were briefly given to a series of interplanetary probes but these were renamed as part of the Luna series in 1962 and 1963.
	www.bookrags.com /Sputnik_program (2116 words)

	SIGHTINGS
		Sputnik 1, a 40-pound sphere, carried a simple transmitter and was considered very heavy compared to the U.S. spacecraft under development at the time.
		With Sputnik 2, the Cold War politics left no time for designers to develop a life-support system for a long-duration flight, not to mention to protect a spacecraft for a fiery reentry.
		The Sputnik 2 flight exemplified how science was propelled by Cold War politics -- a trend that would become more pronounced on both sides of the Atlantic in later years.
	www.rense.com /health3/sput.htm (934 words)

	sputnik
		Even though Sputnik was not very big, only 23 inches in diameter (about the size of a basketball) and only weighed 184 pounds, it could easily be seen orbiting Earth without a telescope.
		It was 121 days after Sputnik 1 was launched that the U. launched their own satellite called Explorer 1.
		Sputnik 5, for instance, had two dogs and both of them lived to return to Earth.
	www.siec.k12.in.us /cannelton/beyondmoon/sputnik.htm (245 words)

	SPACE.com -- The True Story of Laika the Dog
		According to various Russian sources, the official decision to launch Sputnik 2 before November 7 was made on October 10 or 12, 1957.
		The common belief is that Sputnik 2 failed to separate from its booster.
		In the West, Sputnik 2 renewed the debate over the treatment of animals, while in the U.S.S.R., the flight was widely ridiculed by ordinary citizens as propaganda.
	www.space.com /news/laika_anniversary_991103.html (734 words)

	Sputnik 2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was a 4 meter high cone-shaped capsule with a base diameter of 2 meters.
		Two photometers were on board for measuring solar radiation (ultraviolet and x-ray emissions) and cosmic rays.
		In 1958, with Sputnik 3, they began to cooperate and confirmed the findings of Explorers 1, 3, and 4.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sputnik_2 (558 words)

	Sputnik 2 - was it really built in less than a month?
		Now that the anniversary of Sputnik 1 has passed, maybe we shall give some thought to the reallly shocking event of the early space age, the launch of Sputnik 2, which took place from Tyuratam at 0230:42 UT on November 3, 1957.
		"My only contribution (to Sputnik 2) was to design a new system of air regenarion in the animal's compartment,...The challenge was to design a device which would adjust the oxygen level being fed into the cabin to match the needs of the animal without causing either oxygen excess or deficiency.
		On Sputnik 2 there was also a spectrophotometer for UV (1216 A) and Soft-X-rays (1-120 A) using a photomultiplier tube and a filterwheel.
	www.cosmodog.com /LAIbrary/articles/sputnik-shn.html (1174 words)

	Sounds of Sputnik 2/RS-17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This 343 Kb wave file was recorded by W5JA on 145.82 MHz at 6:22 pm Thursday, December 4 in northeast Norman with an 11-element Cushcraft beam pointing west (not particularly at Sputnik 2).
		Sputnik 2 (also known as RS-17) is a scale model of the original Sputnik launched from the Mir spacestation recently to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Sputnik.
		The tone frequency is related to internal temperature of Sputnik 2.
	geophysics.ou.edu /ouarc/History/sputnik.html (152 words)

	Spaceflight :Sputnik and the Crisis That Followed
		About 100 minutes later, the 184-pound (93-kilogram) Sputnik (translated as “satellite” or “traveling companion of the Earth”), trailing four metal antennas, passed through the skies over the launch site confirming that a human-made moon was now orbiting the Earth.
		Sputnik was launched as part of the United Nations-sponsored International Geophysical Year (IGY), a collaboration by 67 nations to explore the unknowns of the physical world that actually 18 months, from July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958.
		The shock of Sputnik was also largely responsible for the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 to conduct the United States' civilian space efforts.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/Sputnik/SP16.htm (1289 words)

	Missions to Venus - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		The final stage of the rocket carrying Sputnik 7 into orbit failed and the spacecraft was unable to achieve the necessary trajectory to carry it on to Venus.
		Mariner 2 was the first spacecraft to successfully fly by Venus, at an altitude of 34,773 kilometers.
		Pioneer Venus 2 consisted of four separate atmospheric probes; one large probe 1.5 meters in diameter, which deployed a parachute to slow its descent, and three small probes (0.8 meters or 2.6 feet across) which plunged straight through the atmosphere.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/venus/missions.html (1789 words)

	[No title]
		Chrome continues this pioneering spirit by launching Sputnik 3 into the vast cosmos of dull fl laptop bags.
		Sputnik was launched as part of the United Nations-sponsored International Geophysical Year (IGY), a collaboration by 67 nations to explore the unknowns of the physical world that actually 18 months, from July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958.
		The publicized target launch date for the American satellite was likely the driving factor in the Soviet decision to launch Sputnik first in October.
	www.lycos.com /info/sputnik--october.html (239 words)

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