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Topic: Sputnik II

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	Sputnik
		Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age
		While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.
		In September 1955, the Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard proposal was chosen to represent the U.S. during the IGY.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/sputnik (455 words)

	Sputnik 2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sputnik 2 (Russian: Спутник-2, Satellite 2) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on November 3, 1957, and the first to carry a living animal - a dog.
		Sputnik 2 was launched on an essentially unmodified ICBM R-7, similar to that used for Sputnik 1, to a 212 x 1660 km orbit with a period of 103.7 minutes.
		Sputnik 2 was not able to detect the Van Allen radiation belts as it traveled far enough to the north such that it was under most of the radiation belt while it was monitorable from the USSR.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sputnik_2 (561 words)

	Sputnik Orbits the Earth
		Sputnik was the first man-made object, ever to to orbit the earth.
		Sputnik was equipped with transmitters on two different frequencies, to let everyone know that it was there.
		Sputnik II was equipped with many devices for monitoring space and gathering new information about earth.
	www.sbac.edu /~morrisjw/1950-59/Sputnik/index.html (341 words)

	Sputnik: 1957
		Sputnik II was propelled off of the earth using an ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile).
		Sputnik III was launched on 18 September 1958, gaining the respect of the United States for its vast size and technological improvements.
		It weighed almost 3,000 pounds and the basic structure was similar to that of Sputnik I. It was used purely for discovery, as opposed to Sputnik II's quest for life-supporting capabilities.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Technology/Sputnik.CP.html (853 words)

	SPACE.com -- The True Story of Laika the Dog
		Sputnik 1, a 40-pound sphere, carried a simple transmitter and was considered very heavy compared to the U.S. spacecraft under development at the time.
		With Sputnik 2, the Cold War politics left no time for designers to develop a life-support system for a long-duration flight, not to mention to protect a spacecraft for a fiery reentry.
		The common belief is that Sputnik 2 failed to separate from its booster.
	www.space.com /news/laika_anniversary_991103.html (723 words)

	Sputnik program Summary
		Sputnik 3 was launched on May 15, 1958, Sputnik 4 on May 15, 1960, Sputnik 5 on August 19, 1960, Sputnik 6 on December 1, 1960, Sputnik 7 on February 4, 1961, Sputnik 8 on February 12, 1961, Sputnik 9 on March 9, 1961, and Sputnik 10 on March 25, 1961.
		Sputnik 5 was launched on August 19, 1960 with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, 2 rats and a variety of plants on board.
		Sputnik 40 (Object 24958/97058C) was a 1/3 scale model amateur radio AMSAT satellite launched from the Mir space station on 3 November 1997 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Sputnik 1.
	www.bookrags.com /Sputnik_program (2116 words)

	ipedia.com: Sputnik 2 Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, at 19:12:00 on November 3, 1957, and was the first spacecraft to carry biological material.
		Sputnik II and the Van Allen radiation belt
		Sputnik II was not able to detect the Van Allen radiation belts as it traveled far enough to the north such that it was under most of the radiation belt while it was monitorable from the USSR.
	www.ipedia.com /sputnik_2.html (588 words)

	Sputnik 2
		Sputnik 2 was the whole last stage of the rocket, in which all the scientific and measuring instruments were installed.
		On a special frame in the forward part of the last stage of the rocket were installed an instrument for measuring solar radiations in the ultra-violet and X-ray regions of the spectrum, a spherical container with the radio transmitters and other apparatus, and the hermetically sealed chamber in which the dog was kept.
		Reports from these amateurs proved that signals from the sputniks could be reliably received by ordinary amateur receivers at ranges, in some cases, of nearly 10,000 miles.
	www.zarya.info /Diaries/Sputnik/Sputnik2.php (698 words)

	With Sputnik launch 30 years ago, space race was in orbit
		Sputnik, which translated means "traveler," carried a battery-operated radio transmitter that did little but bleep as it circled the globe every 95 minutes.
		And to military strategists, Sputnik was confirmation that the intercontinental ballistic missile had surpassed the strategic bomber as the weapon of the future.
		Sputnik's transmitter bleeped for just three weeks, but those who tracked it gained valuable information about the density of the upper atmosphere and the manner in which it altered the 185-pound satellite's orbit.
	www.chron.com /content/interactive/space/archives/87/871004.html (1756 words)

	M-AUDIO - Sputnik - Multi-Pattern Large Diaphragm Vacuum Tube Condenser Microphone
		Sputnik’s Class A amplifier circuit is an all-discrete transconductance design based on thermionic studies by researchers at Harvard and the American Institute of Physics.
		The Sputnik mic’s military-grade 6205M vacuum tube is a diminutive pentode wired as a triode; the output behavior is like that of a perfect current source so it’s tolerant of a wide range of load conditions.
		Sputnik mics are manufactured with a close tolerance of ±1.5dB across the entire frequency range.
	www.m-audio.com /products/en_us/Sputnik-main.html (1466 words)

	Earth Observation Magazine
		For the Soviets, Sputnik was an impressive technical achievement that caught the world's attention, but for the U.S. it was a stunning blow to fall behind in the race for space.
		In the meantime, the Soviets launched Sputnik II on November 3, 1957.
		Sputnik II carried a different and innovative payload-a dog named Laika.
	www.eomonline.com /Archives/Jan04/satellite.html (467 words)

	WowEssays.com - Space Race (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sputnik was only in orbit for three weeks, but those who tracked it gained valuable information about the destiny of the upper atmosphere and the manner in which it altered the satellite's orbit.
		Sputnik II re-entered the Earth's atmosphere and burned up on April 14, 1958, after 162 days in space.
		Although the Sputnik I launch is widely believed to have signaled the start of the space race, some space policy historians do not believe that the real competition actually started until seven years later.
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ad1/bsw23.shtml (1141 words)

	Explorers 1 and 3
		Unlike the orbits of the Sputniks, that of Explorer 1 was quite elliptical and it rose to an altitude of about 2500 kilometers.
		Sputnik III, carrying more elaborate scientific instruments, was launched May 12 and confirmed the discovery.
		It was later realized that Sputnik II had also detected the belt at the highest part of its orbit, but that occured above Australia, where the USSR did not track it.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wexp13.html (565 words)

	Sputnik - Wikipedia
		Sputnik 2 erregte mit einer Startmasse über 500 kg ungläubiges Staunen der westlichen Fachleute.
		Sputnik 3 trug mehrere wissenschaftliche Messinstrumente in den Weltraum, welche den Strahlungsgürtel der Erde untersuchen sollten - was aber ebenfalls fehlschlug.
		Sputnik 6 befand sich in einer Bahnhöhe zwischen 187,3 und 265 Kilometern und hatte eine Umlaufzeit von 88,6 Minuten.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sputnik (938 words)

	Sputnik St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture - Find Articles
		Before Sputnik, there was a widespread belief by Americans that the Soviets were far behind the United States in such areas, relying on espionage rather than originality.
		Sputnik II weighed an incredible 1,100 pounds and contained a living passenger, a dog named Laika.
		Sputniks 5 through 10 (four of which carried dogs) were launched 1960-61; these were working models of the spacecraft that carried Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin, the first human passenger, into space in 1961.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101141 (912 words)

	Sounds of Sputnik 2/RS-17 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This 343 Kb wave file was recorded by W5JA on 145.82 MHz at 6:22 pm Thursday, December 4 in northeast Norman with an 11-element Cushcraft beam pointing west (not particularly at Sputnik 2).
		Sputnik 2 (also known as RS-17) is a scale model of the original Sputnik launched from the Mir spacestation recently to commemorate the 40th anniversary of Sputnik.
		The wave file has been cut to the best (clearest, loudest) 16-second segment of the original 60-second recording (the pass was several minutes, but the satellite rotates, affecting its antenna polarization relative to mine).
	geophysics.ou.edu /ouarc/History/sputnik.html (152 words)

	Sputnik: The little metal ball that fueled the Cold War
		Sputnik, however, demonstrated the ability of the Soviet Union to loft a nuclear warhead to the United States via an intercontinental ballistic missile, the ICBM.
		Unfortunately, the first U.S. response to Sputnik, using the Vanguard launch vehicle being built by the Navy, was a nationally televised failure, exploding on the pad Dec. 6, 1957.
		Sputnik I was followed almost immediately on Nov. 3 by Sputnik II, a much heavier spacecraft carrying the dog Laika.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/10/07/IN11SJ995.DTL&type=printable (1339 words)

	Educate Yourself - Sputnik, 1957
		Since World War II it was clear that the U.S. was the scientific and technological leader of the free world.
		Sputnik circled the earth every 92 minutes at a speed of 18,000 miles per hour.
		Sputnik was "one small ball in the air," he said, "(and) it's something which does not raise my apprehensions, not one iota." He was more concerned that public hysteria would feed the appetite of the military industrial complex for more spending on ballistic missile technology.
	www.buyandhold.com /bh/en/education/history/2000/sputnik_1957.html (1215 words)

	Reflecting on Sputnik - Rutherford 1
		The military and the politicians received the blame for Pearl Harbor, not educators; in the Sputnik instance, the finger of blame quickly and sternly pointed at the schools.
		The point of this brief—and altogether inadequate—commentary is merely to emphasize that the Sputnik episode as it bears on science education cannot be understood well in isolation from the educational context in which it is embedded.
		The same could have been said (but was not, for lack of time) in regard to the science context, for the growing importance of science and its applications (especially the changing relationship between science and government) has brought the question of the place of science in the schools to the forefront.
	www.nas.edu /sputnik/ruther1.htm (882 words)

	SPUTNIK:
		SPUTNIK und das führende deutsche Musikmagazin Intro machen gemeinsame Sache...
		SPUTNIK blickt über den Tellerrand hinaus, und interessiert sich dafür, wie die Uhren anderswo auf der Welt ticken.
		Den SPUTNIK Soundcheck gibt es jede Woche hier auch als Podcast.
	www.sputnik.de /podcasts (818 words)

	Spaceflight :Sputnik and the Crisis That Followed
		About 100 minutes later, the 184-pound (93-kilogram) Sputnik (translated as “satellite” or “traveling companion of the Earth”), trailing four metal antennas, passed through the skies over the launch site confirming that a human-made moon was now orbiting the Earth.
		Sputnik was launched as part of the United Nations-sponsored International Geophysical Year (IGY), a collaboration by 67 nations to explore the unknowns of the physical world that actually 18 months, from July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958.
		The shock of Sputnik was also largely responsible for the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 to conduct the United States' civilian space efforts.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/Sputnik/SP16.htm (1289 words)

	Sputnik Trackers: St. Joseph High School Radio Club, Cleveland, Ohio
		An oscilloscope photo of the Sputnik "beeps" recorded on tape by the club made the cover for their feature story in January 1958 CQ magazine, and was recently remembered in the October and November, 2007 issues of that magazine.
		Sputnik and the ensuing space-race produced an explosion of interest in Science and Engineering as choices of study that extended well beyond the 1960's race to put a man on the moon!
		We recently had a Sputnik REUNION dinner on September 29, 2007 and have given talks and presentations on TV and at ham gatherings and schools, and have written several articles to help locate more old members, working toward our next re-union sometime in 2008.
	sjhrc.org (1181 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 3 \| 1957: Russians launch dog into space
		Sputnik I, launched on 4 October, is still circling the globe.
		Sputnik II weighs half a ton (508kg) and carries instruments for studying solar and cosmic rays, temperature and pressure, two radio transmitters and a hermetically-sealed container with "an experimental animal" inside, as well as oxygen and food supplies.
		The Sputnik II flight made Laika one of the world's most famous animals and allowed Russian scientists to learn much about the prospects for human space travel.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/newsid_3191000/3191083.stm (538 words)

	Sputnik Launch Shocks World, American Disbelief
		The Soviet Union has launched a satellite called Sputnik II and it is now orbiting the moon.
		It is possible to hear the signal from Sputnik on your televisions.
		Sputnik, scientists, and Eisenhower: A memoir of the first special assistant to the President for science and technology
	www.dailypast.com /space/sputnik-sch.shtml (262 words)

	Sputnik I - Reference - Christchurch City Libraries
		Sputnik I was a spherical shape, 58 centimetres in diameter, with four radio aerials trailing from the globe.
		Sputnik II was launched less than one month later – this time carrying a dog, Laika, into space.
		Sputnik I was eight times heavier than Vanguard was planned to be.
	library.christchurch.org.nz /Reference/Backgrounders/Sputnik (684 words)

	Sputnik
		Sputnik sped across that October sky at 18,000 mph as it transversed the United States seven times a day taunting us that we were no longer number one in science and technology.
		What we don’t recall is that Sputnik burned up as it fell out of earth orbit just three short months after launch.
		Sputnik provided the pain that motivated America to catch up with the Soviets.
	www.wolverton-mountain.com /articles/sputnik.htm (723 words)

	Sputnikfest-The History of SputnikIV
		Sputnik I was the first, a big shiny chrome ball, but it wasn't the last, there were 10 Sputniks in all.
		Sputnik III was cone-shaped with antennas and arms and an instrument payload (no critters were harmed).
		Sputnik IV is the one that has caused all the fuss - 'cause it went up over there and came down upon us!
	www.sputnikfest.com /sputnikfest_history.html (443 words)

	Retro Galaxy - Sputnik Program
		Sputnik 2 was launched on an essentially unmodified R-7 ICBM, similar to that used for Sputnik 1, to a 212 x 1660 km orbit with a period of 103.7 minutes.
		The pressurized cabin on Sputnik 2 allowed enough room for her to lie down or stand and was padded.
		Sputnik II was not able to detect the Van Allen radiation belts as it traveled far enough to the north such that it was under most of the radiation belt while it was monitorable from the USSR.
	www.retrogalaxy.com /sputnik_2.asp (571 words)

	Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Earth: Past: Sputnik
		Sputnik was the opening shot in the space race between the United States and the forme Soviet Union.
		It was an amazing technical achievement followed only a month later by the stunning launch of Sputnik II, which carried the first living thing - Laika the dog - into space.
		Sputnik was about the size of a basketball.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Sputnik (164 words)

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