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Topic: Squamate

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	THE FUNCTION OF SQUAMATE EPIDERMATOGLYPHICS
		Abstract: Squamate epidermatoglyphics are proposed to function as an aid in capture, dispersal and retention of pheromones.
		Sight, hearing, tactile and taste senses are developed in squamates to different degrees in different taxa, and in given groups one or more may be very acute, but no sensory system is so well developed across the board in squamates as the vomeronasal olfactory system, activated primarily by the tongue.
		Yet squamatans (individual squamate reptiles, as opposed to collective groups) are exceptionally impoverished in glandular sources for pheromones, since they lack the generally distributed skin glands so characteristic of fishes, amphibians and mammals.
	herpetology.com /1phs30.html (1959 words)

	Kearney Lab Researchers
		Amphisbaenians are a poorly known group of fossorial squamate reptiles, nearly all of which are limbless, and many of which exhibit dramatic modifications of the cranium related to their highly derived, head-first burrowing behavior.
		Two main hypotheses are at the heart of current debate on snake origins: a marine origin of snakes from the extinct, aquatic mosasaurs or a burrowing/terrestrial origin of snakes from fossorial or terrestrial lizards such as the burrowing dibamids or amphisbaenians, or the terrestrial monitor lizards.
		Squamates are the subject of many phylogeny-based research programs in ecology and evolution, yet the relationships among major lineages of squamates remain remarkably uncertain.
	www.fieldmuseum.org /kearneylab/research.html (677 words)

	Deep Scaly: About the Project
		Deep Scaly is a large-scale, collaborative effort by eight investigators at seven institutions (one Australian and six U.S. institutions) to determine the evolutionary relationships among the major lineages of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians).
		Squamates are the second largest group of terrestrial vertebrates after birds, comprising 96% of all non-avian reptile species.
		The aim of this project is to resolve higher-level squamate relationships using data from DNA sequences, morphology, and fossils.
	www.fieldmuseum.org /deepscaly/about.html (295 words)

	Lizards & Snakes: Alive! \| American Museum of Natural History
		Squamates are a diverse group of legged and legless lizards, including snakes.
		Squamates vary drastically in size and weight: the smallest living squamate, the Virgin Islands Dwarf Sphaerodactylus, is about 1 inch long and weighs less than one-tenth of an ounce, while the largest living squamate, the Komodo Dragon has been known to reach about 10 feet long and weigh over 350 pounds.
		Many squamates have a third "eye." This hole in the skull between the eyes doesn't form images, but allows light to reach an organ in the brain, probably helping the squamates respond to seasonal changes in length of day.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/lizards/facts.php (607 words)

	Dr. Michael Caldwell, University of Alberta
		The primary objective of my ongoing research is to produce a robust and well-supported hypothesis of squamate phylogeny, focusing on the interrelationships of snakes, dolichosaurs, mosasauroids, varanoids, dibamids, and amphisbaenids.
		Achieving the goals defined by my primary objective require the collection and analysis of new data (primarily morphological) from fossil and modern squamate reptiles, particularly from those groups whose relationships are considered problematic, and the construction of new hypotheses of squamate interrelationships and evolutionary origins.
		The secondary objective of my research is to investigate patterns and processes of evolution specific to characteristic squamate morphological innovations (e.g., limblessness, aquatic adaptations such as paddle-like limbs, gigantism, modifications to the eye and ear, etc.) Attaining this objective depends on the construction of a robust phylogeny.
	www.biology.ualberta.ca /faculty/michael_caldwell/index.php?Page=1899 (454 words)

	ESA 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Initial research centered on primary descriptive accounts of faunas, but these were recently supplemented by synthetic regional summaries, and efforts to place the reptiles in a broader context of faunal dynamics in the Pleistocene and Holocene.
		The picture that emerged from these studies suggests that squamate reptiles were taxonomically and geographically stable throughout much of the Quaternary.
		Due to their incomplete nature and our current understanding of morphological synapomorphies for squamates, species-level taxonomic resolution is not possible for the majority of Quaternary fossils; 3.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/esa2003/document?ID=26446 (309 words)

	The evolution of reproductive effort in squamate reptiles: costs, trade-offs and assumptions reconsidered
		They suggested that fecundity trade-offs were unimportant in the evolution of RE in most squamate reptiles and that only survival trade-offs needed to be considered.
		By extension, we argue that conclusions drawn about factors important in the evolution of RE in squamate reptiles are premature.
		Using a modified version of the SS model, we demonstrate that variation in the form of trade-offs relating offspring size and survival substantially affect relationships among clutch size, relative clutch mass, and lifetime reproductive success.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/1874.htm (252 words)

	Journal Abstracts: Anolis and Other Iguanids Visual and Chemical Reception
		While evidence exists that many squamate behaviors are released by chemical stimuli, the specific sensory system that detects such stimuli and mediates subsequent behavior has been determined infrequently.
		Recent advances in the field of squamate reptile chemoreception have been paralleled by the growth and preeminence of cladistics in the field of systematics, but for the most part, workers in the former have failed to incorporate the conceptual and informational advances of the latter.
		In this paper, I attempt a preliminary rapprochement by combining the methods of phylogenetic systematics and current hypotheses of squamate relationships with an overview of squamate chemosensory biology.
	www.anapsid.org /sight3.html (2115 words)

	Broad-scale patterns of body size in squamate reptiles of Europe and North America
		Aim To document geographical interspecific patterns of body size of European and North American squamate reptile assemblages and explore the relationship between body size patterns and environmental gradients.
		Methods We processed distribution maps for native species of squamate reptiles to document interspecific spatial variation of body size at a grain size of 110 x 110 km.
		M A. Olalla-Tarraga, M A. Rodriguez, and Bradford A. Hawkins, "Broad-scale patterns of body size in squamate reptiles of Europe and North America" (2006).
	repositories.cdlib.org /postprints/1185 (318 words)

	wienslabresearch
		We are also studying the processes involved in specific speciation events, especially those that limit the distribution of montane endemics and might drive vicariance.
		We are part of an NSF-funded multi-institutional consortium that is attempting to conclusively resolve the phylogeny of lizard and snake families.
		We are sequencing 50 single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes for 142 squamate species, and obtaining morphological data for the same species (as well as ~60 fossil taxa).
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /ee/wienslab/researchpage.html (611 words)

	[No title]
		Abstract: Allantoplacentae in lizards and snakes form during the evolution of viviparity through apposition of the chorioallantois and a vestige of the shell membrane to the uterine lining.
		Generalized squamate allantoplacentae are epitheliochorial, diffuse, adeciduate, and highly vascular, accomplish maternal-fetal gas exchange, and possibly transfer small quantities of organic and inorganic nutrients.
		Phylogenetic analyses suggest that placental organs have originated on more than 100 occasions among squamate reptiles, and indicate that three separate lineages have converged on substantial placentotrophy through the evolution of specialized histotrophic placentae.
	shakti.trincoll.edu /~blackbur/JEZ.html (207 words)

	Reptile Genome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Squamates (lizards and snakes) are the most diverse reptilian order, have the most likely candidate model species, and are probably the least related to birds.
		After that time, the working Group will select the Squamate that best meets the NHGRI criteria for full genome sequencing and develop a proposal (aka White Paper; http://www.genome.gov/11509736) for full genome sequencing (6x coverage) of that species.
		The Working Group felt that the generalized squamate body plan is the most general, with other reptilian groups exhibiting more specialized morphologies, and that squamates are the most distant from birds.
	www.reptilegenome.com (954 words)

	[No title]
		Resorption of oviductal eggs and embryos in squamate reptiles.
		Abstract: Among squamate reptiles, gravid females commonly are said to be able to resorb infertile and malformed eggs from their oviducts.
		Future work should not assume oviductal egg resorption in squamates without definitive evidence that the eggs are not simply aborted or retained by females following absorption of water.
	shakti.trincoll.edu /~blackbur/hj98.html (150 words)

	SICB - 2002 meeting - Abstract Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The placenta of squamate reptiles, which has evolved independently in more than 100 lineages, is a composite structure that arises as a functional interaction between the maternal uterus and extraembryonic membranes.
		The magnitude of parallel evolutionary transformations among squamates provides an unusual opportunity to study the evolution of independently derived similarity.
		We compared extraembryonic membrane and placental development of two squamate lineages, thamnophiine snakes and Pseudemoia lizards, in the context of recently published hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2003/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=184 (241 words)

	EEB Faculty: Kurt Schwenk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Schwenk, K. and G. Throckmorton (1989) Functional and evolutionary morphology of lingual feeding in squamate reptiles: phylogenetics and kinematics.
		Schwenk, K. (1993) The evolution of chemoreception in squamate reptiles: a phylogenetic approach.
		Schwenk, K. (1994) Comparative biology and the importance of cladistic classification: a case study from the sensory biology of squamate reptiles.
	www.eeb.uconn.edu /faculty/schwenk/schwenk.htm (424 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 61, 5, May, 1974/ June, 1974 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abstract: Vascular tissue development in the mature stems of the six squamate genera (those with scales as stem and petiole indument) of the Cyatheaceae is described.
		All squamate genera possess an erect stem, although Cnemidaria approaches an acaulescent condition.
		The squamate genera in the Cyatheaceae show striking similarities in both anatomical and morphological characters, and constitute a natural grouping.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001734.html (2175 words)

	IngentaConnect A new pachyostotic squamate reptile from the Cenomanian of France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A new pachyostotic squamate reptile from the Cenomanian of France
		It is worth mentioning that nearly all pachyostotic squamates are concentrated in the Cenomanian and/or lower Turonian deposits of the present European-North African-Middle East portion of the Tethys.
		A parallel is drawn between the high percentage of pachyostotic squamates and the fact that this period corresponds to both the largest transgression of the Phanerozoic and the warmest period in the whole of the Mesozoic and Caenozoic.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bpl/pala/2004/00000047/00000005/art00007 (276 words)

	Home
		The object of this presentation is to convince you that lizards are actually highly evolved, derived, and unique creatures.
		The ancestral squamates, in contrast opted to control and exploit the incipient mobility of the skull elements.
		Squamate diversity: There are hundreds of living squamate species.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~jmerck/honr219d/notes/l21.html (1029 words)

	The Reptipage: The vomeronasal organs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The sense of smell in squamates has been enhanced in an amazing way.
		While in most animals particles from the air are filtered and sifted through via the nose, snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians have redirected it some.
		In the squamates, the main function of smell has been rerouted from the nose to the tongue.
	reptilis.net /smell.html (272 words)

	Digimorph Profile - Jessie Maisano
		For Deep Scaly we are scanning almost 200 Recent and fossil squamate taxa over the next two years, and the resulting imagery will be made available on DigiMorph as well as on the Deep Scaly project website.
		Maisano, J. The potential utility of postnatal skeletal developmental patterns in squamate phylogenetics.
		Maisano, J. Terminal fusions of skeletal elements as indicators of maturity in squamates.
	www.digimorph.org /about/jessiemaisano.phtml (514 words)

	Squamata
		Kluge, A. Progress in squamate classification "Review of Phylogenetic relationships of the lizard families: Essays commemorating Charles L. Camp".
		Molecular phylogenetic of Squamata: The Position of Snakes, amphisbaenians, and dibamids, and the root of the squamate tree.
		A large-scale, collaborative effort by eight investigators at seven institutions (one Australian and six U.S. institutions) to determine the evolutionary relationships among the major lineages of squamate reptiles.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Squamata (767 words)

	Cutaneous Mycobiota of Captive Squamate Reptiles with Notes on the Scarcity of Chrysosporium Anamorph of Nannizziopsis ...
		A survey was conducted to investigate whether this fungus was present on the skins of healthy squamate reptiles.
		Skin was collected as aseptically as possible from actively shedding lizards (n = 36) or from freshly shed snake exuvia (n = 91) and placed on fungal culture media for selective recovery of cycloheximide-tolerant fungi.
		Keratinophilic fungi isolated from reptiles did not belong to zoophilic or anthropophilic species, inferring that the potential for acquisition of dermatophytosis from handling squamate reptiles is low.
	www.arav.org /Journals/JA021742.htm (344 words)

	Gallery of Scrub Animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Not a lizard, not a snake, and certainly not a worm, the peculiar Florida worm lizard is a burrower that occurs only in dry habitats in central Florida.
		(Taxonomically, it's a member of the Amphisbaenia, one of three suborders of squamate reptiles, the other two being lizards and snakes.) Highly adapted for a life underground, the worm lizard's eyes are covered over with scales and the snout is wedge-shaped and very rigid for pushing through the sand.
		Worm lizards (they get up to 12" long) are actually not uncommon but they stay underground and are rarely seen.
	www.floridata.com /tracks/scrub/animals/rhi_flor.htm (154 words)

	IngentaConnect Squamate relationships based on C-mos nuclear DNA sequences: incr... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		IngentaConnect Squamate relationships based on C-mos nuclear DNA sequences: incr...
		Squamate relationships based on C-mos nuclear DNA sequences: increased taxon sampling improves bootstrap support
		Sequences of the nuclear gene C-mos from 16 new species have been combined with previously published data to produce an analysis of squamate relationships using 56 taxa, considerably more than in previous analyses.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/brill/amre/2001/00000022/00000002/art00009 (237 words)

	UConn EEB Person Detail
		Evolution of form and function; evolultionary and functional morphology of amphibians, reptiles and mammals; evolution of feeding and chemosensory systems in squamate reptiles.
		Schwenk, K. Comparative biology and the importance of cladistic classification: a case study from the sensory biology of squamate reptiles.
		Schwenk, K., and Throckmorton, G. Functional and evolutionary morphology of lingual feeding in squamate reptiles: phylogenetics and kinematics.
	hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu /eebwww/people/person.php?uniqueID=schwenk (477 words)

	Neurological Effects of an Enriched Environment in Varanids
		Neurological Effects of an Enriched Environment on Squamate Reptile Brains
		To assess, with modern imaging methods, the ontogenetic and environmentally induced changes in the neural structure of squamate reptiles.
		Garter snakes (Thamnophis) will be reared in stimulus rich and stimulus poor environments, and changes in the amount and extent of brain tissue measured.
	web.utk.edu /~medimage/burghardtresearch.html (1103 words)

	NYU \| Department of Biology \| Faculty \| William A. Velhagen, Jr.
		I am currently examining how interspecific differences in cranial development lead to variation in cranial morphology.
		I will expand my work to include other tissues and squamate species.
		I am also interested in the developmental basis of sexual dimorphism in snakes and in methods for comparing developmental sequences.
	www.nyu.edu /fas/dept/biology/faculty/velhagen (221 words)

	2002 LSU-HHMI Summer Undergraduate Research Program
		Ashantice Higgins (Howard University) (David Pollock, LSU Dept. of Biological Sciences) NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 used to test the functionality of the duplicate control region found in snake mtDNA
		A specific region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of several squamate (snakes and lizards) species was amplified.
		The region of amplification began from the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene to the 16s rRNA gene.
	www.biology.lsu.edu /hhmiprog/2002/aHiggins.html (279 words)

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