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Topic: Square (cipher)

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	Four-square cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The four-square cipher uses four 5 by 5 matrices arranged in a square.
		To generate the ciphertext squares, one would first fill in the spaces in the matrix with the letters of a keyword or phrase (dropping any duplicate letters), then fill the remaining spaces with the rest of the letters of the alphabet in order (again omitting "Q" to reduce the alphabet to fit).
		When only the ciphertext is known, brute force cryptanalysis of the cipher involves searching through the key space for matches between the frequency of occurrence of digrams (pairs of letters) and the known frequency of occurrence of digrams in the assumed language of the original message.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Four-square_cipher (990 words)

	Chapter 8 -- The Cipher Exchange
		Squares 1 and 3 are plain unkeyed (I/J in same cell); squares 2 and 4 are keyed.
		Cipher substitutes are found at the other corners of that rectangle, first in square 2, the second in square 4.
		The cipher equivalents are those letters forming the opposite corners of a rectangle determined by the pt pair.
	www.und.nodak.edu /org/crypto/crypto/.chap08.html (5798 words)

	How the Vigenere Cipher Works : A detailed explanation into an important cryptographic historical discovery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions further down the alphabet.
		The Caesar cipher is named after Julius Caesar, who used it with a three letter shift formula to protect messages during battle, according to Suetonius, a prominent Roman historian.
		The Vigenere cipher is a method of encryption which uses several different Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword and is considered a simple form of polyalphabetic substitution.
	www.xramp.com /resources/vigenerecipherdetails (800 words)

	Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography
		A common academic model for conventional block ciphers is a "family of permutations." The "permutation" part of this means that every plaintext block value is found as ciphertext, but generally in a different position.
		When used with a conventional block cipher, an AONT appears to increase the cost of a brute-force attack by a factor which is the number of blocks in the message.
		We are to attack a cipher which enciphers plaintext into ciphertext or deciphers the opposite way, under control of a key.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /GLOSSARY.HTM (9278 words)

	ADFGX Cipher - █ FURTHER READING:
		The ADFGX cipher, sometimes referred to as the ADFGVX cipher, is one of the most famous codes in the entire history of cryptography.
		A polybius cipher square showing a grid that assigns a code number to each letter of the alphabet.
		The brilliance of the ADFGX cipher lay in the fact that, unlike ordinary codes, the frequency of letters such as E was not easy to recognize.
	www.espionageinfo.com /A-An/ADFGX-Cipher.html (730 words)

	How to Encode and Decode Using the Vigenere Cipher - WikiHow
		The Vigenère cipher is a method of very weak encryption that uses a series of different Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword.
		In a Caesar Cipher, each letter in the passage is moved a certain number of letters over to be replaced by the corresponding alphabet number, e.g.
		If you use a larger Vigènere square which includes both punctuation and spacing the cypher becomes more difficult to break also, especially when the "keyword" or "key phrase" is as long or longer than the message.
	www.wikihow.com /Encode-and-Decode-Using-the-Vigenere-Cipher (655 words)

	Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography
		A block cipher operates on a block of data (for example, multiple bytes) in a single ciphering, as opposed to a stream cipher, which operates on bytes or bits as they occur.
		It is also possible for a stream cipher to be re-keyed or re-originate frequently, and so appear to operate on "blocks." Such a cipher, however, would not have the overall diffusion we normally associate with a block cipher, and so might usefully be regarded as a stream meta-cipher with a stream cipher component.
		When a codebook attack is possible on a block cipher, the complexity of the attack is controlled by the size of the block (that is, the number of elements in the codebook) and not the strength of the cipher.
	packetstormsecurity.nl /crypt/GLOSSARY.HTM (13874 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| The Block Cipher Square Algorithm \| July 22, 2001
		Square is a new fast block cipher that encrypts data in blocks of 128 bits, using a 128-bit key.
		Square's structure (that is, its building blocks and their interaction) has been carefully chosen to allow very efficient implementations on a wide range of processors.
		Square is resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis after six of its eight rounds.
	www.ddj.com /184410296 (1236 words)

	Playfair and its Relatives
		If the Playfair cipher is used on a computer, perhaps in combination with other ciphers, it might be more convenient to make a rule for double letters, such as using the letter that is both below and to the right of the plaintext letter, and also doubling it.
		Playfair has inspired some related bigraphic ciphers that, on the one hand, improve security by involving multiple, unrelated alphabets, but on the other hand, are simpler in that they use fewer rules than Playfair.
		With only two squares, the first plaintext letter and the second ciphertext letter are found in the square on the left, and if both plaintext letters are in the same row, each one is replaced by the other letter.
	www.quadibloc.com /crypto/pp1321.htm (980 words)

	VIGENERE CIPHER WITH THE TI-83, THE Mathematics and Computer Education - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Encryption and decryption using the Vigenere Cipher was originally described in terms of a table known as the Vigenere Square and a secret keyword.
		The Vigenere Cipher is named after the Frenchman Blaise de Vigenere and uses a table known as the Vigenere Square.
		To encrypt this message using the Vigenere Cipher, Michael replaces each plaintext letter with the letter that lies in the Vigenere Square at the intersection of the column headed by the plaintext letter and the row headed by the corresponding keyword letter.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3950/is_200401/ai_n9372568 (873 words)

	[No title]
		RC4 is a stream cipher designed by Ron Rivest at RSA Data Security, Inc. It used to be a trade secret, until someone posted source code for an algorithm on the usenet, claiming it to be equivalent to RC4.
		CBC (cipher block chaining): a ciphertext block is obtained by first XORing the plaintext block with the previous ciphertext block, and encrypting the resulting value.
		CFB (cipher feedback): the kth ciphertext block is obtained by encrypting the (k-1)th ciphertext block and XORing the result onto the plaintext.
	www.verycrypt.com /instruct.htm (2098 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the running-key cipher using a long phrase or book as a key, the key is intelligible text and it follows that the secondary alphabets will be employed with frequencies directly related to the respective frequencies of occurrence of letters of plain text.
		Since the cipher component is displaced one step after each encipherment, two identical letters n intervals apart in the plain text must yield cipher equivalents which are n intervals apart in the cipher component.
		Since the cipher component is shifted one to the left each encipherment, two identical letters n intervals apart in the cipher text must yield plain text equivalents which are n intervals apart in the cipher component.
	www.math.utoledo.edu /~codentha/Cryptanalysis/lanaki/lanaki15.txt (16591 words)

	Vigenère Square (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 26 cipher alphabets are contained in the Vigenère Square, shown below, which has a plaintext alphabet followed by 26 cipher alphabets, each one shifted by one more letter with respect to the previous one.
		Hence, row number 1 represents a cipher alphabet with a Caesar shift of 1, row number 2 represents a cipher alphabet with a Caesar shift of 2, and so on.
		In order to unscramble the message, it is important that the intended receiver knows which row of the Vigenère Square has been used to encipher each letter, and so there must be an agreed system of switching between rows.
	scard.buffnet.net /cipher/vigenere.html (330 words)

	- mjidor - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Typically, a form of stream cipher where the ciphertext output is fed back to modify the state of the random number generator producing the running key or confusion sequence.
		In a discussion of block cipher concepts, cryptography implicitly uses definition (2), because it is the accumulation of multiple characters (and the resulting larger ciphering alphabet) which is characteristic of conventional block ciphers.
		A block cipher operates on a block of data (for example, multiple bytes) in a single ciphering, as opposed to a stream cipher, which can operate on bytes or even bits as they occur.
	www.mjidor.com /kryptoord.shtml (7522 words)

	Two-square cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was developed to ease the cumbersome nature of the large encryption/decryption matrix used in the four-square cipher while still being slightly stronger than the Playfair cipher.
		The alphabets in both squares are generally mixed alphabets, each based on some keyword or phrase.
		To generate the 5 by 5 matrices, one would first fill in the spaces in the matrix with the letters of a keyword or phrase (dropping any duplicate letters), then fill the remaining spaces with the rest of the letters of the alphabet in order (again omitting "Q" to reduce the alphabet to fit).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Two-square_cipher (1122 words)

	The Square Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Square is a 128-bit block cipher, designed by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen.
		The original design of Square concentrated on the resistance against differential and linear cryptanalysis.
		A sample C program to generate the validation data for the fast C implementation that is provided from this page.
	www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be /~rijmen/square (272 words)

	Diagram Ciphers
		This cipher goes back to the time of the Crusades (1095-1272) but it wasn’t until the time of the American Civil War in the 1860s that the pigpen cipher became popular for sending secret messages.
		This cipher is known as the pigpen cipher because the letters of the alphabet – the “pigs” are trapped within the lines – the “pens.” The shapes made by these “pens” either with or without a dot, represent the letters inside.
		The quarter circle cipher uses little pie shapes and dots as a substitution for letters.
	educ.queensu.ca /~fmc/may2004/diagram.html (245 words)

	Braingle: Codes, Ciphers, Encryption and Cryptography
		Cryptography is the discipline of using codes and ciphers to encrypt a message and make it unreadable unless the recipient knows the secret to decrypt it.
		In a polyalphabetic cipher, the substitution may change throughout the message.
		Unlike substitution ciphers that replace letters with other letters, a transposition cipher keeps the letters the same, but rearranges their order according to a specific algorithm.
	www.braingle.com /brainteasers/codes/index.php (210 words)

	CS 4803 - David Pritchett [AES - Rijndael]
		At its simplest, Rijndael is a Square block cipher with variable block and key sizes.
		From this, the Round Key is the block of the Expanded Key that corresponds round of the cipher.
		"The fact that the cipher and its inverse cipher use different components practically eliminate the possibility for weak and semi-weak keys, as existing for DES" (25).
	www.prism.gatech.edu /~gte043j/CS4803/5.html (1033 words)

	A Current Perspective on Encryption Algorithms
		Any block cipher can theoretically be attacked by exhaustively trying all possible keys, whether this is feasible or not depends on the size of the key.
		A 8+16+8-round unbalanced feistel cipher with 4 distinct phases: key addition and 8 rounds of unkeyed forward mixing, 8 rounds of keyed forwards transformation, 8 rounds of keyed backwards transformation, and 8 rounds of unkeyed backwards mixing and keyed subtraction.
		A 10 to 14-round iterative cipher, using byte substitution, row shifting, column mixing and key addition, as well as an initial and final round of key addition, derived from the previous SQUARE cipher [DaRi98].
	www.unsw.adfa.edu.au /~lpb/papers/unz99.html (3752 words)

	Code Breaking and Decoding Tools - The Da Vinci Game - Atbash cipher, Caesar Shift, Ceaser Square, Anagrams, ...
		The Atbash Cipher is a simple substition cipher where the first letter of the alphabet is exchanged with the last letter of the alphabet and so on.
		The Caesar Shift or Caesar Cipher can be made more complicated by having a different shift for different letters in the sequence, as in the recent code that Judge Peter Smith hid in the document of this judgement in The Da Vinci Code vs. Holy Blood, Holy Grail case.
		While it would be possible to use a rectangle instead of a square, a square is the standard mechanism for this particular encoding device, therefore if the number of letters in a code is a square number (9, 16, 25, 36, etc.) it may indicate a Caesar Square is being used.
	www.thedavincigame.com /Code_breaking.html (1017 words)

	The Block Cipher SQUARE - Daemen, Knudsen, Rijmen (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The goal of this paper is the publication of the resulting cipher for public scrutiny.
		A C implementation of Square is available that runs at 2.63 MByte/s on a 100 MHz Pentium.
		18 Markov ciphers and di#erential cryptanalysis (context) - Lai, Massey et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /daemen97block.html (489 words)

	Square, In The Press For Pole Dancing - Polecatz - School of Pole and Table Dance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Square, In The Press For Pole Dancing - Polecatz - School of Pole and Table Dance
		Square DÂ® is a market-leading global brand of Schneider Electric for NEMA type electrical distribution and...
		Square D products are found in all types...
	www.polecatz.co.uk /pages/square.php (203 words)

	[No title]
		A first major step in trying to find the keyword used by a Vigenere cipher is to find its length (the number of letters it has).
		The claim here is that the letter P just performs a shift cipher of length 15 on the letters it enciphers (the letters D, S, D, T, R, and I).
		This means that both the plaintext and ciphertext produced by a monoalphabetic cipher will have the same signature.
	www.runet.edu /~npsigmon/courses/cryptography/Powerpoint/Section2.8.ppt (1482 words)

	FINAL FANTASY 8 demo - Game Guides and Walkthroughs - ABSOLUTE PLAYSTATION
		Is that it?" Cipher: "The enemy's reinforcement seems to be approaching.
		If we're going, let's hurry." Cipher: "It's clear that the enemy's target is the facility on the mountain top." "We, group B, will move to secure the mountain top." "Mobilize immediately!" Squall: "Understood." Zell: "Humph......
		I am a SeeD cadet." Cipher: "Hey, what's the situation on the mountain top?" Third soldier of Dole Dukedom: "Galbadian soldiers are storming the radio tower installation." "Then......
	www.absolute-playstation.com /api_walk/walkff8d.htm (1116 words)

	square - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Square, square : UltraLingua English Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include square: square rigged, square root, inverse square law, root mean square, t square, more...
		Words similar to square: feather, foursquare, squared, squarely, squareness, squarer, squarest, squaring, straight, straightforward, boxy, nerd, nerdy, public square, second power, square toes, square up, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=square (708 words)

	Four Square Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The squares are filled with the letters of the alphabet, two of them with mixed alphabets.
		squares and replaced by the letters found in the same row of the
		see which ciphers are available within CipherClerk's Applet.
	members.aon.at /cipherclerk/Doc/FourSquare.html (132 words)

	View topic - [Puzzle 4-19] Deciphering Cryptogram ch1900222589.jpg
		Bonusuk pointed out it looks like a Vigene Square Cipher I agree, but we need the key.
		The whole point of a vigenere cipher is that is has a keyword of a set length.
		I find it highly unlikely that something could be enciphered in such a way that the plaintext "gamefind" remains part of it.
	forums.unfiction.com /forums/viewtopic.php?t=9915 (581 words)

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