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Topic: Square of opposition

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Aristotelian logic

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	Astro-Noetics.com:: Aspects
		Square: The square occurs when two planets are approximately 90 degrees away from each other in the sky.
		Often the individual with a square in his or her natal chart will repress one of the planets involved in the square at the expense of the other.
		The opposition is like the square in that its effects are stressful and often problematic, however, unlike the square, the opposition produces head-on, confrontational energy.
	www.astro-noetics.com /aspects_3.html (435 words)

	Square of Opposition (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Fall 2002 Edition)
		The doctrine of the square of opposition originated with Aristotle in the fourth century BC and has occurred in logic texts ever since.
		The square of opposition is a group of theses embodied in a diagram.
		Its doctrine includes that of the square of opposition, but the discussion of the O form is so vague that nobody could pin down its exact truth conditions, and there is certainly no awareness indicated of problems of existential import.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/fall2002/entries/square (4429 words)

	study2
		The square of opposition's contraries, subcontraries, subalterns, and contradictories require identical subject terms in each of the four forms as well as identical predicate terms in each.
		In the meantime, rely on the definitions and the square of opposition to determine what are valid inferences and which are not permitted (invalid).
		A useful analogy for the square of opposition is to treat it as a simple computer that calculates results based on two values, true or false (1 or 0).
	www2.sjsu.edu /logic/study2.htm (4266 words)

	Square of opposition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the system of Aristotelian logic, the Square of Opposition is a diagram representing the different ways in which each of the four propositions of the system are logically related ('opposed') to each of the others.
		The square of opposition, under this Boolean set of assumptions is often called the modern Square of opposition.
		In the modern square of opposition, A and O claims are contradictories, as are E and I, but all other forms of opposition cease to hold; there are no contraries, subcontraries, or subalterns.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Square_of_opposition (1051 words)

	Saturn Opposition Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Squares; reflect a need to develop realism (since realism is relative, third density or dimension is what is meant here), and oppositions; a need to externalize and test the realism or physical manifestation of the archetypal belief system reflected in the planet opposed.
		There are no oppositions, and all of the planets are grouped on the eastern hemisphere of the chart, to defend the sensitivity of the self projection and identity (the ascendant).
		Mars square Saturn implies poor judgment (analytical discernment) in clarifying (Mars in Virgo) the kind of love needed for identity establishment and self worth reinforcement (Saturn in 2, ruler of 4) in relationships (Mars rules 7).
	www.astroconsulting.com /FAQs/satoppsat.htm (3353 words)

	SQUARE OF NINE PRINCIPLES
		The Gann Wheel, what most people probably think of as the Square of Nine, is sometimes called a "Square Root Calculator" or a device that "Squares the Circle." This simple illustration may explain how and why these terms came about.
		The Square of Nine is unique because unlike every other method of tecnhical analysis, the Square of Nine is totally indifferent to whether the input variable is a price, a range of prices, or a number of trading days or calendar days.
		Squares and square roots are part of that process.
	www.tradingfives.com /webmaster/squareofnine-principles.txt (722 words)

	Glossary
		A planet is afflicted when it is parallel, in conjunction with, in square, or opposition, to Mars or Saturn, or in square or opposition to any other planets.
		From the Greek, meaning "opposite shadow." A degree and its antiscion are equidistant from the summer-winter solstice axis.
		The descendant is opposite of the ascendant-first house.
	www.astroscapes.com /glossary.htm (3643 words)

	Sun square Mars
		The fighter persona is most apparent in youth, when the child is described as a "bundle of energy", or it is remarked that he or she "can't sit still".
		The abundant energy generated by the hard aspects (especially the square) between the Sun and Mars is hard to direct in childhood.
		Essentially, those with Sun square Mars in their charts have faced conflict and are not particularly afraid of it.
	www.cafeastrology.com /natal/sunsquaremars.html (1120 words)

	WEEK TWO, DAY 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The four types of opposition are deployed on a square, hence "the square of opposition." The term "opposition" might remind us of "opposites"; but the latter English term is a bit stronger than what is meant by opposition here.
		Each "opposed" pair on the square are "opposite" only in some one respect and thus are not always true "opposites," except for the type of opposition called contradictories.
		Thus, their characteristic called a truth value is also opposite: if one of the propositions is TRUE, then the contradictory proposition MUST be FALSE; if one of the propositions is FALSE, then the contradictory proposition MUST be TRUE.
	condor.depaul.edu /~mlarrabe/logic/wk2b.htm (563 words)

	Police, Protesters Clash In Belarus, Riot Police Block Off Central Square, Push Crowds Away To Prevent Protest - CBS ...
		Earlier, police blocked off a central square where opposition leaders planned a rally Saturday over the disputed election in Belarus, pushing crowds away in a massive show of force meant to quash the persistent protests against President Alexander Lukashenko.
		Tension mounted again Friday evening as scores of opposition supporters holding flowers were pushed away by police who cleared the large square, pushing people off and detaining at least three, including a man who appeared to have been punched in the chin and a woman who struggled but was subdued by a dozen officers.
		The main opposition bloc later splinters when one party quits the alliance, bringing to an end a boycott of the new parliament.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2006/03/25/world/main1439523.shtml (1262 words)

	The Square of Opposition
		Abstract: The group of logical relations forming "the square of opposition" are explained and illustrated.
		In the traditional square, we assume that the subject of the proposition refers to something that exists.
		All four logical relations on the Square of Opposition are sketched out in the summary chart: Try the practice quiz on the Square also.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/square.html (847 words)

	Dr Smith's Logic Page
		To rescue the Traditional Square of Opposition, we might simply assume that all propostions: A, E, I and O presuppose that the class that they make reference to is not empty.
		The only relation on the traditional square of opposition that is preserved in the modern interpretation is the relation of contradiction.
		The Boolean intepretation transform the Traditional square into the modern square, in the following way: relations along the sides of the square are undone, but the diagnal, contradictory relationship, is preserved and remains in force.
	www.candleinthedark.com /modernlogic.html (1136 words)

	Astrology: The Aspects of planets (Conjunction, sextile, square, Trine, Opposition) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The major aspects between the planets are the conjunction, semi-sextile, sextile, square, trine, square, Quincuncx and opposition.
		The semi-sextile, sextile, trine and conjunction are said to be good or favorable whereas the square, opposition and quincunx are taken to be not favorable.Aspects are the vital factors in the formation of ones character.
		Square causes the friction and the hurdles that help us to grow and become productive.This is the most critical amd conflicting aspect.
	astrology.findyourfate.com /astrology-aspects.htm (452 words)

	SudanTribune article : 20,000 Ethiopians gather in capital’s central square for opposition rally (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Demonstrators said they would vote for the opposition because the ruling coalition had failed to combat poverty, create jobs and provide free health care and education for the country’s estimated 70 million people.
		Opposition parties have accused the government of not providing a level playing field for the elections, in which the ruling coalition is expected to prevail over the small, fragmented and underfunded opposition.
		The opposition said last month that its supporters have been killed, arrested, tortured and intimidated in the run-up to the polls.
	www.sudantribune.com /article.php3?id_article=9456 (444 words)

	ABC News: Protesters Defy Belarus Police Blockade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rows of fl-clad police blocked a central square where opposition leaders had called for a rally at noon, pushing crowds back in a bid to end a week of unprecedented protests in the tightly controlled former Soviet republic.
		After gathering on the other side of the sprawling square with a crowd of about the same size, opposition leader Alexander Milinkevich led supporters to a nearby park and the group swelled to as many as 5,000 people.
		President Alexander Lukashenko won a new five year-term by a landslide in a vote denounced as a farce by the opposition and criticized in the West as undemocratic.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=1767176 (363 words)

	[Phil-logic] Constructing the Square of Opposition
		One way of constructing the relationships of the Square of Opposition is to use the ancient Categorical Syllogism as the logical, that is, syntactic and semantic, blueprint and Euler Circles as the ontological representation.
		We can also build a 'model' using Negation as well to derive the Square of Opposition, but then the Traditional derivations are no longer applicable, and are the cause much unnecessary confusion.
		But then, the Square of Opposition kept popping up in Artificial Intelligence models, that is Clausal Form Logic, the basis for Prolog.
	philo.at /pipermail/phil-logic/2005-February/006255.html (884 words)

	firmicus.htm
		But if Venus is in opposition or square aspect and there is no influence of Jupiter, women will be born with masculine character, but men will become castrates or eunuchs or male prostitutes.
		If the Moon is in opposition to Saturn, but Mars is so placed that he is in square aspect to them and in opposition to Venus, and all these four are in each other's houses, this combination makes women sterile and shrewish, and makes men male prostitutes.
		If the house of sexual desire falls in a feminine sign, if a malefic planet aspects this house in square or opposition, and if Venus is located on any angle, degenerates are born but their vice is hidden.
	www.well.com /user/aquarius/firmicus.htm (1602 words)

	Tutorial- Square of Opposition
		In which relationship from the square of opposition is it true that both propositions cannot be true and both cannot be false?
		In which relationship from the square of opposition is it true that both propositions cannot be false, but they can both be true?
		In which relationship from the square of opposition is it true that when the universal is true the particular one of the same quality is true and when the particular is false the universal one of the same quality is false?
	www.wwnorton.com /college/phil/logic3/ch8/square.htm (183 words)

	LESSON # 14
		In this lesson, as with the Venn diagrams, I think it is simpler to introduce both the traditional and modern squares of opposition at the same time.
		traditional square of opposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid, i.e., is the conclusion necessarily justified by the premise?
		Use the traditional square of opposition, together with conversion, obversion and contraposition to prove that the following arguments are valid.
	www.uky.edu /~rosdatte/phi120/lesson14a.htm (1126 words)

	Tutorial- Existential Import (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The classical square of opposition presupposes that the terms of any categorical proposition have referents.
		Two statements are subcontraries if, by virtue of their logical form, they could both be true but could not both be false.
		The only relationship that survives in the modern square of opposition is that of contradictories.
	www.wwnorton.com /COLLEGE/PHIL/LOGIC3/ch8/exsquare.htm (290 words)

	Using the Moon’s Cycles Part 2 - StarIQ.com
		There are five major aspects that the Moon makes with the other planets: the conjunction, the sextile, the square, the trine and the opposition.
		The sextile and trine are considered harmonious, the square and opposition stressful, and the conjunction can go either way, depending on the planets involved.
		When the Moon aspects Venus or Jupiter by trine or sextile, conditions may be positive, but if by square and opposition, things may be excessive or boring.
	www.stariq.com /Main/Articles/P0000835.htm (921 words)

	Dr Smith's Logic Page
		The traditional Square of Opposition is a diagram specifying logical relations among the four types of categorical propositions we just learned about in the preceding section.
		The square of opposition is a diagram that of the four types of opposition, and it was held by classical logicians that these four types of oppositions allowed the truth value of one categorical proposition to be determined on the basis of the truth value of another of the categorical propositions.
		Subalterns are a different sort of 'opposition', because a subalternation does not imply a contradiction at all.
	www.candleinthedark.com /aristotlelogic.html (1453 words)

	DOLHENTY ARCHIVE: The Opposition of Propositions
		The logical opposition of propositions is the relation which exists between propositions having the same subject and the same predicate, but differing in quality, or in quantity, or in both.
		Subalternation: the opposition existing between a universal and particular affirmative (A and I), and between a universal and particular negative (E and O).
		Contradiction: the opposition existing between a universal affirmative (A) and a particular negative (O), and between a universal negative (E) and a particular affirmative (I).
	radicalacademy.com /logicoppofprop.htm (2622 words)

	MoonCat's Astrology - Astrological Aspects and configurations
		An Octile or Semi-square is half a square, or 45º between points, forming a line that spans 1/8th of the circle.
		While Squares are exasperating and challenging, they force the native to work hard to reconcile the inconsistencies, making for dynamic personal challenges that can be built upon (think of a square foundation, the four directions, etc..) to create a solid achievement.
		It involves two Oppositions forming an X, where the top and bottom of the X form two Sextiles, and the right and left sides form two Trines.
	www.mooncatsastrology.com /astro2/configurations.htm (1516 words)

	www.rian.ru
		MINSK, March 21 (RIA Novosti) - An opposition candidate in Sunday's presidential elections in Belarus said Tuesday that 108 opposition supporters had been arrested in the capital last night.
		Alexander Milinkevich said his central campaign headquarters had been destroyed, but vowed that he would stay in Minsk's central square, where opposition supporters have been gathered, until the end.
		The supporters of Milinkevich, who garnered only 6% of the vote, are calling for a re-run of Sunday's elections, which resulted in the re-election of incumbent President Alexander Lukashenko for a third five-year term with just over 82% of the vote amidst claims of election rigging.
	en.rian.ru /world/20060321/44626861-print.html (169 words)

	Categorical Propositions
		Assuming that there is at least one member of the class designated by their shared subject term, it is impossible for both of these propositions to be true, although both could be false.
		Finally, the universal and particular propositions on either side of the square of opposition (A and I on the one left and E and O on the right) exhibit a relationship known as subalternation.
		Provided that there is at least one member of the class designated by the subject term they have in common, it is impossible for the universal proposition of either quality to be true while the particular proposition of the same quality is false.
	www.philosophypages.com /lg/e07a.htm (1504 words)

	The square rule
		The side of the square is made by the square on which the pawn is and the remaining squares to the promotion square.
		If the opposing king manages to enter the square then it will be able to catch that pawn just before it gets promoted and capture it.
		As you can see in the example the fl king is not in the white pawn's square.
	www.chessguru.net /end_game/square_rule (206 words)

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