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Topic: Sredny Stog culture

	Sredny Stog culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sredny Stog culture (named after the Ukrainian village of Serednyi Stih where it was first located, for which Sredny Stog is the conventional Russian-language designation) dates from the 4500-3500 BC.
		It seems to have had contact with the agricultural Trypillian culture in the west, and was a contemporary of the Khvalynsk culture.
		In the context of the modified Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas, this pre-kurgan archaeological culture could represent the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture (257 words)

	Kurgan Hypothesis Encyclopedia @ ChannelsAndNetworks.com (Channels and Networks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sredny Stog, Dnieper-Donets and Samara cultures, domestication of the horse (Wave 1).
		4000–3500: The Pit Grave culture, the prototypical kurgan builders, emerges in the steppe, and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus.
		Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the emerging Andronovo culture.
	www.channelsandnetworks.com /encyclopedia/Kurgan_hypothesis (1360 words)

	Dereivka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dereivka is a site associated with the Sredny Stog culture dating ca.
		Two cemeteries are associated, one from the earlier Dnieper-Donets culture and one from the aforementioned Sredny Stog culture.
		As a part of the Sredny Stog complex, it is considered to be very early Indo-European, and probably, Proto-Indo-European, within the traditional context of the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas, though Sredny Stog is itself pre-kurgan as to burial rite.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dereivka (198 words)

	Indo-European languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		According to the Kurgan hypothesis, early PIE was spoken in the chalcolithic steppe cultures of the 5th millennium BC between the Black Sea and the Volga.
		Sredny Stog, Dnieper-Donets and Sarama cultures, domestication of the horse.
		Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the Sintashta-Petrovka culture.
	www.educhy.com /index.php/Indo-European_languages (1855 words)

	Kurgan hypothesis - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		4000–3500: The Yamna culture, the prototypical kurgan builders, emerges in the steppe, and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus.
		The Yamna culture is at its peak, representing the classical reconstructed Proto-Indo-European society, with stone idols, early two-wheeled proto-chariots, predominantly practicing animal husbandry, but also with permanent settlements and hillforts, subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along rivers.
		Gimbutas viewed the expansions of the Kurgan culture as a series of essentially hostile, military invasions where a new warrior culture imposed itself on the peaceful, matriarchal cultures of "Old Europe", replacing it with a patriarchal warrior society, a process visible in the appearance of fortified settlements and hillforts and the graves of warrior-chieftains:
	kurganhypothesis.quickseek.com (1536 words)

	Yamna culture Did You Mean yamna_culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Characteristic for the culture are the inhumations in kurgans, (tumuli) in pit graves with the dead body placed in a supine position with bent knees.
		In its western range, it is succeeded by the Catacomb culture; in the east, by the Poltavka culture and the Srubna culture.
		The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans in the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Yamna_culture.html (219 words)

	Indo-European languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		According to the Kurgan hypothesis, chalcolithic steppe cultures of the 5th millennium BC between the Black Sea and the Volga spoke early PIE.
		Sredny Stog, Dnieper-Donets and Samara cultures, domestication of the horse.
		Archaic Proto-Indo-European is spoken in the Balkans (Starčevo-Körös-Cris culture), the Danube valley (Linear Pottery culture), and possibly the Bug-Dniestr area (Eastern Linear pottery culture).
	en.wikilib.org /wiki/Indo-European_languages (2312 words)

	[No title]
		200) The Sredny Stog is one of a number of cultures, including the Novodanilovka, Lower Mikhaylovka-Kemi Ob cultures in the west and the Samara, Khvalynsk and southern Ural Eneolithic cultures in the east," which, "Display recurrent traits that point to either long-standing mutual contacts or underlying genetic relations." (p.
		This culture provides the first evidence for wagons in the Pontic-Caspian, and there is general agreement that these were pulled by oxen, as their heavy wooden wheels would have been beyond the ability of horses of the period.
		Where it exceeds the borders of the TRB, such as the Fatyanovo culture of the upper Volga, or the Baltic Haff culture, this is clearly a later intrusion outside the core area.
	saturniancosmology.org /files/kurgan/ie.txt (2778 words)

	Book Reivew
		Indicating that the Dereivka horse domestication is flawed because of the same methodological inadequacies of "false-direct," Levine reconsiders the "Dereivka Myth," and concludes that the hypothesis that horse domestication spread from west to east, i.e., from Dereivka to Botai, is erroneous.
		The rise of the archaic Kvityana (south of the Dereivka culture along the Dnieper), according to Rassamakin, was influenced by Sredny Stog II as noted in pottery compositional and technical parallels.
		The Yamnaya culture extended over a vast territory and according to Rassamakin's model it was a piecemeal "transformation of a series of cultures, conditioned by a range of interdependent factors, principally climatic and economic." (p.
	www.csen.org /Articles_Reivews/Levine_Review.html (3173 words)

	Home > Santa Ana, CA, California Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		4000 - 3500: The Yamna culture (prototypical kurgan-building) emerges in the steppe, and the Maykop culture in the northern Caucasus.
		The Yamna culture reaches its peak: it represents the classical reconstructed Proto-Indo-European society, with stone idols, early two-wheeled proto-chariots, predominantly practising animal husbandry, but also with permanent settlements and hillforts, subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along rivers.
		The Scythians supplant the Cimmerians (Srubna culture) in the Pontic steppe.
	www.santaanacaus.com /details/Indo-European_language (2666 words)

	khvalynsk culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Khvalynsk culture The Khvalynsk culture was an Eneolithic (copper age) culture of the first half of the 5th millennium BC, discovered at Khvalynsk on.
		Khvalynsk culture 4900-3500 BC A copper age culture centered on the Samara bend of the Volga River It is east of the Sredny Stog culture and is one of the...
		The Khvalynsk culture extended from Saratov in the north to the North Caucasus in the south, from the Sea of...
	www.yesprice.it /search/KHvalynsk-culture.htm (309 words)

	Home > , {NY}, {New York} Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		"Kurgan" cultures: Sredny Stog culture and Maykop culture, likely candidates for the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the latter also a candidate for the origin of the Bronze Age.
		Nok culture, situated at the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers
		Kurgan culture of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine domesticates the horse and develops the chariot.
	www.newcitynyus.com /info/4000_BC (740 words)

	Iran Heritage
		The intention of this paper is to give a broad outline of the history and the culture of these fascinating warriors, who for many thousands of years remained the indisputed masters of the steppes; throughout their long nomadic history, they are known to us by a variety of names, both native and foreign.
		We owe a great deal to these pre-historical Iranians, one of whom, i.e, Zoroaster, is generally regarded as the first of the great prophets, and the earliest of the great thinkers.
		This theory has acquired fresh credibility after the recent discovery of horse skeletons at the Sredny Stog archaeological culture, east of the River Dniepr, a well-known pre-historical Scythian site in eastern Ukraine.
	www.iran-heritage.org /interestgroups/people-origin3.htm (3234 words)

	Home > Hollister, CA, California Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Its causes and results are fundamental for the study of ethnology, of political and social history, and of political economy.
		The pressures of human migrations, whether as outright conquest or by slow cultural infiltration and resettlement, have affected the grand epochs in history (e.g.
		By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, most of Polynesia was a loose web of thriving cultures who settled on the islands\' coasts and lived off the sea.
	www.hollistercaus.com /info/Human_migration (2366 words)

	Yamna culture - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Yamna (from Russian яма "pit") or Pit Grave or Ochre Grave culture is a late copper age/early bronze age culture of the Bug/Dniester/Ural region, dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC.
		Domestication of the horse, cattle, sheep and goat, use of plough and carts is attested.
		First in Eastern Europe remains of wheeled cart were found in "Storozhova mohyla" kurgan (Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, excavated by Trenozhkin O.I) associated with Yamna culture.
	yamna.quickseek.com (250 words)

	ENG 121: Indo-European Languages
		From 3200 to 2200 BC most of northern and central Europe was covered by the Corded-Ware culture that probably descended from the earlier indo-European culture.
		Between the two early cultures, the early proto- languages of most of Europe can be acconted for.
		A common culture at around 6000 BC, pastoral and early agricultural people, maybe somewhere in the Ukraine Steppe country.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~grabe/notes/notes31.html (697 words)

	Esi Knowledge Base - True Collection
		The first taming of the horse probably was a secondary result of human interest in the species as food; both cave paintings and subfossil archaeological remains attest to a taste for horseflesh (l’Hote, 1953).
		Only after contact with culturally less urbanized horse people from the north did the southern river valley civilizations realize the potential advantages in terms of convenience, food-gathering, and political power inherent in riding (Legrain, 1946).
		Political and cultural systems from earliest historical times onwards in Eurasia, North Africa, and later in the Americas depended until recently almost exclusively upon the horse as the main agent of transport and of political influence as well as sometimes of food, clothing, and shelter (Bennett, 1998; Legrain, 1946; l’Hote, 1953; Willoughby, 1974).
	www.equinestudies.org /knowledge_base/mammalian.html (15264 words)

	Jared Diamond on the Indo-European conquests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The first evidence of horse domestication is for the Sredny Stog culture around 4000 BC, in the steppes just north of the Black Sea, where archaeologist David Anthony has identified wearmarks on horses' teeth that indicate use of a bit for riding.
		Their culture included the important economic elements reconstructed for PIE (like wheels and horses), and lacked the elements lacking from PIE (like battle chariots and many crop terms).
		Instead, the colonists' culture was a highly modified or hybrid one that combined Indo-European languages and much of European technology (such as guns and iron) with American Indian crops and (especially in Central and South America) Indian genes.
	mailstar.net /diamond.html (6031 words)

	WHITHER URALISTICS
		Thus the arrival of Uralic languages in Finland is often equated with the arrival of comb ceramics around 4,000 years B.C. (Carpelan 1996: 14, Kallio 1997: 123), and early Indo-Europeans are seen as the bearers of the Sredny Stog culture in Southern Russia around 4,500-3,500 B.C. (Beekes 1995: 50).
		The danger of drawing inferences about the one based on evidence provided by the other was aptly commented by Renfrew (1987: 19): "It is perhaps reasonable that the historical linguistics should be based upon the archaeology, but that the archaeological explanation should simultaneously be based upon the linguistic analysis gives serious cause for concern.
		Thus the expansion of languages are no longer equated with the expansion of archaeological cultures, but rather seen against the background of some of the sweeping demographical and economical changes of prehistoric Europe, the most important being the Neolithic revolution.
	www.geocities.com /athens/acropolis/3093/Uralists_Against_History.htm (6603 words)

	Sredny Stog culture - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Sredny Stog culture dates from 4500-3500 BC.
		Most notably, it has perhaps the earliest evidence of horse domestication, with finds suggestive of cheek-pieces (psalia).
		In the context of the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas, this archaeological culture could represent the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language.
	srednystogculture.quickseek.com (130 words)

	Proto-Indo-Europeans - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Traces of initiation rites in several Indo-European societies suggest that this group identified itself with wolves or dogs (see also Berserker, werewolf).
		Technologically, reconstruction suggests a culture of the early Bronze Age: Bronze was used to make tools and weapons.
		In the twentieth century Marija Gimbutas created a modern variation on the traditional invasion theory (the Kurgan hypothesis, after the Kurgans (burial mounds) of the Eurasian steppes) in which the Indo-Europeans were a nomadic tribe in Eastern Ukraine and southern Russia and expanded on horseback in several waves during the 3rd millennium BC.
	protoindoeuropeans.quickseek.com (1691 words)

	THE ORIGIN OF THE PRE- IMPERIAL IRANIAN PEOPLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In this unique pastoralist equestrian warrior society, women fought alongside their men; not only they were held in an equal status with men, but also periodically they actually ruled them;
		this so called upside-down society both fascinated and horrified the male dominated Greek culture; later, the Romans expressed the same horror, when they encountered the Celtic and Germanic female warriors.
		Greek writers called the fighting Iranian women they met in the Ukrainian steppes, the Amazons; later Greek sources placed them further east, in northeastern parts of Iran.
	www.azargoshnasp.net /history/Scythians/scythioric.htm (1236 words)

	Latvians, Jats, Hebrews, Teutones, Teutonic and Lavonian Knights, and Prussia
		Ok, I'm not sure if this supports your direction here or not, but it is a good backdrop to finding a possible migrational direction.
		This marked the beginning of the extermination of pagan Baltic culture and German colonisation of the area.
		Throughout the Middle Ages, the city throve culturally.
	www.new-tradition.org /forum/showthread.aspx?m=84440 (4975 words)

	First to Ride - - science news articles online technology magazine articles First to Ride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		As a result, the Sredny Stog people who had inhabited the site in prehistoric times "went in all the textbooks," says Olsen, as the earliest known horseback riders.
		Anthony contends that "horses almost certainly were first domesticated for use as food animals, like cattle or pigs," by a culture, like the Sredny Stog, already practiced in the art of herding cattle.
		Olsen responds: "I think you get yourself into trouble if you start making presumptions about what is plausible and what is not.
	www.discover.com /issues/mar-02/features/featride (3392 words)

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