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Topic: Sri Lankan Buddhism

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	Sri Lankan Buddhism
		Theravada Buddhism being the major religion in the island since its official introduction in the 3nd century BC by Mahinda Thera, the son of the Emperor Ashoka of India during the reign of King Devanampiya-Tissa (247-207 BC).
		Sri Lankan literature was an offshoot of Indian literature, and the art of Sri Lanka -- architecture, sculpture and painting -- were derived from India.
		Mahasena in Sri Lankan history is the first man who had the courage to stand against the authority of the Mahavihara.
	manjushri.acumaestro.com /TEACH/lanka2.html (3161 words)

	Sri Lankan Buddhism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Buddha statue of Aukana in Sri Lanka
		Sri Lankan Buddhism belongs to the Theravada tradition.
		Sri Lanka is the country with longest continuous history of Buddhism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sri_Lankan_Buddhism (149 words)

	Theravada: Buddhism in Sri Lankan
		Sri Lanka is the oldest continually Buddhist country, Theravada Buddhism being the major religion in the island since its official introduction in the 2nd century BC by Venerable Mahinda, the son of the Emperor Ashoka of India during the reign of King Devanampiya- Tissa.
		It was in Sri Lanka, in the 1st century AD during the reign of King Vatta Gamini that the Buddhist monks assembled in Aloka-Vihara and wrote down the Tripitaka, the three basket of the Teachings, known as the Pali scriptures for the first time.
		Some of the most marvellous monuments in the Buddhist world belong to Sri Lanka, and her sculpture is closely associated with the early art of the Krishna valley and the later Pallava and Chola kings, owing to the close relationship that existed between south India and Sri Lanka.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/buddhistworld/lanka-txt.htm (585 words)

	WWW Virtual Library: BUDDHISM IN SRI LANKA
		The introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka is attributed to Asoka's son Mahinda who came to the Island about the middle of the third century BC.
		Though this event may be regarded as the official introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka, Buddhism as well as the news of the great activities of the mighty Indian Emperor Asoka appear to have reached the shores of Sri Lanka before the arrival of Mahinda.
		Sri Lankan literature was an offshoot of Indian literature, and the art of Sri Lanka -- architecture, sculpture and painting -- were derived from India.
	www.lankalibrary.com /Bud/establishment.htm (8117 words)

	Handicraft in Sri Lanka
		The origin of Sri lankan Buddhism is explained in historical books and chronicles in which tells how King Devanam Piyatissa (207 BC) was converted by Mahinda Thero; The son of King Asoka of India who was sent to Sri lanka to introduce the Buddhism.
		Sri Lankan Buddhist place particular emphasis on the sanctity of the relics of the Buddha, which are believed to have been brought to the island from India.
		The Sri Maha bodhi tree at Anuradhapura is believed to be a sapling from the Bo tree under which the Buddha himself attained enlightenment at Buddha Gaya in India.
	www.mysrilanka.com /travel/lanka/religion/buddhism2.htm (232 words)

	Timeline of Major Events in Sri Lankan Buddhism
		Sanghamitta, arrives in Sri Lanka with a cutting from the original Bodhi tree, and establishes the bhikkhuni-sangha (nuns) in Sri Lanka.
		Sri Sumangala and Ven Dharmanada established two Buddhist monastic colleges, the Vidyodaya and the Vidyolanka Pirivenas (monastic colleges), in 1873 and 1875 respectively.
		Mohottivatte Gunananda defeats Christian missionaries in a public debate, sparking a nationwide revival of Sri Lankan pride in its Buddhist traditions.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/history/sri_timeline.htm (592 words)

	AISLS - Prospects and Problems in Sri Lankan Studies
		Scholars assume that Sri Lankan Buddhism is important for understanding Buddhism in general, but this is not the case for the other religions, which are perceived as marginal in relation to the global faiths of which they are a part.
		Many of the younger scholars entering Sri Lankan studies have an interest in gender, and their work is likely to attain an increasingly high profile in the future.
		The total number of European scholars interested in Sri Lanka is at least as large as in the United States, but they are scattered in a large number of countries and form a less cohesive group than their North American counterparts.
	www.aisls.org /essay.html (4950 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sri Lanka - The Impact of Buddhism \| Sri Lankan Information Resource
		Buddhism was introduced to Sri Lanka in the third century B.C. from India, where it had been established by Siddartha Gautama three centuries earlier (see Sri Lanka - Buddhism, ch.
		According to legend, the tree that grew from this branch is near the ruins of the ancient city of Anuradhapura in the north of Sri Lanka.
		With such patronage, Buddhism was positioned to evolve as the highest ethical and philosophical expression of Sinhalese culture and civilization.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/sri-lanka/sri-lanka15.html (922 words)

	Nittewa: From Buddhaputra to Bhoomiputra
		Buddhism, fundamentally, cannot be married to a state, or to governance.
		Buddhism also has 10 principles (Dasarajadharma)for a ruler but that is argued to be a false preaching, and it's attribution to the Buddha is contested.
		Buddhism in Sri Lanka has been hijacked by the cult of Soma and his rabid followers; especially the monks who act like monkeys in parliament.
	nittewa.blogspot.com /2005/09/from-buddhaputra-to-bhoomiputra.html (13516 words)

	From Ceylonese to Sri Lankan Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		At present, there are three main sects of the Sri Lankan Sangha the largest and oldest, Siam Nikaaya, which is divided into two principal chapters, Malwatta and Asgiriya; the Amarapura Nikaaya, founded in the 19th century with about 20 percent of monk population; and the Raama~n~na Nikaaya, founded by reformist members of the Siam sect.
		Sri Lankan monks can be found residing in their vihaaras or residences in London, Washington, West Berlin and other Western cities, as well as in India.
		Sri Lanka's monthly journals such as World Buddhism, meet with increasing numbers of readers in the English-speaking world.
	www.saigon.com /~anson/ebud/ebdha152.htm (1607 words)

	Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This is an article designed to give a brief overview of Buddhism, or, "The Buddhism of Zen in 10 minutes or less." The author begins with the important distinction between zen as a philosophy, Buddhism as a religion, and Zen Buddhism as a melding of the two.
		This form of Mahayana Buddhism is centered around the concept of Buddha, who is seen as "infinite-light" and is known as Amitabha, who preaches the concepts and teachings of Pure Land Buddhism.
		When Pure Land Buddhism reached Tibet, the term changed a little to mean infinite-life Buddha Pure Land Buddhism is seen as the most costly practiced from of Buddhism which encompasses the Eight Fold Path, Three Jewels, and The Noble Path.
	www.lycoming.edu /religion/IntroWebs/buddhism.htm (6691 words)

	Asia Times: Thailand looks for Sri Lankan windfall
		This is not the first time that Thailand's name has surfaced to play a part in resolving the Sri Lankan conflict, where the Tamil Tigers have been battling the government troops in their bid to establish a Tamil state of Eelam in the island's north and east.
		In fact, a Sri Lankan political insider says that it was the LTTE, rather than Colombo, which floated the idea of the first round of peace talks taking place in Thailand, suggesting how comfortable the rebel leadership felt with the country.
		Ketheshwaran Loganathan is hardly surprised that the Tigers are pushing to have this fifth attempt to resolve the Sri Lankan conflict in a foreign environment.
	www.atimes.com /se-asia/DC29Ae02.html (1184 words)

	In Defense of Dharma
		Such study will reveal that, while there is a narrative thread in Sri Lankan Buddhist history and in contemporary rhetoric that endorses pacifism, there are Buddhist stories that argue that, for the defense of Buddhism -- that is, of the Dharma -- violence and war are permissible, even necessary, under certain conditions.
		Some of the Sri Lankan Buddhists I interviewed[7] cited the very doctrinal tradition -- with its rich mosaic of stories about the Buddha -- that Obeyesekere argues is devoid of just-war ideology, to legitimate their point of view.
		In fact, the monk was provoked by what he considered to be misuse of a Sri Lankan Buddhist story: he took exception to an allusion of Buddhism and war in a local paper that aligned the then prime minister, SWRD Bandaranaike, with Dutugemunu, the Buddhist hero of the fifth-century, post-canonical Mahavamsa.
	www.buddhistinformation.com /in_defense_of_dharma.htm (4047 words)

	Won Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is a basic teaching of Buddhism that existence is suffering, whether birth, daily living, old age or dying.
		I was brought us as a Christian and turned to Buddhism in my early thirties, so of course I have ideas about both traditions: the one I grew up in and turned aside from, and the one I adopted and continue to practise within.
		The history of Buddhism is also characterized by the development of numerous movements and schisms, foremost among them the Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana traditions, punctuated by contrasting periods of expansion and retreat.
	www.experiencefestival.com /won_buddhism (2068 words)

	WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka - Sri Lankan Society & Culture : Customs, Rituals and Traditions
		Drums of Sri Lanka(Sri Lanka has been having many types of drums in use from ancient times, and reference to these are found in some of the classical literature e.g.
		Ancient farming rituals of Sri Lanka (With the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka in the third century B.C. a centralized government was introduced with the king as the supreme supporter of Buddhism, these rituals too underwent a complete change in its conception.)
		In Sri Lanka there are four deities regarded as the guardians of the Buddha-sasana in the island: Vishnu, Saman, Kataragama, and Vibhishana.
	www.lankalibrary.com /rit.html (3342 words)

	President Of Sri Lanka - Press Releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		During the course of her long history one could see how Sri Lanka was inspired by the main religions to become a truly multi-cultural society.
		In the paintings at the Mahiyangana Temple one of the hollowed shrines of ancient Buddhism there are images of Siva and Vishnu and these paintings are datable to the 11th century.
		Ancient Kings of Sri Lanka, many of whom had Brahmin purohitas at the Royal Court had a clear vision of the complementary nature of Buddhism and Hinduism in social formation and the development of institutions.
	www.presidentsl.org /data/new/press/story01_May02,2003.htm (706 words)

	In Defense of Dharma: Just-War Ideology in Buddhist Sri Lanka
		Some of the Sri Lankan Buddhists I interviewed(7) cited the very doctrinal tradition -- with its rich mosaic of stories about the Buddha -- that Obeyesekere argues is devoid of just-war ideology, to legitimate their point of view.
		In fact, the monk was provoked by what he considered to be misuse of a Sri Lankan Buddhist story: he took exception to an allusion of Buddhism and war in a local paper that aligned the then prime minister, SWRD Bandaranaike, with Dutugemunu, the Buddhist hero of the fifth-century, post-canonical Mahavamsa.
		In his analysis of the Mahavamsa story regarding the establishment of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, R.A.L.H. Gunawardana has argued that there is dissonance between the Buddha of Mahavamsa and the Buddha of the Pali canon, the latter of which provides the textual foundation of Sri Lankan Buddhism (and Theravada Buddhism, generally).
	jbe.gold.ac.uk /6/bartho991.htm (4626 words)

	From Ceylonese to Sri Lankan Buddhism
		Sri Gundnanda Thera demonstrated their opposition to Western ideas, values and social practices by arranging public disputations with Christian missionaries.
		At present, there are three main sects of the Sri Lankan Sangha the largest and oldest, Siam Nikaaya, which is divided into two principal chapters, Malwatta and Asgiriya; the Amarapura Nikaaya, founded in the 19th century with about 20 percent of monk population; and the Raama~n~na Nikaaya, founded by reformist members of the Siam sect.
		Sri Lankan monks can be found residing in their vihaaras or residences in London, Washington, West Berlin and other Western cities, as well as in India.
	www.buddhanet.net /budsas/ebud/ebdha152.htm (1607 words)

	H-Net Review: Susanne Mrozik on Buddhist Learning and Textual Practice in Eighteenth-Century ...
		The new monastic order is heralded as the savior of a degenerate Buddhism because it restores Buddhism to an earlier pristine condition, one characterized by an emphasis on monastic learning (especially of the Pali language), discipline, and meditation.
		In doing so she problematizes the notion of "Protestant Buddhism," a term first coined by Gananath Obeyesekere to describe the ways in which European missionaries and scholars influenced Sri Lankan Buddhist self-understanding in the colonial period.
		When elite Sri Lankans embraced Orientalist representations of Buddhism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, they did so at least in part because these representations fit their own understanding of what it meant to be a Buddhist (p.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=50791030386526 (1258 words)

	Tracing Visnu Through Sri Lankan Politics and Culture, Academic Spotlight (Bowdoin)
		For the Sinhala Buddhists of Sri Lanka, he is a symbol of divine justice, protector of kings, defender of prosperity, and a power who counteracts the sorcery of malevolence.
		Ultimately, he lands readers in modern-day Sri Lanka, where he visits a myriad of rural shrines and amasses dozens of hours of taped interviews with monks and villagers variously praying to, or possessed by, Visnu.
		The ancient and continuing practice of Buddhism that exists in Sri Lanka today is a far cry from what Holt describes as the "Barnes and Noble" or "12 steps to spiritual health" variety of Buddhism that is popular in the West.
	www.bowdoin.edu /news/archives/1academicnews/002184.shtml (1379 words)

	Book on Sri Lankan Buddhism 'poised to spark debate'
		Colors of the Robe is "a subtle and critical inquiry into the agonistic space of discourse about Buddhism and politics in Sri Lanka," according to David Scott of Columbia University.
		Charles Hallisey of the University of Wisconsin--Madison wrote that the book is "an important addition to scholarship on modern Sri Lankan Buddhism, but Ananda Abeyesekara's greatest contribution is theoretical, both for the study of cultural life in general and the study of religion in particular."
		According to the publisher, "In a volume that surpasses other studies in tracking, identifying, and locating Sri Lankan Buddhism in its sectarian, ethnic, cultural, social, and political constructions, Ananda Abeyekara lays down a challenge to postcolonial and postmodern theory.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-11/vt-bos110802.php (330 words)

	Mahinda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He became a monk at the age of 20 with Moggaliputta-Tissa as his preceptor.
		Mahinda together with four other monks were sent to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism.
		They preached the teachings of the Buddha to King Devanampiyatissa (247 BC-207 BC), who then become the first Sri Lankan monarch to become a Buddhist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mahinda (103 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Sri Lanka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Buddhism was introduced beginning in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200).
		Occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century, the island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was united under British rule by 1815.
		Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages, telecommunications, and insurance and banking.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/ce.html (1268 words)

	Colors of the Robe
		Poised to spark debate among scholars of religious studies and other disciplines, Colors of the Robe sheds new light on the Sri Lankan Buddhist universe of ethics and politics and, more important, suggests innovative directions for the global study of religion, identity, culture, politics, and violence.
		In a volume that surpasses other studies in tracking, identifying, and locating Sri Lankan Buddhism in its sectarian, ethnic, cultural, social, and political constructions, Ananda Abeysekara lays down a challenge to postcolonial and postmodern theory.
		Even though the subject matter is fascinating, and the analysis is an important addition to scholarship on modern Sri Lankan Buddhism, Dr. Abeysekara's greatest contribution is theoretical, and it has far ranging implications for future scholarship on the study of cultural life in general, and religion in particular.
	www.sc.edu /uscpress/2002/3467.html (588 words)

	Buddhism Today - Dda.o Pha^.t Nga`y Nay, default page-english
		M. Sri Gundnanda Thera demonstrated their opposition to Western ideas, values and social practices by arranging public disputations with Christian missionaries.
		In these Buddhist -Christian controversies, the Buddhists considered the utter defeat of Christianity easy and certain, while the Christian missionaries could fairly estimate the difficulties of their position and day by day they had to commend themselves in prayer to God and confide in Him for wisdom and direction at every step.
		Sri Lanka has made great contributions to the progress of international Buddhism.
	www.buddhismtoday.com /english/world/country/008-lanka2.htm (1615 words)

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