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	Russian/St Petersburg Academy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Academy project was presented in January 1724 when the organizational basis of the Academy, guarantees for its material existence, candidacy and election procedures were laid down.
		The form of the Academy was imported ready-made from the Berlin model proposed to Peter the Great by Leibniz several years earlier.
		This view of the Academy is explored to shed light on Russian natural philosophical publications, scientific disputes in the early Academy, and the issue of the 'Enlightenment' in Russia.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Societies/Russian.html (215 words)

	The St. Petersburg Academy
		The founding of the St. Petersburg Academy (Academia Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitinae) in 1724/25 was the culmination of years of work by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz and Emperor Peter I of Russia.
		The genesis of the Russian science reform movement was a 1716 letter from Leibniz outlining his suggestions for education reform in the Russian Empire, including a three-tiered division of institutions into schools, universities, and academies.
		Unsurprisingly, the Academy entered a period of serious decline which was only ended by a coup against Paul and the accession of his son Alexander I. The new Emperor immediately reversed his father's draconian policies, and in 1803/4, presided over a major reorganization of the Academy.
	www.math.dartmouth.edu /~euler/historica/places/stpetersburg.html (1717 words)

	Academy of Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Academy of Sciences was established on January 28, 1725 by the orders of Peter the Great and the governing state.
		The main reason for building this Academy was because of the demand for education needed for industry, transportation, and trade, and the desire to increase culture and to better educate the people of Russia.
		And then in July 1925, “the USSR Academy of Sciences” and finally in December 1991 it was changed to “The Russian Academy of Sciences” once again.
	it.stlawu.edu /~rkreuzer/pryan/academy_of_sciences.html (329 words)

	Exercises in Oceanography
		Petersburg Academy of Sciences at the age of 20 and professor six years later (he succeeded Daniel Bernoulli in the chair of mathematics) in 1733.
		In 1741 he moved to Berlin to become a member of the Berlin Academy, but in 1766 he left the employment of Frederick the Great to return to Catharina II in St.
		He began publishing theoretical works on sound propagation, on the movement of the moon and on problems of calculus and was soon considered one of the greatest living mathematicians.
	www.es.flinders.edu.au /~mattom/IntExerc/advanced2/quest01.html (536 words)

	Russian Academy of Sciences - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Original headquarters of the Imperial Academy of Sciences - the Kunstkammer in Saint Petersburg.
		Petersburg by Peter the Great, and implemented in the Senate decree of January 28, 1724.
		Under the leadership of Princess Ekaterina Dashkova (1783-96), the Academy was engaged on compiling the huge Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/St_Petersburg_Academy_of_Sciences (589 words)

	Karl Ernst von Baer (www.whonamedit.com)
		He was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in 1826, and in 1828 he refused an invitation to work at the academy, even though his friend Pander was already there as an academician.
		Baer became a full member in zoology of the St. Petersburg academy of sciences in 1834, and remained there for the rest of his working life, more than 30 years, "the finery and pride - the soul of the academy".
		Petersburg, printshop of the imperial academy of sciences, 1865.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/379.html (4095 words)

	The Academy Bulletin
		Academy President James O. Freedman responded with a note of appreciation to the French for providing a model for a fledgling Academy in America and went on to describe the Academy's current programs in the context of the role intellectuals must play in a democratic society.
		Despite the significant difference between a Royal Academy, as it then was, and John Adams's vision of an Academy for the new democratic republic, Adams was impressed by the idea of the important role intellectuals might play in society as engaged citizens.
		The Academy has been attentive to issues of social policy, focusing on the future of cities in the new century, income inequality and its consequences, and the impact of ever-increasing immigration among societies around the globe.
	www.amacad.org /blvlivn1/blvlivn1_34.aspx (3870 words)

	Karl Ernst von Baer Summary
		While in St. Petersburg he took part in various scientific expeditions, including many to Novaya Zemlya, in the Russian Arctic, where he was the first naturalist to collect plant and animal specimens.
		In 1834 Baer moved back to St Petersburg and joined the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, first in zoology (1834-46) and then in comparative anatomy and physiology (1846-62).
		At St Petersburg, Baer established an extensive skull collection and became a proponent and contributor to the (pseudo)science of craniology.
	www.bookrags.com /Karl_Ernst_von_Baer (4380 words)

	References for Russian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A A Borovkov and Yu G Reshetnyak, On the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian), Mat.
		M D Gordin, The importation of being earnest : the early St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Isis 91 (1) (2000), 1-31.
		B Krzemie'nska, The founding of the Academy of Sciences and Arts in St Petersburg in 1724-1725 (some remarks on the 250th anniversary of the Academy of Sciences in the USSR) (Czech), DVT - Dejiny Ved.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Societies/References/Russian.html (243 words)

	California Academy of Sciences - Science Under Sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Science Under Sail: Russia's Great Voyages to America 1728-1867 tells the story of early Russian maritime exploration in the North Pacific.
		In 1724, he founded the Academy of Sciences, declaring his desire to create and "empire of knowledge" and "seek glory through the arts and sciences." The Russian Navy, which he had created in 1698, would work closely with the Academy of Sciences.
		The Russians imperial naval base at Kronstadt northeast of St. Petersburg was the port of embarkation not only for all the major voyages of exploration from 1803 onward, but also for many of the Russian-American Company vessels that serviced the colony posts in Alaska and California.
	www.calacademy.org /exhibits/science_under_sail/sailing.html (901 words)

	Biography of Leonard Euler
		Fortunately for him, his arrival at St. Petersburg coincided with the death of the wife of Peter the Great.
		In 1741, Euler left St. Petersburg for Germany where he made several important achievements in calculus and its applications.
		Euler eventually made it back to St. Petersburg, where he entered the most prolific period of his life, despite a heavy handicap.
	tiger.towson.edu /~gstiff1/eulerbio.htm (1468 words)

	Naval science must be given official status Military Thought - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Revival of naval science as an independent area of knowledge after its administrative removal from the field of scientific studies continues to loom large among the many problems that have been disturbing the naval scientific public for a quarter of a century.
		As we can see, the range of sciences taught to naval officers was sufficiently broad and bore witness to a considerable exposure to scientific problems in the area of development and employment of Russia's navy.
		In 1896, the Nicholas Naval Academy instituted a course of naval sciences with the status of a department.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0JAP/is_2_14/ai_n15623006 (805 words)

	History of Science Society \| HSSOnline.org
		Since the Academy has traditionally encompassed all fields of knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences, histories of the Academy are virtually general histories of science in Russia, although they do not give much attention to university or industrial research.
		Two sources treating the early history of the Academy in the tsarist period are Alexander Lipski, "The Foundation of the Russian Academy of Sciences," Isis, 1953, 44:349-354 and Ludmilla Schulze, "The Russification of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Eighteenth Century,Ó British Journal of the History of Science, 1985, 18:305-335.
		A later, much less traumatic, reform of the Academy is described by Graham in "Reorganization of the USSR Academy of Sciences," in Soviet Policy-Making, edited by Peter Juviler and Henry Morton (New York: Praeger, 1967), pp.
	www.hssonline.org /teach_res/essays/graham/grahamp1.html (699 words)

	Velten, Yuri Matveevich
		Born in Saint Petersburg to the family of the steward of the Academy of Sciences, Matthias Velten.
		Velten became the court architect, and in 1783 became a correspondent of the French Royal Academy, in 1784 a state councilor, in 1770 an academician, in 1772 professor at the Academy of the Arts, in 1785 adjunct-rector, between 1789 and 1794 served as director of the Academy of the Arts, and retired in 1794.
		His main work in Petersburg includes: the Old Hermitage, the Chesme Palace and the Church of John the Baptist (the Chesme Church); the protestant church of St. Catherine on Vasilievsky Island, and the catholic church of St. Anne on Kirochnaya Street, the Armenian-Gregorian Church on Nevsky Prospect, and others.
	eng.tzar.ru /history/architect/felten (300 words)

	Euler
		Euler was offered a post at St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Russia, which would involve him in teaching applications of mathematics and mechanics to physiology.
		Euler became professor of physics at the academy in 1730.
		Daniel left St Petersburg to return to Basel in 1733, and Euler was appointed to take his place as senior chair of mathematics.
	numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu /anecdotes/euler.html (852 words)

	Russia in the Age of Enlightenment: Intellectual Life. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was these conditions in the 18th century that allowed the development of modern science in Russia, in particular the development of the natural sciences.
		Science and technology in Russia was minimal, and pre-Petrine Russia did not produce any great intellects or representatives of the world sciences of the same caliber as Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Leibniz, or others who emerged in Central and Western Europe.
		Petersburg Academy of Sciences was opened shortly after Peter I's death, in December 7, 1725, under the reign of Catherine I. This academy included prominent scholars from all over Europe, including Germans, Frenchmen, Italians, Englishmen, Danes and Swedes.
	it.stlawu.edu /~rkreuzer/indv3/intelect.htm (551 words)

	Russian and German cooperation in research on Arctic and Antarctic marine fauna. History, results and perspectives of ...
		On the Russian side above all Stepan Krasheninnikov is to mention, who was as an adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
		The young zoologist L. Breitfuss, who was descendant of a Petersburg German family and graduated at Berlin University as a spongiologist participated this expedition and later led it (1902) (Stepanjnats, Bjorklund, Chernova, Smirnov, Lajus, 1999).
		Visits of German colleagues from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (Bremerhaven) to the Zoological Institute RAS (St. Petersburg) and vice versa became normal in connection with investigations on the Arctic Seas.
	vitiaz.ru /congress/en/thesis/40.html (1691 words)

	Russian studies of the World Ocean, VII International Congress
		The interest in the sea studies, in the seas and oceans use as transport arteries, in the various navigational instruments improvement, in the marine life studies and commercial use of fish and marine animals goes down into ages.
		Fomin Alexander Ivanovich, a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1795, an explorer of the White Sea and a collector of ancient acts and manuscripts.
		The contribution of the first ten members of the Russian (St.-Petersburg) Academy of Sciences to the description, study and exploration of the seas and oceans within a century preceded the appearance of specialized fields of research, first in oceanography and then in oceanology.
	vitiaz.ru /congress/en/thesis/122.html (1692 words)

	Pravda.RU Russia to recruit volunteers to fly to Mars
		According to the Church Scientific Centre of the Moscow Patriarchy "Orthodox Encyclopaedia," which took an active part in organising the forum, the conference is devoted to the peculiarities of the development of Christianity in the East and in the West, to their origin and co-existence at the time of the unity of the Church.
		A meeting of Nobel Prize winners "Science and Progress of Mankind" will be held on June 16 to 21 in St. Petersburg, a RIA Novosti correspondent was told at the organizing committee of this undertaking.
		The Mariinsky II exposition at the St. Petersburg Arts Academy features 11 projects of the new building of the Mariinsky Theatre presented to the international architectural contest.
	newsfromrussia.com /science/2003/06/16/48258.html (2081 words)

	Museums of St. Petersburg, Russia::Zoological Museum at the Russian Academy of Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Museums of St. Petersburg, Russia::Zoological Museum at the Russian Academy of Sciences
		St. Petersburg's Zoological Museum is the biggest museum of that type in Russia.
		In 1931, the Zoological Research Institute, a research institute of the Academy of Sciences, was founded at the museum.
	spbcity.info /eng/statiy/zoo-museum.htm (403 words)

	Aleksandr Lyapunov Summary
		He studied at the Physico-Mathematical department of the University of Saint Petersburg, where he was a schoolfellow of Markov.
		On the December 2 1900 he was elected as a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and on the October 6 1901 as a fully entitled member of the Academy in the field of applied mathematics.
		He was an honorary member of many universities, an external member of the Academy in Rome and a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
	www.bookrags.com /Aleksandr_Lyapunov (2044 words)

	The Russian Church and Native Alaskan Cultures
		To his Eminence Innokentii, Bishop of Irkutsk, Nirchinsk, and Iakutsk, and Cavalier, from the priest, Ioann Veniaminov, of the Sitka St. Michael the Archangel Church, a humble report, April 5, 1837, pp.3,4 (3 photocopy).
		Petersburg: Academy of Sciences Typography, 1846, opposite p.
		Petersburg: Academy of Sciences Typography, 1846, opposite p.30.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/russian/russch8.html (826 words)

	Caspar Friedrich Wolff (www.whonamedit.com)
		This was unsuccessful, but in 1767, on Euler's initiative, Wolff was ofefred, and accepted, an invitation to St. Petersburg to enter a chair of anatomy and physiology at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
		During the next twenty-seven years he published thirty one memoirs in the Academy’s Proceedings, including several that were devoted to anatomical research on the muscles of the heart and on connective tissue.
		Presented to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1767, shortly after his arrival in Russia.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/2433.html (1258 words)

	[No title]
		Markov graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1878, and at the age of 30, he became a professor of the same university and a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
		The solution of many fundamental problems of modern science and technology would not be possible without his contributions.
		Markov was born on 14 June 1856 in Ryazan, Russia, and died on 20 July 1922 in Petrograd (now St Petersburg), Russia.
	appliedprob.society.informs.org /APS_Markov_bio.doc (286 words)

	Newsletter 11.3 Fall 1996 (Conservation at the Getty)
		He is president of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Academy and director of the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy, where he has worked since 1953.
		In 1917 we were named the Russian Academy of Sciences, and a system of elected officers was established.
		Please remember that the Academy of Sciences in Russia includes the country's research institutes in all of the scientific fields.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/publications/newsletters/11_3/profile1.html (1490 words)

	LEONHARD EULER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Euler's study of the bridges of Königsberg can be seen as the beginning of combinatorial topology (which is why the Euler characteristic bears his name).
		He joined the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1727.
		Euler's prolific output caused a tremendous problem of backlog: the St. Petersburg Academy continued publishing his work posthumously for more than 30 years.
	www.usna.edu /Users/math/meh/euler.html (402 words)

	My tribute to St. Petersburg
		Petersburg is situated on 44 islands in Neva river's delta and is famous for its bridges, embankments, museums, and, of course, for its magical White Nights.
		The Russian Navy, the Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Arts, the first museums and the first theatres were all built on the banks of Neva.
		Nowadays, St. Petersburg, with a population of over 5 million, plays a very imortant role in Russia's political, scientific, and cultural life.
	users.abac.com /gregoryo/mycity (239 words)

	California Academy of Sciences - Science Under Sail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Scientific Research Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts, St. Petersburg.
		Kotzebue's was a purely scientific voyage, commissioned by a wealthy patron of science, Count Nikolai Rumiansev.
		This ceremonial headdress was made from the wing feathers of a vulture and crowned with tufts of eagle down.
	www.calacademy.org /exhibits/science_under_sail/people.html (1207 words)

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