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Topic: Staggers Act

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	Staggers Rail Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 deregulated the railroad industry to a significant extent, replacing the regulatory structure that existed since the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act.
		The act was named for Congressman Harley Staggers (D-WV), who chaired the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee.
		Although it is traditional for laws to be known by the names of their sponsors, this is believed to be the first (but not last) case in which the sponsor's name was officially incorporated into the text of a Federal statute.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Staggers_Rail_Act (164 words)

	TheStreet.com: Cash Crunch Staggers ACT Manufacturing
		ACT CEO John Pino didn't respond to a call seeking comment.
		ACT has taken other measures to conserve cash, according to this person.
		And nearly all of ACT's U.S. and Mexican facilities were scheduled to shut down from July 4 to July 13, according to this person.
	www.thestreet.com /comment/detox/1487575.html (883 words)

	[No title]
		The premise of the Staggers Act was that the railroads' financial difficulties of the 1970s /3/ and earlier were due in substantial part to two causes: disparate state and federal standards applying to the industry, see, e.g., H.R. Rep. 96-1035, 96th Cong.
		The legislative history of the Staggers Act reveals that Congress sought to ensure that the goals of the Act not be undermined by conflicting and burdensome state regulation.
		The legislative history of the Staggers Act exemption provision (49 U.S.C. 10505) reveals that at the time the Staggers Act was under consideration, Congress knew that the Commission was already proposing to exempt TOFC/COFC transportation pursuant to the limited exemption provisions of the earlier Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 (4R Act), Pub.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/1986/sg860454.txt (7253 words)

	[No title]
		The Staggers Rail Act of 1980 was enacted with the purpose of revitalizing the nation's railroad industry by substantially deregulating the rate-setting process on both the federal and state level.
		Section 208 of the Staggers Act authorizes rail carriers subject to the jurisdiction of the ICC to enter into contracts to provide rail transportation services, a practice that until that time had been prohibited.
		Accordingly, because the Staggers Act does not bar public disclosure of rail contracts outside the context of rail regulation, we conclude that the city's coal transportation agreement is not excepted from disclosure by section 3(a)(1) of the Open Records Act.
	www.oag.state.tx.us /opinions/or47mattox/ord-541.txt (3842 words)

	BMWE - Journal Online - Article
		The railroads used the Staggers Act to massively cut jobs throughout the industry, shamelessly shedding thousands upon thousands of miles of track, creating short lines that were thinly disguised creations of the big roads at that time.
		The Staggers Act and the ICC Act it amended were implemented by agencies appointed by Ronald Reagan — including the Interstate Commerce Commission, the predecessor agency to the Surface Transportation Board.
		The Staggers Act was Congress' attempt to modernize the U.S. railroad industry, which was still reeling from the major changes that occurred in the transportation industry.
	www.bmwe.org /JOURNAL/2001/05MAY/C2.htm (1463 words)

	Congressman Richard Baker - Content by DexteraNet
		However, one lingering element of the Staggers Act provides for âdifferential pricing,â which in effect allows railroads to âprice gougeâ customers served by a single railroad in order to help make up for revenue that is lost to customers served by more than one railroad.
		Rather, the Staggers Act was an attempt to revive an important industry in Americaâs economy.
		When the 109th Congress reflects back on the success of the Staggers Act, we can indeed take pride in âgetting it right.â Congress achieved its goal of resuscitating the ailing railroad industry, but Congress did not intend to sustain the life of this industry at the growing, unfair expense of other industries.
	www.baker.house.gov /html/content.cfm?id=249 (890 words)

	Railroad Deregulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		While the original intent of the Act was to abolish the numerous abuses of public trust by the railroads, the long-term effect was the stagnation of the industry.
		The Staggers Act of 1980 marked the end of nearly 100 years of restrictive government regulation of the railroad industry.
		A brief overview of the major provisions of the Staggers Act which directly influence the ability of railroads to develop marketing programs, particularly in the areas of pricing and service, is discussed here.
	www.libertyhaven.com /theoreticalorphilosophicalissues/privatization/railroadderegulation.shtml (2960 words)

	NACo \| Commentary: Keep the Railroad Competition Act
		The intentions of the Staggers Rail Act in improving the financial posture of the railroads were largely met and successful.
		The Railroad Competition Act of 2005 was introduced in the 109th Congress as H.R. 2047 by Rep. Richard Baker (R-La.) and cosponsored by Reps. James Oberstar (D-Minn.), Earl Pomeroy (D-N.D.), Dennis Rehberg (R-Mont.), among others.
		The Railroad Competition Act of 2005 will preserve existing rail-to-rail competition in areas of the United States where competition is working and take action to reduce impediments to competition that adversely affect rail customers.
	www.countynews.org /CountyNewsTemplate.cfm?template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=18198 (654 words)

	SPI: REVIEW OF RAIL ACCESS AND COMPETITION ISSUES
		While the Staggers Act was successful in spurring the railroads' economic recovery, at the core of shippers' complaints is their concern that the railroad industry is now dominated by a handful of large, Class I railroads, and as a result, shippers that are dependent on rail service increasingly lack competitive options.
		Shippers assert that, while the Staggers Act was meant to revive a failing industry and enable it to earn adequate revenues, Congress did not intend to thwart the equally important statutory goal that, to the maximum extent possible, competition should drive the railroads' economic recovery.
		In Ex Parte No. 456, The Staggers Rail Act of 1980-- Conference of Interested Parties, the ICC established a forum outside of the agency's purview to encourage railroads and shippers to discuss and negotiate solutions to disputes arising from the implementation of the Staggers Act, and to submit proposals for the agency's considerations.
	www.plasticsindustry.org /membersonly/public/transportation/issues/stb575.htm (3537 words)

	UTU: News
		In essence, the Staggers Act seemed to take money from the working men and women in this industry and move it into the pockets of the mega-railroads, who were struggling at that time.
		"The focus of the Staggers Act obviously was on rates; yet it was somehow turned on its head to give the rail industry a free crack at its labor force under the guise of deregulation.
		"In sum, the general effects of the Staggers Act have improved the bottom line for rail carriers, which is good for the industry; however, much of this occurred at the expense of rail employees who are the backbone of this industry.
	www.utu.org /worksite/detail_news.cfm?ArticleID=24247 (776 words)

	Railway Age: Tougher rail merger guidelines? (Interstate Com... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He said the Staggers provisions, enacted when there were 40 Class I railroads, were intended to encourage an industry on the verge of bankruptcy to merge into economically viable companies that could compete with each other and with other modes of transportation."
		As for NITL's feeling that the Staggers Act has now done its duty, and tougher guidelines for mergers are now in order, it should be pointed out that Staggers was not about mergers, except as a tool.
		The Staggers medicine--a healthy dose of deregulation--has worked marvelously, so far, to revive an industry that a scant 15 years ago was thought to be moribund.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:17880006&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (763 words)

	Tomorrow's Railroads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The basic principle of the Staggers Act was simple: railroads should be permitted to act much as other businesses in managing their assets and pricing their services.
		In enacting the Staggers Act, Congress recognized that railroads faced intense competition from trucks and other modes for most freight traffic, but prevailing regulation prevented railroads from earning adequate revenues and competing effectively.
		The flexibility Staggers provided has enabled railroads to upgrade their systems, reinvest in productive rail infrastructure, generate higher levels of service and greater volumes of traffic, dramatically increase productivity, improve profitability from once anemic levels, and improve safety - while at the same time sharply lowering rates for shippers.
	www.tomorrowsrailroads.org /history.asp (1248 words)

	US CODE: Title 49,10706. Rate agreements: exemption from antitrust laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1 of Title 15 and Tables.
		For further details and complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 12 of Title 15 and Tables.
		Act of June 19, 1936, referred to in subsec.
	straylight.law.cornell.edu /uscode/uscode49/usc_sec_49_00010706----000-notes.html (431 words)

	Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United States Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976, funded the reorganized bankrupt Northeast and Midwest railroads that formed Conrail in 1975.
		The act also authorized financial subsidies for upgrading rail facilities.
		It was soon succeeded by the Staggers Act of 1980 (passed under Democrat Jimmy Carter) which deregulated rail, in contrast with the earlier 1970 tendencies (under Republican and nominally pro-market Gerald Ford) towards nationalization.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Railroad_Revitalization_and_Regulatory_Reform_Act (115 words)

	Railroad Reregulation: Is the C.U.R.E Cure Worse Than the Disease?
		Passage of the Staggers Act was a tacit admission by Congress that almost a century of railroad regulation had not worked as intended.
		The most important freedom granted to the railroads by the Staggers Act was the right to enter into confidential contracts with their customers in order to guarantee certain volumes of freight and levels of service for certain periods.
		The Staggers Act was not the immediate salvation of the railroads, but the industry has made significant economic progress since its passage.
	www.cato.org /pubs/pas/pa098.html (6124 words)

	American Experience \| Streamliners \| People & Events
		The Mann-Elkins Act placed the burden of proof on the railroads; for the first time, they would have to actively demonstrate that a rate was reasonable.
		The Transportation Act of 1940 amended the Interstate Commerce Act to extend its reach to the other industries, but the fact remained that while regulations were not relaxed on railroads, private cars, trucks, and 90 percent of inland water carriers were exempt from government control.
		In 1980 the Staggers Act furthered railroad deregulation, but by then, many railroads were operating under greatly reduced circumstances, if they were operating at all.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/streamliners/peopleevents/e_ica.html (829 words)

	Railroad Mergers in the 20th Century by Robert D. West
		At the beginning of the 20th century, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 was used to prevent railroads from being able to merge.
		The Transportation Act of 1940 was essentially the opposite of the Transportation Act of 1920.
		The Staggers Act stated that rail service and rates would be determined by competition and the free market.
	people.msoe.edu /~westr/mergers.htm (1774 words)

	Trucking for Regulation, 3/95
		These acts deregulated successively either totally or in large part, the air freight industry, air passenger transportation, trucking, railroads, bus service, freight forwarders, and lifted most of the remaining motor carrier restrictions including those imposed by the states.
		The Staggers act authorizes railroads to price their services freely, unless a railroad possesses "market dominance." Congress required that the Commission to persist in enforcing the prohibition on intermodal ownership, to continue the loss and damage obligations, and to maintain labor protection.
		The Act also eliminated antitrust immunity for single-line and joint-line rates while specifying that antitrust immunity would continue for broad changes in tariffs and the publishing of tariffs but that only carriers whose operations were affected by rate bureau tariffs could vote on them.
	www.stanford.edu /~moore/TRANSREG.HTML (5852 words)

	Cheney RR Co Inc v. RRRB
		1 The Staggers Rail Act provides that the operators of such railroad lines "may elect to be exempt from any of the provisions of this title, except that such a[n operator] may not be exempt from the provisions of chapter 107 of this title with respect to transportation under a joint rate." 49 U.S.C. 10910(g)(1).
		4 In affirming and adopting the reconsideration opinion of its Deputy General Counsel, the Board concluded that Congress intended the Staggers Rail Act exemption to be narrow and the remedial RRA and RUIA to encompass broadly all railroad carriers in the United States.
		On the basis of this provision, the codifiers replaced the references in the RRA and the RUIA to "part I of the Interstate Commerce Act" 8 with the phrase which the Board construed in the instant case, "subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49." 45 U.S.C. §§ 231(a)(1)(i) & 351(b) (1982).
	www.ll.georgetown.edu /federal/judicial/dc/opinions/93opinions/93-1621a.html (3769 words)

	Railway Age: Railroader of the year: William H. Dempsey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The 4-R Act of 1976, Dempsey says, was a genuine effort by the Congress to provide both for rail revitalization and for regulatory reform.
		But the former couldn't happen without the latter, and "the Interstate Commerce Commission gutted the 4-R Act." Among other things, the ICC ruled that about 75% of rail traffic was traffic where the railroads had "market dominance," and so they were permitted no rate freedom at all.
		Dempsey sees the Staggers Act as the most important legislation for the industry since the 1887 passage of the Interstate Commerce Act which created the regulatory nightmare in the first place.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1215/is_n1_v193/ai_11832385 (1459 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Staggers Act allows service contracts and therefore contract rates; establishes rate floors and ceilings; and expedites the ICC (now the Surface Transportation Board) timetable on merger applications.
		Although the 4-R Act of 1976 was the initial railroad deregulation act, it "was largely emasculated by the ICC which was inclined to oppose deregulation or move only slowly towards deregulation" (Grimm and Windle, 1998, p.
		Since neither the 4-R Act nor the Staggers Act completely deregulated the rail industry, some authors prefer to use the phrase "regulatory reform" rather than the term "deregulation." We choose the latter for this paper.
	www.oduport.org /M4.htm (6836 words)

	AMS@USDA - Transportation and Marketing - Long Term Agricultural Transportation Strategy
		The Staggers Act also permitted railroads to enter into confidential contracts with shippers, thereby enabling railroads to make investments in plant and equipment with a greater degree of certainty that these investments would be profitable.
		Prior to the Staggers Act, shippers were allowed to specify the routing for their shipments and were guaranteed nondiscriminatory rail service.
		Prior to the Staggers Act, railroads were allowed to differentiate their rates according to commodity and length of haul.
	www.ams.usda.gov /tmd/LATS/railways.htm (15555 words)

	The Differential Effects of Rail Rate Deregulation U.S. Corn, Wheat and Soybean Markets (MPC03-144) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In years leading to passage of the Staggers Act in 1980, railroads were subject to government dictate in their rate setting practices.
		The 1887 act had instilled the longstanding rules of railroad regulation that had been adopted in response to concerns of monopoly practices in the railroad industry.
		Under the Staggers Act railroad rate setting would be deregulated with the exception of markets in which the railroads were deemed to be dominant.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/ugpti/MPC_Pubs/html/MPC03-144/pg1_1.html (1981 words)

	[No title]
		The court also rejected the claim that congressional actions in recodifying the Interstate Commerce Act and in enacting the Staggers Act were evidence of congressional ratification of the changed rule.
		The court then found that the Commission's decision was reasonable, that the evidence in the record supported the Commission's conclusions, that the policies underlying the 4R Act and the Staggers Act also supported the Commission's decision, and that the Commission had addressed all pertinent considerations.
		Congressional passage of the Staggers Act without either explicitly disapproving Indiana Harbor I or authorizing a change in Indiana Harbor I thus cannot be construed as reflecting a congressional intent to bar the Commission from reexamining its policy regarding railroad charges for empty car repair moves.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/1989/sg890329.txt (2922 words)

	FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION : PRESS ROOM
		Finally, in 1980, the Staggers Act was passed by Congress and the rail freight industry emerged from bankruptcy.
		The Staggers Act of 1980 removed much of an outmoded rail economic regulatory structure, retaining regulations only where intermodal and intramodal competition is not sufficient to protect shippers from abuse.
		The Staggers Act helped rescue the rail freight industry in the United States from almost certain bankruptcy, and it provided a significant opportunity for the national economy to grow as well.
	www.fra.dot.gov /us/content/1309 (3445 words)

	Inbound Logistics: Feature Story
		Prior to Staggers, freight railroads operated under the authority of the federal government as a result of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 -- a regulatory structure put in place by Congress to compensate for a general public distrust of railroad oligarchies at the time.
		The Staggers Act allowed railroads to become more customer focused in the way they conducted business and ran their operations because they were no longer bogged down by bureaucratic red tape.
		The 1980's Staggers Act marked a pivotal transition in the rail freight industry as nearly 100 years of government regulation came to an end.
	www.inboundlogistics.com /articles/features/0104_feature03.shtml (3760 words)

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