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Topic: Staging (pathology)

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	Cancer staging - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Staging of cancer is important because the stage at diagnosis is the biggest predictor of survival, and treatments are often changed based on the stage.
		Pathologic staging is usually considered the "better" or "truer" stage because it allows direct examination of the tumor and its spread, contrasted with clinical staging which is limited by the fact that the information is obtained by making indirect observations at a tumor which is still in the body.
		TNM Staging is used for solid tumors, and is an acronym for the words Tumor, Nodes, and Metastases.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Staging_(pathology) (1275 words)

	CancerQuest : Diagnosis & Detection : Cancer Staging
		Staging is important for identifying appropriate treatment options for a particular cancer and individual.
		It is important to note that although the stage of a cancer is important, the prognosis may be affected by other factors, such as age of the patient and other health related factors.
		One common method of staging is the T/N/M system, which identifies three important characteristics of cancer and assigns a level of severity to each of those characteristics to determine an overall degree of severity for the patient's cancer.
	www.cancerquest.org /index.cfm?page=407 (526 words)

	Lung Cancer - Staging - oncologychannel
		Staging is complete when a patient has undergone surgical pathology and imaging studies.
		Staging provides an estimate of disease-free survival, overall survival, and risk of cancer recurrence or relapse.
		The influence of staging is particularly important when radiation or surgical therapy are added to chemotherapy in treating patients with limited stage disease.
	www.oncologychannel.com /lungcancer/staging.shtml (809 words)

	NCCI - Cancer staging data collection in WA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The collection of staging details, particularly for cancers that are amenable to screening and early detection such as breast, cervix, melanoma, bowel and prostate, was identified as a national cancer control priority by the NCCI through its consultations with key stakeholders in 1997.
		The aim of the pilot study was to determine the feasibility of adding cancer staging data to the population-based cancer notification data already collected by the WA Cancer Registry for the period 1995 onwards.
		To collect staging information retrospectively on 450 cancer cases notified to the WA Cancer Registry, and for 150 cases prospectively after project commencement, based on semi-random samples aimed at ensuring adequate representation of the most common cancer types diagnosed in Western Australia.
	www.ncci.org.au /projects/stage/cancer_stage_WA.htm (1023 words)

	Staging: Questions and Answers - National Cancer Institute
		The TNM staging system is based on the extent of the tumor (T), spread to lymph nodes (N), and metastasis (spread to other parts of the body) (M) (see Question 4).
		Staging describes the extent or severity of an individual’s cancer based on the extent of the original (primary) tumor and the extent of spread in the body.
		Additionally, childhood cancers are staged using either the TNM system or the staging criteria of the Children’s Oncology Group, a group that conducts pediatric clinical trials.
	www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/factsheet/Detection/staging (1438 words)

	Ureteral & Renal Pelvic Cancers
		Staging of both renal pelvic and ureteral carcinomas (Table 20-4) is based on an accurate assessment of the degree of tumor infiltration and parallels the staging system developed for bladder cancer (Batata et al, 1975; Grabstald, Whitmore, and Melamed, 1971; American Joint Committee on Cancer, 1997).
		Tumor stage and grade correlate with survival (Cummings et al, 1975; Batata et al, 1975; Batata and Grabstald, 1976; Bloom, Vidone, and Lytton, 1970; Reitelman et al, 1987).
		Low-grade and low-stage cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter are associated with survival rates between 60% and 90%, compared with 0% and 33% for tumors of higher grade or those that have penetrated deep into or through the renal pelvic or ureteral wall (Hall et al, 1998).
	www.health.am /cr/ureteral-renal-pelvic-cancers (2137 words)

	OVARIAN CANCER: Staging
		Staging is an assessment of how far the tumor has spread.
		Stage III - Tumor involving one or both ovaries with peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive retroperitoneal or inguinal lymph nodes.
		Stage IV - Growth involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases.
	ovariancancer.jhmi.edu /staging.cfm (161 words)

	SkinCancerNet Article - Staging: The First Step in Treating Skin Cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is known as the extent, or stage, of the cancer.
		The original biopsy is frequently all that is needed to stage basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma — the two most common forms of nonmelanoma skin cancer.
		While the staging system used for melanoma may vary slightly from hospital to hospital, melanoma staging is generally based on the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) melanoma staging system, which is shown in following table.
	www.skincarephysicians.com /skincancernet/staging.html (1131 words)

	PathMax: Gynecologic Pathology
		Pathology of the Uterine Cervix, Vagina and Vulva by YS Fu (2002)
		Surgical Pathology of the Ovaries by P Russell and A Farnsworth (1997)
		Pathology of the Uterine Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva by YS Fu, JW Reagan, JL Bennington (1989)
	www.pathmax.com /gyn.html (520 words)

	Staging & Grading
		Stage is determined by the depth to which the tumor has penetrated the bladder wall, and assessment of invasion of lymph nodes and other surrounding organs and tissues.
		Pathology tests can also be done which anlayse various biomarkers/prognostic indicators.
		In a study which reviewed accuracy of staging in 130 cystectomy patients, the overall clinical staging error was 61.5%, with 41.5% of the cancers understaged.
	blcwebcafe.org /staging.asp (1256 words)

	What is Breast Cancer 'Staging'?
		In addition, staging is based upon findings from imaging studies - such as chest x-ray, abdominal ultrasound (images produced by high-frequency sound waves) computed tomography (CT or CAT scan; computer-assisted technique that produces cross-sectional images of the body), and bone scans.
		Staging helps to predict how an individual will fare over time - that is, it helps the physician to estimate how long a person will live and the risk of cancer recurrence, or relapse.
		By contrast, a "stage IV" cancer is much more serious, as it has already metastasized to the lymph nodes as well as another location(s).
	www.ehealthmd.com /library/breastcancer/BRC_staging.html (612 words)

	Testicular Cancer Resource Center's Staging Page
		In addition to the clinical stage definitions, surgical stage may be designated based on the results of surgical removal and microscopic examination of tissue.
		Stage I - Stage I testicular cancer is limited to the testis.
		Stage II - Stage II testicular cancer involves the testis and the retroperitoneal or para-aortic lymph nodes usually in the region of the kidney.
	tcrc.acor.org /staging.html (1986 words)

	Lung Cancer Clinical Trial overview, excerpt from A Complete Guide to Lung Cancer,
		The stages are progressive, stage one, being a basic test to see if a drug has some effect, if it does appear to work, stage two is designed to refine the dose and assess side-effects, and finally, stage three, measuring the drug against conventional treatments being used.
		Thus, stage 3B and stage 4 lung cancer patients are eligible for clinical trials, because conventional treatment is not usually curative.
		Assume that the interleukin proved effective in stage 1, was modified for dose and side effects in stage 2, and is now ready for stage 3 comparison testing.
	www.lungcancerclaims.com /clinicaltrialoverviewlungcancer.htm (2383 words)

	CancerQuest : Cancer by Type : Colorectal
		Adenocarcinoma arising within a gland of an adenoma of the colon: Note the very dark staining of the malignant cells, and the presence of nuclei at all levels within the cells.
		Staging a cancer is a way of describing the extent of the disease.
		One of the most common methods used for colorectal cancer staging is called the T/N/M system, which assigns a degree of severity based on the size, location, and spread of cancer in the body.
	www.cancerquest.org /index.cfm?page=1764 (258 words)

	Kidney Cancer - Staging - Urologychannel
		Although grading and the identification of cancer cell types help determine a patient's prognosis, most doctors believe that the cancer's stage is a better indicator of a patient's survivability.
		Staging allows a physician to gauge the size and location of tumors by using information gathered from imaging studies such as CT scans and MRIs, and from pathology tests and physical examinations.
		This staging system is becoming more widely accepted because it provides a more detailed description of the tumor(s).
	www.urologychannel.com /kidneycancer/stage.shtml (552 words)

	Thymoma: Update for the New Millenium -- Johnson et al. 6 (3): 239 -- The Oncologist
		of recurrence is proportional to the clinicopathologic stage.
		long-term survival is the tumor stage [27, 55].
		Stage III thymoma: pattern of failure after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy and its implication for future study.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/6/3/239 (3917 words)

	A New Approach To Adult-Acquired Flatfoot
		However, clinical staging of patients with AAF continues to rely on a system proposed by Johnson and Strom in 1989 before researchers recognized the role of ligamentous rupture in the pathology.
		In Stage II AAF, one will note attenuation of the posterior tibial tendon, which is accompanied by a visible change in foot structure alignment with loss of one or more critical ligaments in the hindfoot.
		Generally, for patients who have a Stage II AAF that can be reduced, one can proceed with a medializing calcaneal osteotomy or lateral column lengthening and/or a medial column stabilization with posterior tibial tendon augmentation as well as spring ligament repair.
	www.podiatrytoday.com /article/2584 (4488 words)

	USCAP 2005 Annual Meeting - Short Course #32
		Recently instituted grading and staging guidelines for chronic liver diseases, some of which may now be considered epidemic in scope, as well as terminologic changes in hepatopathology require clarification for the general practicing pathologist.
		Grading and staging of chronic hepatitis, in particular of hepatitis C, as well as of mixed viral infections (e.g.
		Upon completion of the course, participants should be able to: grade and stage the most common diseases found in liver biopsy specimens; recognize common overlap disease categories and understand the clinical implications of such recognition; use the most up to date nomenclature for clear communication with hepatology/gastroenterology colleagues.
	www.uscap.org /site~/94reg/sc32.htm (307 words)

	CancerGuide: Understanding Cancer Types and Staging
		In this system, cases are grouped into four stages denoted by Roman numerals I through IV, or are classified as "recurrent." In general, stage I cancers are small localized cancers that are usually curable, while stage IV usually represents inoperable or metastatic cancer.
		Stage II and III cancers are usually locally advanced and/or with involvement of local lymph nodes.
		In addition, it is important to realize that the prognosis for a given stage also depends on what kind of cancer it is, so that a stage II non small cell lung cancer has a different prognosis from a stage II cervical cancer.
	www.cancerguide.org /basic.html (2646 words)

	PathMax: Gastrointestinal Pathology
		Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas by RD Odze, JR Goldblum, JM Crawford (2004)
		Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract by SC Ming and H Goldman
		Atlas of Gastrointestinal Pathology (Atlases in Diagnostic Surgical Pathology) by DA Owen and JK Kelly
	www.pathmax.com /gi.html (295 words)

	CancerGuide: Guide to Staging and Grading of Renal Cell Cancer
		Rather than repeat information which can be found elsewhere, this guide to kidney cancer grading and staging is intended to point you in the right direction for detailed definitions of stage and grade, and to give you some perspective on what it means.
		Stage III actually includes cases with a widely differing prognosis, specifically the prognosis with lymph node involvement is significantly worse than other cases in stage III.
		Treatment for stages I-III consists of surgery to remove the kidney tumor (or rarely other methods to destroy it) while stage IV or recurrent renal cancer is treated with surgery, immunotherapy, and clinical trials of new treatments.
	cancerguide.org /rcc_staging.html (818 words)

	U-M CCC - Prostate Cancer Staging (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The most widely used and universally accepted staging system for prostate cancer is the TNM system.
		Hensen DE,et al (eds): AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 5th ed.
		Please read the disclaimer and the privacy statement for more information.
	p53.cancer.med.umich.edu /prostcan/prostaging.htm (232 words)

	CLINICAL FEATURES AND STAGING OF KAPOSI'S SARCOMA
		In addition, the current status of staging systems for KS are discussed and recommendations are made for improving the staging of KS.
		The most widely used staging system is the New York University system, which recognizes four stages: Stage I, cutaneous, locally indolent; Stage II, cutaneous, locally aggressive, with or without regional lymph nodes; Stage III, generalized mucocutaneous and/or lymph node involvement; and Stage IV, visceral.
		Despite its wide use, this staging system, like others, has several limitations; it is recommended that a staging system be developed and validated that separates pts as to tumor burden, systemic signs, and absolute number of T-helper cells.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1989/apr/M8940675.html (440 words)

	PathMax: Oral/Laryngeal Pathology
		Biopsy Pathology of the Oral Tissues by EW Odell, PR Morgan
		Lucas's Pathology of Tumors of the Oral Tissues by RA Cawson, P Speight, WH Binnie, J Wright
		Surgical Pathology of Laryngeal Neoplasms by A Ferlito
	homepage.mac.com /pathmax/oral.html (359 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Human Pathology Digital Image Gallery - Gastric Carcinoma
		The staging of stomach cancer is complicated, but is generally based on how far the tumor has advanced through the gastric wall and how many lymph nodes have been affected.
		Treatment for the disease is largely based upon its progression as indicated by the staging process.
		If the cancer is localized, a partial gastrectomy, which involves the surgical removal of portions of the stomach, is generally the treatment of choice and may result in a permanent cure.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/pathology/gastriccarcinomaexlarge3.html (148 words)

	eMedicine - Prostate Cancer: Biology, Diagnosis, Pathology, Staging, and Natural History : Article by Dan Theodorescu, ...
		A higher clinical stage of cancer, determined by DRE findings, PSA level, and Gleason score (as determined by biopsy), correlates with an increased risk of extraprostatic spread, and these tests are considered key factors in determining the staging workup and predicting patient prognosis.
		MRI is promising for local staging, but it is not readily accessible and no published guidelines are available.
		Anterior and posterior bone scans of a patient with prostate cancer, with metastasis to the 12th rib and thoracic spine represented by the increased uptake of isotope.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3537.htm (6349 words)

	Comparison of Linear Array Endoscopic Ultrasound and Helical Computed Tomography for the Staging of Periampullary ...
		Efficacy of computerized tomography in the preoperative staging of pancreatic carcinoma.
		Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results of a prospective study, with comparison to ultrasonography and CT scan.
		Diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer by endoscopic ultrasound.
	www.annalssurgicaloncology.org /cgi/content/full/10/8/890 (3445 words)

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