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	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ottoman Empire was established by the tribe of Kinsik Oghuz Turks, in western Anatolia and was ruled by the Osmanlı dynasty, the descendants of those Turks.
		Turkish independence was the 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state in 1922, with the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new republican assembly of Republic of Turkey.
		From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also the Caliph of Islam, and the Ottoman Empire was, from 1517 until 1922 (or 1924), synonymous with the Caliphate or the Islamic State.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (5514 words)

	Cyprus History: Ottoman Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the spring of 1570, the Ottoman fleet divided into three squadrons, crisscrossed the Aegean to hide its intentions and then united to carry the occupation force across to the southern coast of Cyprus, but in the background was the continuous expectation on both sides of intervention by the Christian fleet based at Crete.
		The conquest of 1571 of the island by the Ottoman Turks was a liberation for the bulk of the Greek Orthodox population.
		The island remained under the nominal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire until it was formally annexed in 1914 and given the status of a British crown colony in 1925.
	www.cypnet.co.uk /ncyprus/history/ottoman (1274 words)

	The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
		The demise of the Ottoman Empire was caused by a combination of internal degeneration and external pressures.
		One of the primary causes blamed for the fall of the Ottoman Empire was the decline of the Sultanate.
		Spirfire IV, “Decline of the Ottoman Sultanate,” The Ottoman Empire, 2002, (26 March 2004).
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/cot/t1w26ottomandecline.htm (986 words)

	Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter A \| Learn Ottoman Turkish History \| Pictures \| Sound files \| Voice ...
		Ottoman Empire to perform the most menial tasks, while they were in training to become members of the elite Janissary Corps.
		Ottoman Turkish troops that fought on the Byzantine frontier.
		A unit of Ottoman measurement, one arşun was the modern equivalent of 75.8 cm.
	practicalturkish.com /encyclopedia-a.html (3878 words)

	The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Historical Summary
		They were scattered from one end to another of the Ottoman Empire; the whole Empire was their heritage, and it was a heritage that they must necessarily share with the Turks, who were in a numerical majority and held the reins of political power.
		The Armenian civil population in the Ottoman Empire, it is argued, owes its misfortunes to the Armenian volunteers in the Russian Army.
		Ottomanisation has become the Young Turks' obsession. Their first act after declaring war was to repudiate the Capitulations; their latest stroke has been to declare the Turkish language the exclusive medium of official business in the Empire**, with only a year's delay -- a step which has caused consternation among their German allies.
	www.hri.org /docs/bryce/bryce2.htm (18911 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Metaweb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Ottoman Empire (sometimes referred to in diplomatic circles as the "Sublime Porte" or simply as "the Porte") was a Turkish state that comprised modern Turkey, part of the Middle East, North Africa and south-eastern Europe in the 14th to 20th centuries, established by the Seljuq Turkish tribe of Söğüt in western Anatolia.
		The Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful polities in the 16th and 17th centuries when the countries of Europe felt threatened by its steady advances through the Balkans towards Hungary - threatening Austria which it confronted at the Battle of Vienna in 1683.
		The empire began a slow stagnation and decline, culminating in its defeat in, and dismantling after, the Allies in World War I.
	www.metaweb.com /wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Ottoman_Empire&printable=yes (187 words)

	The Ottoman Turks
		Above, the tomb of Ertugrul Gazi, progenitor of the Ottoman Empire, at Sögüt, near Bilecik.
		The Ottomans were defeated in World War I. The empire was abolished in 1923 by Kemal Atatürk and replaced with the modern Turkish Republic.
		Ottoman culture has given us a splendid legacy of art, architecture and domestic refinement, as a visit to Istanbul's Topkapi Palace readily shows.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /TravelDetails/History/Ottomans.html (440 words)

	cortitasyalpie Viagra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Battle of Vienna brought a long period of stagnation, as it was a turning point in the 300-year struggle between the forces of the Central European kingdoms and the Ottoman Empire.
		Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Murad IVEventually, after the defeat of Kara Mustafa by Jan III Sobieski of Poland at the Battle of Vienna, in 1683, it was clear that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a superpower in Europe.
		Although the Ottoman fleet quickly recovered from this singular defeat, the event was significant, in that it showed Europe that the mighty Ottoman Empire was not as invincible as had been previously thought.
	cortitasyalpie.blogspot.com (14535 words)

	Ottoman 'Hegemonic Control' in the Balkans
		Although being 'Ottoman' was more than simply a religious designation, the Ottoman state was built upon the concepts of a 'Holy War' with the West and the need to both extend and defend the political reach of Islam.[25] This did not mean that it was necessary to forcibly convert or exterminate all non-Muslims.
		The millet system imposed by the Ottoman Empire was indeed 'hegemonic' in the way that Laitin describes the term: it was a centralized administrative structure which possessed the power and will to structure the pattern of political group formation in society.
		When the Ottoman Empire finally fell, "there was almost no continuity of political elites in the Balkans, at least of elites that had participated in the Ottoman political process."[51] All that remained were those elites involved in the millet system.[52] Thus, the only non-Ottoman (i.e., imperial) administrative structure in the Balkans were the millets.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/ambrosio/hegemony.html (7601 words)

	[No title]
		The purpose of this part of the paper is to demonstrate the self-sufficient nature of the Ottoman economy, and the strategies pursued by the decision makers to maintain the economic well-being of the Empire's constituents.
		It was, however, the military prowess and the rapid expansion of the Empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries which led the European states to perceive it as a great menace to their existence.
		The transportation in the Ottoman Empire is a large, and fairly untouched topic that requires more studies from economic historians because, an attentive economic analysis of the Ottoman history will benefit researchers from all disciplines more than a mere recount of historical facts.
	www.turkishnews.com /itumuk/info/petek/frame/subject6/article5.html (4092 words)

	Levy, Jews of the Ottoman Empire
		From the Ottoman perspective, therefore, there were present important considerations favoring the establishment of a central authority for the Jewish population of the empire.
		From the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, Ottoman Jewry was able to support a wide range of community activities in the religious, legal, educational, and welfare spheres, while maintaining a vigorous intellectual and spiritual life, for the most part without well-defined structures and a strong executive leadership beyond the level of the individual congregation.
		The Greek Patriarch was the head of the Orthodox Church throughout the empire and a metropolitan was the spiritual leader of a province or a city.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/levy.html (10256 words)

	The Persistence of North Korea by Nicholas Eberstadt - Policy Review, No. 127 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the event, the Ottoman invalid survived for almost 70 years after that diplomatic diagnosis of its poor political health: The Empire was finally laid to rest in 1922-23 with Mustapha Kemal/Ataturk’s revolution and the founding of the modern Turkish state.
		In the course of the Gallipoli campaign, Ottoman General Mustapha Kemal secured his reputation as a brilliant and heroic military leader, while Winston Churchill, the then-young Lord Admiral of the British Navy, was obliged to resign his post in humiliation.
		With the benefit of Ottoman and German records and memoirs, however, historians have described these for us now: The Ottoman administration and its German military advisers were grimly convinced the allied assault would spell doom for Constantinople — for they had no hope of putting up a successful resistance.
	www.policyreview.org /oct04/eberstadt_print.html (8869 words)

	History of Hungary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		After the empire of the Huns went to pieces German tribes ruled in Hungary for about 100 years, and they were followed by the Avars.
		To these two opposing elements should be added the Ottoman power, which after the conquest of Buda (1541) ruled a large part of the land.
		The main result of the triple political division of Hungary was the almost complete disappearance of public order and of the systematic conduct of affairs; another was the evident decline of Catholicism and the rapid advance of the Reformation.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/hungary.html (3166 words)

	The Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Ottomans were primarily interested in Jordan in terms of its importance to the pilgrimage route to Mecca.
		Over the course of Ottoman rule, many towns and villages were abandoned, agriculture declines, and families and tribes moved frequently from one village to another.
		The Ottoman period saw a general neglect of infrastructural development in Jordan, although what was constructed was usually with some specific religious orientation.
	www.jordanembassyus.org /IndepDayOttoEmp.htm (298 words)

	The Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Ottomans were primarily interested in Jordan in terms of its importance to the pilgrimage route to Mecca al-Mukarrama.
		Over the course of Ottoman rule, many towns and villages were abandoned, agriculture declined, and families and tribes moved frequently from one village to another.
		The Ottoman period saw a general neglect of infrastructural development in Jordan, and what was constructed was usually with some specific religious orientation.
	www.amman.com /history/his_ottoman.htm (315 words)

	Rewriting the history of the British Empire by Keith Windschuttle
		The British Empire might be dead, but postcolonial critics claim its culture of exploitation persists in the minds of those who have inherited it, especially in the United States.
		This informal empire is claimed to have encompassed North and South America, China, and even parts of Southeast Asia that were nominally controlled by the Dutch and the French.
		This political legacy prevailed for the life of the empire and the double standards involved were to provoke an equally long resentment among those non-Europeans whose countries were denied the status of the white dominions.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/18/may00/keith.htm (5164 words)

	hanna heather review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In choosing to write about the lands of the Ottoman empire, one is confronted with a tradition of orientalist thought that posits the region as having gone through an almost 350 year period of unmitigated stagnation, or, worse yet, decline.
		However, she makes the argument that during this period, the "indigenous economy [was] functioning on its own terms," that modernization occurred as the result of internal, autonomous economic dynamics, as the period was a liminal stage between Ottoman and European control of the economy.
		Here she faults the weakness of the Ottoman state for its inability to support the merchants, who apparently could have continued to compete against European merchants had they had the strength of a strong, centralized nation-state behind them.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~mescha/bookrev/hannah.html (1128 words)

	Art History Israel- History of Art Israel - Art History in Israel Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Art History
		When the Ottoman Turks defected the Mameluke forces in 1517, Palestine came under the rule of a new empire that was to dominate the entire Near East for the next 400 years.
		Although the renewal of Jerusalem's Jewish community is attributed to the activity of Nahmanides, who arrived in the city in 1267, the community's true consolidation occurred in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the influx of Jews who had been expelled from Spain.
		The 19th century witnessed far-reaching changes, along with the gradual weakening of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.easterncorner.com /Israel.htm (385 words)

	War and Economic History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Successful empires have used war to centralize control of an economic zone, often pushing that zone in directions most useful to continued military strength.
		Empires, however, inherently suffer the problems of centralized economies, such as inefficiency, low morale, and stagnation.
		The military defeat of the Ottoman empire, by contrast, cost Turkey the ability to control or tax traffic from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, which today includes a large and growing number of oil tankers.
	www.joshuagoldstein.com /jgeconhi.htm (2768 words)

	OpinionJournal - Featured Article
		This could turn out to mean a new Dark Age of waning empires and religious fanaticism; of endemic rapine in the world's no-go zones; of economic stagnation and a retreat by civilization into a few fortified enclaves.
		It is difficult to recall any empire that has long endured after becoming so dependent on lending from abroad.
		All the empires claimed to rule the world; some, unaware of the existence of other civilizations, maybe even believed that they did.
	www.opinionjournal.com /editorial/feature.html?id=110005244 (1902 words)

	Amazon.com: Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition (Phoenix Book): Books: Norman Itzkowitz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Throughout, Itzkowitz emphasizes the Ottomans' own conception of their historical experience, and in so doing penetrates the surface view provided by the insights of Western observers of the Ottoman world to the core of Ottoman existence.
		The Ottoman Empire, which lasted for 700 years and included three continents, is an important but often excluded ingredient in world history.
		This empire should be seen like its shorter lived sister-states (Mughal India and Safavid Iran) as a descendent of the Turco-Mongol steppe tradition under which Central Asia was unified and which created the first modern, large-scale, integrated, long-distance, old-world trading system.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0226388069?v=glance (1128 words)

	[No title]
		IMAGES OF It is axiomatic that in dealing with the long histories of great empires and nations such as Russia, Britain, Germany and Spain we should come across events that arose both our admiration and censure, the latter especially in the context of past wars.
		Turks, with their own long historical background, and associated with the Ottoman Empire in many contemporary western texts, have also had numerous victories as well as defeats which have resulted in scores of casualties and losses throughout history.
		The arrival of the down-to-earth, matter-of-fact Ottomans, who were neither clever nor imaginative, and thought wizardry wrong, had driven it underground, to be practised privately and lucratively by the Greeks who remained in the city after the Turkish massacres (Towers, 139).
	gencturkler.8m.com /kamil12.html (6294 words)

	Comparing Scientific Revolutions in Europe, the Ottoman Empire, and China
		When the context of his book, The Great Inertia - Scientific Stagnation in Traditional China, is taken into consideration, the reader finds that he speaks of a giant ground-breaking, single event.
		The Ottoman Empire was the region to bring forth most of the scientific thought for a very long period of time.
		The Ottoman Empire had good scientific discoveries and technology earlier in history, but as time went on, Europe so far surpassed it that it seemed as though Europe was the only one to be so far advanced.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/comp/cw24sciencechinaottomaneurope.htm (1524 words)

	languagehat.com: November 2002 Archives
		But it was accomplished, and in the end people could sit in a cafe in Amfissa rather than sitting in a cafe in Salona, and foreign visitors could travel the country using Thucydides or Pausanias as their guide and see the very same place names outside the windows of their bus.
		Makriyannis was a man of humble origins who became a revolutionary fighter and leader in the Greek war of independence against the Ottoman Turks in the second decade of the 19th century.
		In 1970, he opened the Ottoman archives, in which Iraqis were classified as either Ottoman or Persian subjects.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/2002_11.php (4588 words)

	Table of Contents for The 1600s
		Despite the threat to the power and unity of the Holy Roman Empire, Ferdinand III was willing to negotiate to protect the Austrian Habsburgs, thus giving territory to Sweden and France and also religious and constitutional sovereignty to the European states
		During the seventeenth century the Dutch developed a colonial trading empire that spanned the globe and led to the discovery of Tasmania and New Zealand
		Corruption, murder, fratricide, and stagnation dominated the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century, and even the last great viziers, Mohammed and Ahmed Kiuprili, could not regenerate Turkish influence in Europe
	isbn.nu /toc/0737706341 (2117 words)

	Book Reviews - Middle East Quarterly
		Brown, Carl L., ed, Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East
		Inalcïzzk, Halil, ed, with Donald Quataert, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
		McCarthy, Justin, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922
	www.meforum.org /meq/reviews.php (6837 words)

	American Revolution - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		The colonials claimed that Parliament had the sovereign power to legislate in the interest of the entire British Empire, but that it could only tax those actually represented in Parliament.
		Trouble flared when the Chatham ministry adopted (1767) the Townshend Acts
		The warfare in the Middle Atlantic region settled almost to stagnation, but foreign aid was finally arriving.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=AmerRev (2421 words)

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