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Topic: Stahlhelm paramilitary organisation

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	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Paramilitary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		There are paramilitary units that are an official legislated arm of the government, anti-government armed units that claim military status, and civilian paramilitary units that are neither, and other groups that are something in between.
		Paramilitary forces have been responsible for some violations of the laws of war and for several atrocities.
		The paramilitary operations of the CIA and Mossad (as distinct from their intelligence-gathering function) are one example.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Paramilitary (1202 words)

	Weimar paramilitary groups - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paramilitary groups were formed throughout the Weimar Republic in the wake of Germany's defeat in World War I and the ensuing German Revolution.
		Paramilitary groups were quite active in the ill-fated Republic, sometimes used to seize power and other times to quell disturbances.
		The political parties used their paramilitary groups to protect their party gatherings and to disrupt the marches and meetings of their opponents.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups (1037 words)

	Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Stahlhelm was founded at the end of 1918 partly by Franz Seldte in the city of Magdeburg Magdeburg, the capital city of the bundesland of saxony-anhalt, germany, lies on the elbe river....
		The Stahlhelm was integrated into the Sturmabteilung The sturmabteilung (sa, german for "storm division" and is usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers) functioned as a paramilitary organisation of the nsdap - the german...
		Sturmabteilung The sturmabteilung (sa, german for "storm division" and is usually translated as stormtroops or stormtroopers) functioned as a paramilitary organisation of the nsdap - the german...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /s/stahlhelm_bund_der_frontsoldaten (663 words)

	Articles - Stahlhelm paramilitary organisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Stahlhelm was founded at the end of 1918 partly by Franz Seldte in the city of Magdeburg.
		The Stahlhelm joined the DNVP, NSDAP and Alldeutscher Verband to form the Harzburger Front, which was a united right-wing front against the Weimar Republic.
		The Stahlhelm was integrated into the Sturmabteilung in 1934 and in 1935 was dissolved by the Nazis, who feared its fundamentally monarchist character.
	www.bleema.com /articles/Stahlhelm_paramilitary_organisation (169 words)

	Axis History Factbook: History of the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten
		The Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten (Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers) was founded by Captain Franz Seldte (a Western front veteran who had lost an arm in the Battle of the Somme), his brothers Eugen and Georg, and a dozen comrades of I.R. 66 on 25th of December, 1918.
		Nonetheless the Stahlhelm faced two major obstacles to the recruitment of new members: the first was the lack of a youth’s organization.
		The Stahlhelm, having it’s strongholds in Northern- and North-Eastern Germany, was dominated by Protestants and had some members of Protestant splinter groups in its ranks who preached a new “Combat of Cultures” (Kulturkampf) against the Catholic Church, which they accused of “internationalism”, “ultramontanism”, and “Jesuitism”.
	www.axishistory.com /index.php?id=2069 (2206 words)

	German National People's Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The party was also declining rapidly as many began to support the more populist and less aristocratic NSDAP, leaving the party with mostly upper middle class and upper class.
		In 1931, the DNVP, the NSDAP and the Stahlhelm paramilitary organisation briefly formed an uneasy alliance known as the Harzburger Front.
		This served to strengthen the NSDAP by giving it access to funding and political respectability while obscuring the DNVP's own less extreme platform.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DNVP (470 words)

	Module 2582 - Lecture 1 - Membership Of The Nazi Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Paramilitary activity - he understood the attraction of uniforms, banners, parades, drill, and even street violence.
		Of those who moved from Right-wing organisations into the NSDAP the most common reason given was the lack of "volksgemeinschaft" in organisations, like the Stahlhelm.
		The recruits of the War Generation were attracted because they saw in the NSDAP (and in other organisations of a similar type) a way of reviving the "Fronterlebnis" (Front-comradeship) which they had experienced in the war.
	www.malton.n-yorks.sch.uk /MSWeb/HistoryZone/module/2582/membership_text.html (673 words)

	Wikinfo \| Glossary of the Weimar Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Freikorps — free corps; far-right paramilitary organizations made up of disillusioned WWI soldiers that sprung up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. They were frequently involved in political brawls, especially against the communists.
		Orgesch — Organisation Escherich; the civil guards that grew into the reserve militia for the German Army under the command of Major Dr. Forstrat Georg Escherich.
		Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten — (Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers) ; the largest of the paramilitary Freikorps organizations that arose after World War I. It was an accumulation point for nationalistic and anti-Weimar Republic elements.
	www.internet-encyclopedia.org /wiki.php?title=Glossary_of_the_Weimar_Republic (1107 words)

	Judgment: The Accused Organisations - The SA
		In April 1933, the Stahlhelm, an organisation of 1.5 million members, was transferred into the SA, with the exception of its members over 45 years of age and some others, pursuant to an agreement between their leader Seldte and Hitler.
		Another veterans organisation, the so-called Kyffhauserbund, was transferred in the same manner, together with a number of rural riding organisations.
		Members of the Stahlhelm, the Kyffhauserbund, and the rural riding associations were transferred into the SA without their knowledge, but the Tribunal is not satisfied that the members in general endeavored to protest against this transfer or that there was any evidence, except in isolated cases, of the consequences of refusal.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/hweb/imt/tgmwc/judgment/j-accused-organisations-05.html (814 words)

	Weimar Republic Encyclopedia Articles @ VariedTastes.com (Varied Tastes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The split deepened when, in December, the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) was formed out of a number of left-wing groups, including the left wing of the USPD and the Spartakus group.
		In January, more armed attempts at establishing council communism by workers in the streets of Berlin were put down by paramilitary Freikorps units consisting of volunteer soldiers, culminating in the beating to death of Rosa Luxemburg and Liebknecht on January 15.
		In the debate prior to the vote on the Enabling Act, Hitler orchestrated the full political menace of his paramilitary forces like the storm troopers in the streets to intimidate reluctant Reichstag deputies into approving the Enabling Act.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Weimar_Republic (7638 words)

	Chapter 6 of "...And Red Is The Colour Of Our Flag" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It claimed to be a federation which cultivated the cameraderie formed in the ‘community of battle in the trenches’, but in reality it was intended as a paramilitary force to support the parties of the right in their fight against the workers.
		The youth organisation, which had set up its observation post on the spoil tip at the Pfannerhall pit and could easily observe the movements of the Stahlhelm from there, reported that largish groups of Stahlhelmers had driven away in lorries.
		Despite all the provocations, in which the right—wing organisations and the organs of the state were involved, they did not succeed in breaking the resistance of the workers.
	www.marxists.org /subject/germany-1918-23/hippe/ch04.htm (5681 words)

	"Organizing the Lunmpenproletariat" - Eva Rosenhaft
		By 1923 what Vorwärts called 'that hiking movement whose ranks are filled with the dual morality of today's culture, whose members were exposed to the influence of the low instincts fostered in wartime.' (22) was an explicit object of concern to the official youth movements of both left and right.
		An important aspect of this agitation was the propagation of a movement for self-defense against the terror of the SA, the 'militant fight against Fascism', and among its preconditions were the construction of legal and covert successor organizations for the banned paramilitary formations and the recruitment of young activists to the local self-defense squads.
		There is no question that the elements of a new and inventive approach to the politics of everyday life were present in the theoretical utterances of some spokesmen for the movement, and even more obvious in the actual practice of the KPD.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Lobby/2379/evans1.htm (12801 words)

	Genre and Censorship - Propagandistic films of German political parties and paramilitary organisations 1928-1932
		They generally did not agitate against other parties, organisations or groups of the society and therefore were not so much disputed as the films of the former category.
		SA and Hitler Youth for the national socialists, Stahlhelm for the former Reichswehr soldiers, Rotfrontkämpferbund for the Communists) were present, strong and ready for action.
		In evaluating how propagandistic films by political parties and paramilitary organisations were handled by the German censorship authorities, two underlying patterns can be identified.
	www.deutsches-filminstitut.de /collate/collate_sp/se/se_05c01.htm (1199 words)

	German National People's Party - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In 1931, the DNVP, the NSDAP and the Stahlhelm paramilitary organisation briefly formed an alliance known as the Harzburger Front.
		The party dissolved itself and shortly after this the founding of political parties was outlawed in 1933.
		Although the DNVP escaped condemnation as a criminal organisation after World War II, no serious attempt was made to recreate it as a political force in post-war Germany.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/DNVP (468 words)

	Stahlhelm award - MILITARIA COLLECTING FORUM
		This badge is the Stahlhelm's Wehrsportkreuz, awarded for "defense sports" (military sports exercises).
		A similar version existed except with the center helmet design encircled by yellow-fl-yellow and the four fl eagles having yellow beaks and yellow legs, this other version called the "Bundestern".
		The Stahlhelm and its Wehrsportkreuz was dissolved in November 1935.
	www.militariacollecting.com /index.php?showtopic=9698 (2892 words)

	Comenius 1 History Project - Nazism in Power 1933-4 The early years of Nazi domination
		At the same time the DNVP, after vain attempts to bolster its position by identifying itself with the "national movement", declared a "pact of friendship" with the Nazis which involved self-dissolution; members entered the NSDAP "with full and equal rights and were recognised as part of the common struggle for German nationalism".
		Like the NSBO, the SA was one of the Nazi organisations closer to the working class than most; many of its members were duped into thinking that the Party stood for something more than counter-revolution.
		The organised mass murder of civilians and prisoners of war carried out by Nazism during WWII is rightly counted as the greatest single crime against humanity in history.
	www.stevenson.ac.uk /comenius/articles/totalitarianism/uk_dg/naz_1i.htm (5404 words)

	HITLER'S RISE TO POWER By Dennis Barton
		The need was widely felt for a more centralised organisation with a Reich Bishop, authorised to speak on behalf of all Lutherans.
		On November 13th 1933, the German-Christians organised a big rally at which they showed themselves in their true pagan colours.
		'One target of the SS was organised religion and in particular the Roman Catholic Church.' ((CM 30)).
	www.churchinhistory.org /pages/booklets/rise(n)-2.htm (11178 words)

	Heimwehr - All About All findings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Heimwehr (German Home Guard) were a Nationalist, initially paramilitary grouping, operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s ; they were similar in methods, organisation, and ideology to Germany's Freikorp.
		Both left-wing and right-wing paramilitary forces were created during the 20s, namely the Heimwehr in 1921 - 1923 and the Republican Schutzbund in 1923.
		His main policy was the encouragement of cooperation between wealthy industrialists and the paramilitary units of the Heimwehr.
	www.allaboutall.info /search/Heimwehr (677 words)

	Unit 1 notes
		Disagreements became so bitter that some of the parties organised their own private armies, for self-defence to begin with, but this increased the threat of civil war and unrest.
		The loss of such a powerful speaker and organiser was potentially damaging and at a specially convened national congress of the Nazi Party held on 29 July 1921, the proposal that Hitler be given ‘dictatorial’ control over the party was carried by 553 votes to 1.
		Hitler was also determined to bring the SA under greater control and remove those whom he considered a liability to the party.
	majzlik.com /unit_1_notes.htm (6930 words)

	Abebooks Search Results - Totenkopf
		The postwar story of the SS is also outlined, from clandestine organisations of former SS men to the activities of ex-Nazis and neo-Nazis today.
		Its roots lay with various German paramilitary organizations that formed the Freikorps and those of the Nazi party, such as the SA, and that were later absorbed into the SS-Verfügungstruppe and Hitler's personal guard, the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (LAH), the direct predecessors of the Waffen-SS.
		The story of the SS-Heimwehr Danzig, a paramilitary unit set up by the Germans from their Totenkopf units to establish an armed presence in the Polish-dominated city 1899765018.
	www.abebooks.co.uk /search/sortby/3/kn/Totenkopf (2983 words)

	British Army Rumour Service > > Forums > > Military History and Militaria -
		He opens the album, the thin sheets of vellum between the pages rustle, and he leafs through family photos of his father, grandmother, grandfather, Aunt Marie, pictures of baby carriages and bike rides, until he reaches the images of men in uniform.
		His father was a member of "Stahlhelm" (Steel Helmet), a paramilitary group of German nationalists who fought against the Treaty of Versailles, against demands for World War I war reparations, and later against the Weimar republic between the two wars and against democracy.
		This book gives a very detailed overview about the different branches of the SS (which was a huge organisation and included intelligence services, industrial complexes, maternity homes, ideological schools etc.) and their interactions.
	www.arrse.co.uk /cpgn2/Forums/viewtopic/t=16618.html (3365 words)

	Militaria Mart is an online shopping centre and resource for all types of Militaria
		Der Stahlhelm Bund der Frontsoldaten (The Steel Helmet League of Front Soldiers) was a Paramilitary Force founded by Captain Franz Seldte with his two brothers & twelve Comrades on 25th.
		As a paramilitary organisation it also had within its ranks, Womans, Youth & Childrens branches.
		This Bevo cuff title for the city of Oldenburg in the Gau of Ostfriesland, was worn by Stahlhelm members on the lower left arm.
	www.militariamart.com /index7.php (4977 words)

	[No title]
		Violent reaction of the aristocrats who oppose a return of despotism: -riots in provincial capitals where parlements seige -noblemen organise illegal meetings to discuss action to support the parlements -the Assemblé des Clergé sides w/ the parlements, vs. the King, condemns his action, thus breaking trad.
		It would probably die away as: -revolts were restricted to certain areas geographically isolated, far from Paris and each other -no coodinated action -no popular support in Paris for the noblemen However the Financial Crisis gave the aristocrats new strength.
		Trotsky organises Red Guard militias (armed workers) and even though the attempted coup never happens, the militias keep their weapons.
	homepage.mac.com /stray/ib/history/History.txt (14863 words)

	Freikorps - Gentleman's Military Interest Club
		The Freikorps were essentially right wing soldiers, many of which were men who had fought long and hard in WW1 and could not settle back into civilian life.
		Although 1923 saw the end of the Freikorps many went on to form the SA and serve under the Nazi’s as well as join other veterans organisations such as Stahlhelm.
		The book you need is 'German Uniforms, Insignia and Equipment, 1918 - 23', by Charles Woolley, a Schiffer publication, not cheap but full of remarkable photos, including a WW1 A7 tank on the streets of Berlin.
	www.gmic.co.uk /index.php?showtopic=152 (1104 words)

	Uniforms
		After a brief introduction to the Angles and Saxons and their migration to Britain, followed by a chronology of the important events in the period, the Thegn is defined as one of a land-holding warrior class.
		The recruitment of these professional warriors and the levy of the Fyrd from non-professionals is described, and the organisation of both is made as clear as possible given the scarcity of contemporary records.
		It includes the organisation, campaigns and uniforms of the Eastern Front, the attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941,the advance on Moscow in December 1941, the thrust into the Caucasus in 1942, and the catastrophic defeat of the German 6th Army at Stalingrad in January 1943.
	www.chrisevansbooks.com /uniforms.html (15693 words)

	Uniforms, Germany, WW II (1939-45), Militaria at Shop Collectibles Online
		A uniform is a set of standard clothing worn by members of an organisation whilst participating in that organisation's activity.
		Modern uniforms are worn by armed forces and paramilitary organisations such as police, emergency services, security guards, in some workplaces and schools and by inmates in prisons.
		The use of uniforms by these organisations is often an effort in branding and developing a standard corporate image.
	www.shopcollectiblesonline.com /uniforms_785.php (1076 words)

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