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Topic: Stalagmite

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	Stalagmite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A stalagmite (from the Greek stalagma, "drop") is a type of speleothem that rises from the floor of a limestone cave due to the dripping of mineralized solutions and the depositation of calcium carbonate.
		The corresponding formation on the ceiling of a cave is known as a stalactite.
		The term "stalagmite" is derived from the Greek noun stalagma ("Σταλαγμίτης"), meaning "drop" or "drip"; the term "stalactite" ("Σταλακτίτης") comes from the related adjective stalaktos, meaning "dropped".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stalagmite (213 words)

	AllRefer.com - stalactite and stalagmite (Geology And Oceanography) - Encyclopedia
		A stalagmite is a cone of calcite rising from the floor of a cavern.
		Stalagmites and stalactites are often found in pairs, the stalagmite being formed as a result of further evaporation and precipitation from solution after the trickle of water falls from the stalactite.
		Since stalactites, stalagmites, and curtains of dripstone form only in the presence of air, their existence in a cave indicates that the cave was above the water table while the dripstone was forming.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/stalacti.html (402 words)

	Speleothems: Stalagmite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Stalagmites are dripstones pointing vertically upwards from the cave floor.
		The diameter is proportional to the height of the fall.
		A stalagmite normally grows 0.1 to 0.3 mm per years in moderate climate zones.
	www.showcaves.com /english/explain/Speleothem/Stalagmite.html (239 words)

	Climate of 34,000 Years, China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		No.1 stalagmite selected for the research is located at the part about 191 m away from its entrance, and 122 cm high, with a diameter of 45 cm at its bottom.
		The changes in the growth rates of No.1 stalagmite are basically identical with the climatic characteristics reflected by oxygen and carbon isotope, which shows that the growth of the stalagmite is mainly controlled by regional environmental factors.
		The oxygen and carbon isotopic records of the stalagmite are also fully identical with the climatic information from the growth rates itself, and can be compared to the research results of the loess profiles in north China and the isotopic records of the global ocean.
	karst.planetresources.net /dating-guilin-1994.htm (3016 words)

	TL Dating of Stalagmitic Calcite
		The suitability of a sample of stalagmite for TL dating is determined by the condition of the calcite itself and by the burial situation in which it is found.
		While the condition of the stalagmite itself will often determine whether a TL date can be obtained, it is usually the situation of the calcite in the cave which limits the precision of the date.
		Because of the large size of the stalagmite, the gamma dose rate at its centre results from the radio-active content of the calcite alone, and is not altered by the removal of surrounding sediments.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~qtls/calcite.htm (2271 words)

	Israel: The Sorek Cave (Stalactite and stalagmite cave)
		The amazing stalactite and stalagmite cave, known as the Soreq cave, is a few kilometers east from Bet Shemesh.
		Now we can enjoy the stalactites and the stalagmites; they are interesting of course not only from the scientific point of view.
		There are examples of a stalactite "kissing" stalagmite, so that the two form a pillar.
	www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il /~bazlov/israel/soreq.html (258 words)

	MSN Encarta - Stalactite and Stalagmite
		Stalactite and Stalagmite, mineral formation frequently found in caves.
		A stalactite is an icicle-shaped mass of accumulated calcium carbonate hanging from the roof or sides of a limestone cavern; it is formed over thousands of years by mineral precipitation from groundwater that has seeped, very slowly, through the roof of the cavern.
		Stalactites and stalagmites often occur in pairs and meet, forming columns that may grow as large as 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559670/Stalactite_and_Stalagmite.html (220 words)

	stalactite and stalagmite
		Stalagmites grow upwards from the cave floor and can be conical, fir-cone-shaped, or resemble a stack of saucers.
		Growing stalactites and stalagmites may meet to form a continuous column from floor to ceiling.
		In stalagmite formation the calcite comes out of the solution because of agitation – the shock of a drop of water hitting the floor is sufficient to remove some calcite from the drop.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0007811.html (213 words)

	Stalagmite Growth Rate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A correlation has been observed between growth laminae thickness of a tunnel stalagmite and water excess, which demonstrates that, besides the calcium concentration (see Baker et al., this volume), the drip rate and/or duration of dripping is an important factor in growth rate (Genty and Quinif, 1996).
		Comparison of the luminescent and visible laminae in one stalagmite from the Godarville tunnel (Belgium) has shown that the white porous laminae (WPL) are the most luminescent (Genty et al., in press).
		The two main calcite fabrics found in stalagmites are linked to vertical growth rate: white and porous calcite, composed of thick more or less clear WPL, is linked to high growth rate; while dark compact calcite, mainly composed of DCL, is linked to low growth rate.
	karst.planetresources.net /stalagmite_growth_rate.htm (976 words)

	Division of Late Quaternary - China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The stalagmite, 122 cm high and 25~45 cm in diameter is situated on the calcareous plate flanked by rimstone dams and cave pearl pools.
		The stalagmite is mainly composed of yellowish white, greyish white and pure white calcite from bottom to top, and intercalated with some pink calcite lamina in the mid-upper section.
		On the basis of the observation of the seasonal dropping water on the stalagmite, we found the stalagmite is still slowly growing as a result of the intermittent deposition of calcite.
	karst.planetresources.net /dating-guilin-1996.htm (1782 words)

	Appendix 3.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Considerable stalagmite covered some bones; one metatarsus of ox was buried vertically showing only some 10cm of the proximal end.
		There is some erosion of the proximal end, patches of stalagmite, and surface flaking of bone over 70mm and50mm separate lengths of the anterior side.
		It carried a small patch of stalagmite about 1sq.cm in area so there is no reason to think it is a modern introduction.
	www25.brinkster.com /padrig/assorted/app31.htm (1755 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Stalagmite has climate warning
		The discovery was made by studying a half-metre-long stalagmite recovered from a now submerged cave in the Bahamas.
		The stalagmite was brought up from the Blue Holes of the Bahamas, the complex of limestone caverns created when sea levels were more than 100 metres lower than they are today.
		Because of the way they form, stalagmites can be used to determine past levels of radiocarbon in the atmosphere.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1413000/1413024.stm (663 words)

	stalactite and stalagmite on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A stalactite is an icicle-shaped mass of calcite attached to the roof of a limestone cavern.
		Stalagmites and stunning vistas; Great Basin in Nevada's majestic new national park.
		Stalagmites, stalactites and a reflecting pool in Onondaga Cave in Leasburg, Missouri.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/stalacti.asp (536 words)

	A CLIMATE DRIVEN STALAGMITE GROWTH MODEL
		Though the growth banding record of temperate climate stalagmites from the North American Midcontinent shares gross similarities with the precipitation record, it fails to show a strong positive correlation between stalagmite annual growth and precipitation amount.
		We calibrated the model to replicate the growth record of a stalagmite collected in 1982 from Mystery Cave State Park, in Southeastern Minnesota and using temperature and precipitation records spanning 1935-1982 from a nearby weather station.
		Paleoclimatic interpretation of a stalagmite growth record should be coupled with other speleothem climate proxies (speleothem mineralogy or stable isotope composition) or nearby surficial climate proxies (lacustrine varves, tree rings, palynology).
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_81063.htm (473 words)

	Bride Cave - Repaired Stalagmite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The two arrows on the picture indicate where this stalagmite was glued back together.
		It is unfortunately right in the middle of the trail that leads from the cave to the main ladder/prusik exit point.
		As a result the stalagmite was used as a reference point for determining the "Limits of Acceptable Change" on the cave following the introduction of a permit system.
	wasg.iinet.net.au /bridest.html (155 words)

	The Virtual Cave: Stalagmites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Stalagmites, some of the most familiar cave formations, are best known as upward-growing, massive calcite mounds deposited from drip water.
		As with all speleothems, stalagmites are identified not by their mineral composition, but by their outward form and internal structure.
		If you ever get a photo of stalactites and stalagmites back from the processors' and you forgot which way was up, look at the tips of the formations.
	www.goodearthgraphics.com /virtcave/stalmite/stalmite.html (437 words)

	stalagmite discovery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A group of limestone stalagmites from a submerged cave beneath the Bahamas is causing scientists to doubt conclusions about human history drawn from carbon dating.
		The stalagmites in the Blue Caves beneath the Bahamas were formed about 45,000 years ago.
		Scientists from the universities of Bristol, Arizona and Minnesota found that there were peaks in radiocarbon levels that could not be explained by any increase in atmospheric radiation.
	www.blackvault.com /news2/stalagmite_discovery.html (496 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Stalagmite fuels climate debate
		SPA-12 is a 20cm long stalagmite recovered from Spannagel cave in the Central Alps, a remote part of an extensive high-altitude complex of caves extending for at least 10km.
		For one, the relatively high radioactive uranium content of the mineral-rich liquid dripping from the roof to form the stalagmite makes it possible to date the time at which the various layers were laid down.
		But the researchers analysing SPA-12 say that the stalagmite's temperature record is corroborated by ice-core records from Greenland and sediment deposits on the sea floor near Bermuda, both of which show evidence for a Medieval Warm Period.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4636115.stm (601 words)

	Cave drips
		A stalagmite (Greek stalagma, "drip") is a type of speleothem formed by the deposit of calcium carbonate which rises from the floor of a limestone cave due to the dripping of mineralized solutions.
		The term "stalagmite" is derived from the Greek meaning that which drops; "stalactite,"...
		The corresponding formation on the floor underneath a stalactite is known as a stalagmite.
	home.earthlink.net /~guin_dt_sales/id27.html (250 words)

	Peering Deep Into the Past - Warren Beck, University of Arizona Physics
		Using a stalagmite recovered from an underwater cave in the Bahamas and the machine that dated the Shroud of Turin, a research team led by a University of Arizona geologist has extended the calendar for radiocarbon dating.
		His team tested radiocarbon dates in an 18-inch-long stalagmite, a spike-shaped mineral formation that grew from the floor of Sagittarius Cave from 45,000 years ago to 11,000 years ago, a time when the sea level was lower.
		Ticking along inside the stalagmite, in addition to the radiocarbon clock, is the clock of another element, thorium, which keeps accurate calendar time.
	www.physics.arizona.edu /physics/public/beck-citizen.html (906 words)

	Missouri Speleological Survey
		Dozens of tall, totem-pole stalagmites in the Ballroom of Fisher Cave were broken over a century and a half ago by early explorers and casual visitors to the cave.
		Many of the stalagmite bases were still embedded in the clay floor of the room, but no one knew which stalagmite matched which base.
		The plan for the next few trips is to finish the retrieval and cleaning of the few dozen remaining stalagmite pieces in the stream canyons of the Ballroom and then to move on to the slow process of matching the cleaned pieces with their bases and finally gluing them back together.
	www.mospeleo.org /scat.php?id=105 (663 words)

	Speleothem Paleoclimate records from Isthmus of Panama
		This interpretation is now well constrained in tropical regions, where stalagmite d18O records have given detailed monsoon histories for the Indian Ocean area (Burns et al., 1998; Burns et al., 2001; Neff et al., 2001) and Nepal (Denniston et al., 2000).
		Sample V1 is a 35-cm-tall dense crystalline calcite stalagmite (V1) from Venado cave (10.6°N, 84.8°W; 350 m asl), which was analyzed for d18O, d13C, and U/Th isotopes.
		The timing of this dry interval suggests a tropical connection to the 8.2 ka cold event observed in higher latitude climate records, which was also recently noted in corals from the tropical western Pacific warm pool (Gagan et al., unpublished data) and off the coast of Africa (deMenocal et al., 2000).
	www.geo.umass.edu /faculty/lachniet/speleothems.html (829 words)

	§ 42. stalactite / stalagmite. 4. Science Terms. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A seemingly timeless usage problem in geology is the difference between stalagmites and stalactites.
		The source of each word can be traced back to the Greek word stalassein, meaning “to drip.” This is appropriate since the source of each in nature is the dripping of mineral-rich water within caves.
		The difference is in their orientation: a stalactite is an icicle-shaped mineral deposit that hangs from the roof of a cavern, and a stalagmite is a conical mineral deposit that extends up from the floor of a cavern.
	www.bartleby.com /64/C004/042.html (168 words)

	Scientists discover 30-year history of El Niño in cave
		However, variations in carbon isotope values recorded in the stalagmite analyzed by the researchers result from changes in the carbon budget of the overlying rainforest ecosystem.
		Gonzalez, an internationally recognized expert on stalagmites and paleoclimate, says he was surprised by the strong response of the stalagmite to El Niño.
		The stalagmite, collected in January 2001 from the Actun Tunichil Muknal cave (aka "Cave of the stone tomb") in central Belize, contains visible growth increments associated with the onset of the dry season each year in March.
	www.uiowa.edu /~ournews/2002/october/1018cave-findings.html (440 words)

	Speleothem Paleoclimate records from Isthmus of Panama
		Stalagmites grow by calcite accretion over thousands of years and have been demonstrated to be robust paleoclimate proxy records (Hendy and Wilson, 1968; Hendy, 1971; Schwarz, 1980; Burns, 1998; Neff et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2001).
		O variations in tropical stalagmites as indicators of precipitation amount arising from tropical convection over the study area.
		The stalagmite from Chilibrillo Cave (CHIL-1) grew between 2066 ± 77 and 684 ± 101 yr BP, as constrained by 5 U/Th ages (all in stratigraphic order), and contains annual layers for some of its length.
	www.unlv.edu /Faculty/lachniet/speleothems.html (872 words)

	Speleothems: Palm Trunc Stalagmite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This kind of stalagmites is very common in large caves.
		The diameter of the stalagmite depends on the height of the fall and the amount of water.
		When there is enough water the stalagmites grow with a rather big diameter, But if there is very little water, the stalagmite grows with a rather small diameter.
	www.showcaves.com /english/explain/Speleothem/PalmTruncStalagmite.html (147 words)

	Subsurface Evaluations, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A stalagmite formed on sand and made of calcite-cemented sandstone.
		A secondary mineral deposit formed in eaves, such as stalactite or stalagmite.
		A cylindrical or conical deposit of minerals, generally calcite, formed by dripping water,, hanging from the roof of a cave, generally having a hollow tube at Its center.
	www.subsurfaceevaluations.com /pages.html (946 words)

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