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	Weed control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One technique employed by growers is the ‘stale seed bed’, which involves cultivating the soil, then leaving it for a week or so.
		However, even a freshly cleared bed will be susceptible to airborne seed from elsewhere, as well as seed brought in by passing animals which can carry them on their fur, or from freshly imported manure.
		Perennial weeds also propagate by seeding; the airborne seed of the dandelion and the rose-bay willow herb are parachuted far and wide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weed_control (2458 words)

	Stale seed bed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Preparing a stale seed bed is a useful organic weed control technique which involves creating a seedbed some weeks before seed is due to be sown.
		Any weed seeds that have been disturbed and brought to the soil surface during cultivation will thus have a chance to germinate, and can then be hoed off before sowing of the actual crop is carried out.
		This page was last modified 20:18, 4 May 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stale_seed_bed (103 words)

	CSOF Student Handbook - Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A stale seed bed is a bed which has been weeded (preferably with the lely weeder) just after it has been formed,then watered and let be for about two weeks, and then weeded again.
		Seed is scattered throughout the firm placenta of the fruit, which varies in color from fl, purple, green, brown, yellow, red to white; shapes also vary, from large globular to small round forms.
		Prepare the beds with disk, rototiller and spader in the beginning of May. Start a sterile seed bed in the first weeks of May, so that it will be prepared for the last two weeks of May. Melons are heavy nitrogen feeders, so remember to apply compost before spading.
	www.cook.rutgers.edu /~studentfarm/HandbookCh5.html (12034 words)

	Cotswold Grass Seeds - seeds for agriculture, environmental schemes and lawns. Grasses, Legumes, root seed, wildflower ...
		This is important because the roller presses the seed into intimate contact with soil particles which leads to a faster transfer of soil moisture to the seed and ultimately faster germination and establishment.
		A low seed rate of about 50% of normal is advised for the cover crop, Drilling without a cover crop into a 'stale' seed bed, well-prepared to a fine tilth is satisfactory but it is usually necessary to spray out weeds which may become very competitive while the crop is becoming established.
		Seed may be obtained by scattering cuttings from a meadow which already contain these plants; fl knapweed seed may be hand collected and scattered during the autumn.
	www.cotswoldseeds.com /articlepage.htm (11340 words)

	Invasive Exotic Plant Tutorial
		Seed spread is mainly through contaminated grain, hay, straw, manure and farm machinery.
		In no-till farming, downy brome seed remains on the soil surface which is the preferred environment of this plant since it is a surface germinator.
		If seed heads emerge from a downy brome plant before tillage or after tillage, viable seed will be produced and must be dealt with in the fall prior to seeding winter wheat.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /forestry/invasivetutorial/cheatgrass_M_C.htm (4024 words)

	Really Wild Flowers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The 'stale seed bed' technique is effective and involves allowing weed seedlings to germinate for some 4 to 6 weeks after seed bed cultivation and then using Glyphosate to kill the young weeds.
		Seed rates are normally 3-4 grams per m2, but in some circumstances this is raised to 5 grams per m2, e.g.
		These seed contain perennial flowers and grasses, they are not to be confused with Cornfield mixtures which contain the colourful annuals (poppy, cornflower, corn marigold) and are sown at 3 grams per m2, either in the autumn or the early spring and are short term.
	www.reallywildflowers.co.uk /faq/q21.html (603 words)

	glossary
		The intrusion of weeds, insects or pathogens in seeds having an adverse effect on germination or subsequent plant growth.
		Dry seed dressings are often physically stuck to the testa of the seed by a sticker such as methyl cellulose.
		Advanced generations of open-pollinated seed mixtures of a group of strains, clones or inbreds, or of hybrids among them.
	www.pestmanagement.co.uk /lib/glossary/glossary_s.shtml (10157 words)

	The Stale Seed Bed Approach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		One basic component and probably the most important step in establishment of a perrenial crop or ground cover is the stale seed bed.
		This weed control method allows for the use of general purpose herbicides such as Glyphosate, that would otherwise not be allowed to be used once the crop is in the field, due to potential injury incurred on the crop.
		In achieving a stale seed bed there could be any where from 2-4 spray applications before no more weeds are present.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~leary/thestale.htm (543 words)

	Silver Falls Seed Company - Flower Seed, Grass Seed, Plants - Silverton Oregon
		By mowing the seeds will disperse and competition with weeds and grass is gone for a while, and the young seed has time to germinate while getting adequate sunlight.
		Seeds should not be deeper than the length of the seed.
		After you have tilled broadcast your seed across the top, use a leaf rake if you are planting shallow seeds and to leave scattered shallow across the soil or a garden rake will work excellent for the seed's that need closer to that 1" depth.
	www.silverfallsseed.com /faq.html (9516 words)

	Summer Cover Crops
		In order to avoid early competition from germinating weed seed, German millet should be sown in a stale seed bed or closely drilled in the row.
		Seed is not currently readily available, but if demand were to increase, seed availability would most likely respond.
		In this case, the large-seeded velvetbean seed coat was cracked while attempting to drill the seed.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/hort/hil/hil-37.html (3975 words)

	Eight-page summary of the full research report-Borage production for oil and gamma-linolenic acid -SR133
		Crop rotation, stale seed bed preparation, good crop germination and early vigour were mostly used for weed control.
		Delaying harvest for a period of four days to a week resulted in seed yield reductions of around 50 per cent and it was concluded that windrowing should be completed within one or two days of the loss from the plant of the first mature seed.
		Black seed is quickly shed and windrowing must be carried out between two and four days after the first seeds are lost from the plant.
	www.rirdc.gov.au /pub/shortreps/sr133.html (1411 words)

	Downy brome
		Cheat seeds were spread across the West as they lodged in the hair of livestock, got mixed in with shipments of wheat seeds, and were dumped along railroad sidings when cattle bedstraw was thrown away.
		To prevent initial infestation in cultivated land, ensure that any seed purchased is certified free of downy brome and thoroughly clean equipment, especially swathers and combines.
		In addition, growers could use stale seedbed techniques on field edges or in problem areas where downy brome is likely to occur to prevent its spread across fields.
	weeds.montana.edu /crop/brome.htm (2827 words)

	Garden
		Seeds are spread in four manners: via the wind and water; via animals (in their fur or feces); and by man (for example, by spreading uncomposted manure, via farm equipment and through crop seed which has not been thoroughly cleaned of weed seed).
		Seed dormancy is divided into different types, depending on the specific mechanism that controls the onset of germination.
		Ellen Chirco, seed technologist at the New York Seed Testing Laboratory, says that seeds of some plant species are stimulated to germinate by a buildup of carbon dioxide and ethylene in the soil, which results from improper air exchange and anaerobic conditions.
	www.hkrl.com /Weeds.html (6341 words)

	Pearl Millet for Grain
		Therefore, new seed will have to be purchased annually to obtain high yields associated with hybrid vigor.
		Seed Bed Preparation: Optimum stand establishment is obtained when a weed-free, firm seedbed is prepared.
		It is a small seed (40,000 to 70,000 per pound) and it does not have the energy to emerge when planted deeper.
	pubs.caes.uga.edu /caespubs/pubcd/B1216.htm (2873 words)

	Flame Weeding for Stale Seedbeds
		Stale seedbeds are used primarily for early- to mid-season weed control in direct-seeded crops.
		Stale seedbeds have been used for many years, most often in conjunction with shallow tillage or non-selective herbicides to kill that first flush of weed.
		Farmers that have learned how to establish stale seed beds and use flame weeders in a timely fashion have been positive about the effectiveness of this method for weed control.
	www.uvm.edu /vtvegandberry/factsheets/flameweeding.html (1060 words)

	A Comprehensive Look (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The most important procedure in the establishment of a living mulch is the preparation of a stale seed bed.
		Optimum efficiency in obtaining a stale seed bed can be achieved through the use of irrigation and fertilization to induce the flushing of weeds.
		The syrphid fly appeared to be attracted to the seed head of the buffelgrass as a pollen food source.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~leary/a.htm (2246 words)

	Atlantic Giant Pumpkin FAQ Page
		I had some seeds in 1986 that if you planted 10 seeds....8 would be beautiful orange and 2 were pure green squash.
		P.S. My guess would be that the color of the seed coat comes from a gene from the female......If the seed coat color gene came from the male flower, you could pollinate with white seeded pollen and some brown seeded pollen and get half of each color in the next batch of seeds.
		Is there any correlation to enormous seed leaves and a very thick stalk at an early age to the growth of a larger than average fruit.
	www.plantideas.com /pumpkin/faq.html (9218 words)

	Integrating Non-Chemical Methods to Enhance Weed Management
		The seed bed is formed, fertilizer incorporated and/or mulch layed if it is used.
		Before the crop seed is planted or emerged or before transplanting, the emerged weeds are sprayed with a non-selective contact or systemic herbicide.
		Another method of weed management that is often overlooked is the destruction of the crop after harvest along with the weeds that have emerged during the later part of the season.
	www.imok.ufl.edu /LIV/groups/cultural/pests/weed_man.htm (1201 words)

	MO Ag Experiment Station - Greenley Research Center
		Corn0301 was no-till planted into soybean stubble and Corn0401 was planted into a conventional tillage stale seed bed.
		This research was planted at 50,000 to 70,000 seeds/acre and plots were hand thinned to 25,000 and 35,000 plants/acre when corn plants were at the V3 stage of development.
		Seed placement as parallel or alternating plants in the twin-row planting configuration did not affect corn grain yield (Table 4).
	aes.missouri.edu /greenley/research/cornsoy.stm (2552 words)

	Seeds of Change \| the Cutting Edge
		Loosen and aerate the subsoil in the trench with the fork.
		To direct seed your crop, dig a furrow in the soil to the planting depth indicated on the seed pack.
		For seeds sown close to the surface, we often mulch with a thin layer of straw.
	www.seedsofchange.com /enewsletter/issue_34/direct_seeding.asp?UID= (1751 words)

	Research
		The seed biology/ecology research focuses on understanding the impact of biotic factors such as selective disease and plant competition and abiotic factors such as light, soil fertility, moisture, soil depth on seed dormancy and emergence patterns in weeds of cropping and non-cropping systems.
		Post-dispersal seed predation can be a major source of seed loss, reducing seed supply and seedling emergence in a number of habitats including agricultural systems.
		Key beneficial weed seed predators may encounter higher risk from the toxins produced by CRW Bt corn because they are in the same Coleopteran taxon as the target organism.
	www.css.cornell.edu /WeedEco/research.html (3275 words)

	Principles of Integrated Weed Management: Cultural Methods of Weed Control
		Weed seedling emergence is often more uniform from shallowly buried weed seeds and may result in better weed control.
		Weed seeds closer to the soil surface are more likely to be eaten or damaged by insects, animals, other predators and disease-causing organisms.
		Blind harrowing consists of waiting until after the crop has been planted, the seed is sprouted and the shoot is not yet emerged.
	www.omafra.gov.on.ca /english/crops/pub75/1cultura.htm (1360 words)

	Controlling Cotton Seedling Disease with Soil Fungicides
		Seed Quality: Poor quality seeds germinate and emerge slower than good quality seeds under similar conditions.
		Slow germination and emergence extends the period seeds are vulnerable to infection.
		Tillage: A no-till, or stale seed bed has a tendency to be slightly cooler and wetter than a conventional seed bed.
	www.cotton.org /tech/pest/seedling/soil.cfm (452 words)

	Cultural Management is Key to Managing Downy Brome
		Traditionally growers have used a stale seed bed technique, whereby fall planting is delayed to allow early flushes of downy brome to emerge and be destroyed prior to seeding winter wheat.
		As a result, the downy brome seed sits on the soil surface and is less likely to imbibe water and germinate.
		Downy brome seed persisted only 1 to 2 years in the soil under traditional fallow (10 to 15 years ago), but now remains viable for 3 to 4 years in conservation or no-till systems.
	weeds.montana.edu /crop/cultural_brome.htm (1108 words)

	Agronomic Crops Team On-Farm Research Projects 1998, Special Circular 166-99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Hourly soil temperature (two-inch depth in seed zone) was recorded on all plots from April 25, 1998, until May 17.
		One may conclude that fall tillage is necessary in wheat stubble to improve soil warming for corn next year as compared to no-till or row sweeping in the spring.
		Strip till had the lowest corn population, with chisel stale seed bed being significantly higher compared to strip till.
	ohioline.osu.edu /sc166/sc166_21.html (452 words)

	Alfalfa Production in Florida
		Seed inoculation: The seed should be inoculated just before planting with nitrogen fixing bacteria that are specific for alfalfa.
		If the area to be planted has a large reserve of weed seed, it may be appropriate to use a "stale seed bed" treatment.
		This requires preparing the seedbed, letting weed seed germinate and then spraying them with Roundup before planting the alfalfa into the undisturbed seedbed using a drill.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /ag192 (2930 words)

	Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education - Publications - Steel in the Field - Horticultural Crops - The ...
		This is a popular application of the “stale seed bed” technique.
		Well-made raised beds (to improve row drainage), with uniform shape and straight alignment, can be the cornerstone for efficient planting and cultivating passes.
		Bed sleds and cone guide wheels provide accurate guidance for planters and cultivators simply by hugging the bed sides.
	www.sare.org /publications/steel/horticultural.htm (508 words)

	Ground Cover Slide Show - Irrigation
		The lines ran down the middle of the plots and were buried to allow for mowing of groundcovers at a later date.
		The use of overhead microemmitters allows for the germination of weed seed at the soil surface.
		This is the first step in achieving a stale seed bed.
	www.ctahr.hawaii.edu /sustainag/Groundcoverslideshow/Irrigation.asp (121 words)

	Rice Farming
		In addition, the stale seedbed approach can be used to germinate weeds in the top inch of the soil where they can then be controlled with a herbicides such as glyphosate prior to rice seeding.
		In the drill-seeded systems, rice seed was drilled into dry ground, then flush-irrigated for establishment.
		However, under experimental conditions the stale seedbed systems, glyphosate reduced weed populations by 85 to 100 percent in drill-seeded rice and by nearly 100 percent in the water-seeded systems.
	www.ricefarming.com /home/2006_AprWeedControl.html (1132 words)

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