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Topic: Stalking

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	Angels In Blue: Stalking Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Most stalking laws require that the perpetrator, to qualify as a stalker, make a credible threat of violence against the victim; others include in their requirements threats against the victim's immediate family; and still others require only that the alleged stalker's course of conduct constitute an implied threat.
		While stalking is a gender neutral crime, 78 percent of the stalking victims identified by the survey were women, and 22 percent were men.
		Stalking is composed of three defining elements: the stalker's relationship with the victim, the stalker's motive in pursuing the victim, and the stalker's behavior.
	members.aol.com /lrfuzz1/Stalking/Stalking.html (2373 words)

	Stalking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stalking is a legal term for repeated harassment or other forms of invasion of a person's privacy in a manner that causes fear to its target.
		However, the nature of the acts of stalking can be viewed as acts "interfering the tranquility of others' lives", and are prohibited under petty offence laws in China, made in 1987 (replaced by a new law, but the substance is preserved).
		Stalking, as in the context of organised crimes suppression, is expressly forbidden under Macau's laws.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stalking (1708 words)

	Internet stalking - Encyclopedia Dramatica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Internet stalking is often belittled by stalking traditionalists as it lacks the personal touch that one can only achieve with IRL stalking.
		In many states, Internet stalking is not a recognized event in their annual stalking championships, despite continued lobbying by the federal stalking taskforce.
		cracky-chan was stalked by half the /b/-tards in the universe.
	www.encyclopediadramatica.com /index.php/Stalker (511 words)

	Stalking Victimization
		It is vital that stalking victims immediately seek the advice of local victim specialists who can work with them to devise a safety plan for their unique situation and circumstances.
		Stalking cases that emerge from domestic violence situations, however, are the most lethal type of stalking.
		Thirty-eight percent of female stalking victims were stalked by current or former husbands, 10 percent by current or former cohabiting partners, and 14 percent by current or former dates or boyfriends.
	www.athealth.com /Consumer/disorders/stalking.html (1112 words)

	Stalking
		A study of the relationship between stalking and intimate partner homicide found that 76% of female homicide cases and 85% of attempted homicides involved at least one incident of stalking within one year of the murder.
		Some common characteristics of stalking victims include: 78% are women, 74% are between the ages of 18-39, 59% are married and 46% graduated from college.
		Stalking cases often appear insignificant to the patrol officer in the beginning.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d52/ajs/vaw/stalkingnew.htm (2105 words)

	Stalking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stalking is often tied up with domestic violence -- itself an area where law enforcement is still playing catch-up -- and is not always recognized as a separate issue.
		The legislature is also considering clarifying what constitutes "stalking." In the age of modern technology, harassment can take place from a distance, but the current law vaguely defines stalking as a type of physical behavior, excluding such things as e-mails, pager messages, and faxed memos.
		"Stalking is a very difficult law to enforce because you are dealing with a pattern of behavior that is not clearly defined, rather than a particular incident, such as assault and battery," says Martinson, a former prosecutor.
	www.bostonphoenix.com /archive/features/98/01/08/STALKING.html (2895 words)

	Stalking
		Stalking victims include members of all nationalities, races, ages and genders, however most are women.
		A study of the relationship between stalking and intimate partner femicide found that 76 percent of femicide cases and 85 percent of attempted femicide cases involved at least one incident of stalking within one year of the murder (McFarlane, 1999).
		Sixty-nine percent of femicide victims were stalked while in a relationship with their stalker, while for 88 percent of victims of femicide, stalking started once the relationship ended (Ibid).
	www.erie-county-ohio.net /victim/stalking.htm (792 words)

	Texas Attorney General
		A stalking victim feels reasonable fear of bodily injury or death to self or to a family or household member or damage to property.
		Stalking can be perpetrated by the stalker or by someone acting on her/his behalf.
		Stalking can take the form of verbal threats or threats conveyed by the stalker's conduct, threatening mail, property damage, surveillance of the victim, or by following the victim.
	www.oag.state.tx.us /victims/stalking.shtml (931 words)

	Stalking Alert
		No Longer should victims of stalking be turned away by law enforcement and told, "come back when he actually hurts you." From 1991 through 1993, stalking was a misdemeanor punishable by only one year in county jail when no restraining order was in place.
		The test for a credible threat is whether a "reasonable" person would fear for his or her safety or the safety of his or her immediate family and that the victim was actually in fear because of the stalker’s words and/or conduct.
		The majority of stalking cases appear in the context of domestic violence and these are the cases that most often result in serious bodily injury or death.
	www.stalkingalert.com (978 words)

	Forms of Stalking
		While being stalked by someone with whom the victim has had an intimate relationship, or by someone known to the victim who has perhaps attempted unsuccessfully to establish an intimate relationship, is frightening enough, at least the victim knows who the stalker is, what he or she is capable of, and what to likely expect.
		Although many victims of stalking may feel that their stalkers have chosen them because they represent something unique and desirable, and that the stalker is fixated on and possessed with only them, this often isn't the case.
		Although stalking victims may desperately want to know why they were chosen as the victim, what they might have done to trigger a stalker's obsession with them, often, they find the answer is nothing.
	www.esia.net /Forms_of_Stalking.htm (5774 words)

	Stalking
		Stalking is a crime under the laws of all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Government.
		Stalking is a gender neutral crime, with both male and female perpetrators and victims.
		In other words, stalking victims are often put in a position of having to first prove their case to a law enforcement official before being afforded the opportunity to prove their case before a court of law.
	www.sou.edu /wrc/Services/Stalking.htm (5528 words)

	Are You Being Stalked?
		Stalking victims are in a state of constant fear 24 hours a day.
		But the majority of stalking victims are ordinary people, mostly women, who are being pursued and threatened by someone with whom they have had a prior relationship.
		The Interstate Stalking Punishment and Prevention Act of 1996 punishes persons with a fine and/or imprisonment for crossing state lines "with the intent to injure or harass another person...or place that person in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury..." (18 USC § 2261A, 2261, 2262).
	www.privacyrights.org /fs/fs14-stk.htm (1981 words)

	Stalking
		Fundamentally, stalking is a series of actions that puts a person in fear for their safety.
		Stalking victims are continuously confronted with the possibility of frightening, unpleasant actions against them, ranging from invasions of privacy all the way to lethal violence, but they are seldom given concrete, detailed advice on what to do about it.
		Stalking is an insidious crime that eats away at your sense of security, leaving you feeling more vulnerable than ever before in your life.
	www.aware.org /stalking/stalkgeninfo.shtml (938 words)

	Stalking - Rape Crisis Information Pathfinder created by
		If you have have been or are being stalked, we have an online support group where you can participate in the therapeutic process of sharing, or gain invaluable information from others.
		It is meant to be not only a resource for stalking victims, but for law enforcement, mental health professionals, researchers, educators, legislators and security personnel.
		The author is not responsible for any contents linked or referred to from his or her pages - unless s/he has full knowledge of illegal contents and would be able to prevent the visitors of his site from viewing those pages.
	www.ibiblio.org /rcip/stalking.html (323 words)

	2002 National Victim Assistance Academy
		As mentioned, forensic psychologists have begun to study stalking as a distinct pattern of criminal behavior by analyzing and categorizing identified patterns and common characteristics of stalking cases.
		Stalking behaviors observed in many domestic violence cases are motivated by the stalker's lack of self-esteem and feelings of powerlessness.
		The Stalking site at the "An Abuse, Rape and Domestic Violence Aid and Resource Collection" Web site at AOL.com is designed to: support stalking victims; explain the parameters of the crime; and address such issues as what constitutes stalking, who are the victims, what to do if one is stalked, and exercising one's legal rights.
	www.ojp.usdoj.gov /ovc/assist/nvaa2002/chapter22_2.html (5789 words)

	End Stalking in America, Inc. (ESIA)
		Each individual case is closely monitored daily from the initial onset of the harassment or stalking, though the judicial hearings, prosecution, while the offender is incarcerated, and after the offender is released from jail or prison.
		Until you are a victim, there is no real understanding of what stalking is or the physical and emotional devastation and impact it has on not only the victim, but also family, friends, neighbors and co-workers.
		Often times the nightmare of stalking does not end for the victim when the stalker is incarcerated, awaiting trial or even after sentencing.
	www.esia.net (868 words)

	Cyberstalking: A New Challenge for Law Enforcement and Industry
		As with offline stalking, the available evidence (which is largely anecdotal) suggests that the majority of cyberstalkers are men and the majority of their victims are women, although there have been reported cases of women cyberstalking men and of same-sex cyberstalking.
		Offline stalking generally requires the perpetrator and the victim to be located in the same geographic area; cyberstalkers may be located across the street or across the country.
		The fact that stalking behavior (including cyberstalking) may implicate important issues of free speech, however, does not eliminate the significant public interest in its criminal regulation or suggest that any criminal regulation would be prohibited by the freedom of speech guarantees of the First Amendment.
	www.usdoj.gov /criminal/cybercrime/cyberstalking.htm (10309 words)

	Stalking Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Stalking is a persistent and unwanted pursuit of an individual by another that would cause a reasonable person to fear.
		According to the NVAWS, 81% of women stalked by a present or a former intimate partner have been physically assaulted by that person and 31% of women stalked by an intimate have been sexually assaulted by that person.
		The law escalates the level of the offense based on whether the offender has committed a stalking offense in the past, committed the act of stalking against several individuals, or stalked a person under the age of fourteen, among other factors.
	www.oag.state.ny.us /crime/stalking_guide.html (1162 words)

	Stalking Statistics \| METRAC
		Stalking is a form of violence that most often happens to women.
		A person being stalked must fear for their own safety or the safety of someone they know in order for charges to be laid.
		Rates of stalking are highest for young women, which is consistent with patterns of other kinds of violence against women; 58% of stalking survivors are under 34 years old.
	www.metrac.org /new/stat_sta.htm (884 words)

	Stalking and bullying including Internet stalking, cyberstalking, intimate partner stalker, vengeful stalker, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		US crime statistics show that 1 in 12 women will be stalked in their lifetime, as will 1 in 45 men.
		Stalking often starts as a result of rejection; rejection rage and abandonment rage motivate the stalker to seek revenge through a predictable pattern of stalking behavior.
		Everyone, whether stalked or not, knows at least one person in their life with the profile of the serial bully.
	www.bullyonline.org /related/stalking.htm (1829 words)

	Perspectives - Stalking
		Embarrassment, not clearly understanding the legal definition of rape or stalking, not wanting to define someone they know who victimized them as a rapist or because self-blame for their sexual assault all play a part in under-reporting.
		Stalking is not a harmless game or a form of flattery.
		At the top of the list for defenses to stalking is 'I didn't know.' And whether you call the person or the police, document what time you called, who you talked to, and what they said." This will help prove that the person was told to stop.
	www.moxiemag.com /moxie/articles/perspectives/stalking.html (1771 words)

	LLRX -- CyberAge Stalking
		Stalking victims are usually between the ages of 18-26, and stalkers usually have a prior criminal history or a personality disorder.
		All 50 states have stalking laws, and about 42 states now have laws that include electronic communications as a harassment tool or in some way relate to cyberstalking.
		According to 18 USC 875 (c) most stalking statues require specific intent on the part of the defendant to install fear and a threat to its victim.
	www.llrx.com /features/cyberstalking.htm (3878 words)

	Stalking Behavior
		For those who need information for research into the area of stalking, citations and references are provided.
		The focus on stalking as a set of behaviors helps to demystify the phenomenon which offers a degree of understanding and control for the observer.
		Another aspect of stalking behaviors that needs to be explained is that such behaviors can be produced by individuals with very different backgrounds, motivations, and psychological disorders.
	www.stalkingbehavior.com (177 words)

	Law Enfocement Bulletin
		In some instances, stalking behaviors may violate federal law when offenders cross state lines to stalk a person or when they enter or leave federal property or Indian country for the purpose of stalking someone.
		The first national stalking study found that the victims (19 percent) or the stalkers (7 percent) moved; the stalkers acquired new love interests (18 percent); the police warned them to stop (15 percent); the victims talked to their stalkers (10 percent); the authorities
		The phenomenon of stalking is a complex one.
	www.fbi.gov /publications/leb/2002/dec2002/dec02leb.htm (13882 words)

	New Beginnings A Women's Crisis Center - Stalking
		In the most basic terms, stalking is unwanted pursuit, following, or harassment.
		Be sure to tell them about any previous action taken and the results (i.e., the stalker was warned to stay away from you).
		If you think you are being followed from place to place, or if you are being threatened or intimidated by someone, it is important that you begin to take the necessary steps to maximize your safety.
	www.newbeginningsnh.org /stalking.html (742 words)

	Definitions
		This occurs when an individual attempts to convince others that he or she is being stalked through the invention of claims made to re-establish a failing relationship and/or gain attention (Zona, Palarea, and Lane, 1998).
		Individuals who exhibit these characteristics may also fit the criteria for histrionic personality disorder (DSM-IV, 1994): demanding to be the center of attention, shallow expression of emotions which shift rapidly, and speaks in a manner that is overly impressionistic and lacking in detail.
		Oddly, sometimes a stalker will feel victimized by the person he or she is stalking.
	www.stalkingbehavior.com /definiti.htm (1152 words)

	Antistalking Web Site
		Learn about stalkers and stalking - why stalkers do what they do, the different types of stalkers and their impacts on victims.
		Learn what to do if you become a victim of stalking - security precautions, whether or not to obtain a restraining order, and how to tell if a stalker will become violent.
		Learn about the most recent research studies published on stalking and those soon to be published on this continually updated page.
	www.antistalking.com (327 words)

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