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Topic: Standard gravity

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	Gravitation Encyclopedia @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Gravity must be caused by an agent acting constantly according to certain laws; but whether this agent be material or immaterial I have left to the consideration of my reader.
		In quantum gravity theories, either the graviton is the postulated carrier of the gravitational force.
		Gravity was rather poorly understood until Isaac Newton formulated his law of gravitation in the 17th century.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Gravitation (2991 words)

	USGS: Gravity and depth to basement method
		The inversion is complicated by two factors: (1) bedrock gravity stations are influenced by the gravity anomaly caused by low-density deposits in nearby basins, and (2) the bedrock gravity field varies laterally because of density variations within the bedrock.
		The basin gravity is then the difference between the observed gravity field on the original map and the first approximation of the bedrock gravity field and is used to calculate the first approximation of the thickness of Cenozoic deposits.
		The bedrock gravity station values are "corrected" for the effects of the low-density deposits (the effects are calculated directly from the first approximation of the thickness of the Cenozoic deposits) and a second approximation of the bedrock gravity field is made by interpolating a smooth surface through the corrected bedrock gravity observations.
	geopubs.wr.usgs.gov /open-file/of02-353/method.html (2156 words)

	Pressure - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		where ρ (rho) is density of the fluid, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is height of the fluid above the point being measured.
		The standard atmosphere (atm) is an established constant.
		A rule of thumb commonly used by scuba divers is that one atmosphere is approximately equal to the pressure exerted by ten metres of water.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/r/e/Pressure.html (1157 words)

	Cosmic Matrix Displacement Model
		Gravity and inertia remain isolated from the standard model, because little is known about the geometry of space-time quantum vacuum in which they are generated.
		The Standard Model of particle physics is a comprehensive theory developed over the last thirty years that identifies the basic particles of our universe and specifies how these particles interact.
		Displacement Gravity is defined as “a spatial vector force“ resulting from curviform aspects of the Space--Time Continuum (STC) acting on the smallest fundamental subatomic particles that form quarks.
	www.gravityassociation.org /cmd.htm (802 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		In a dynamic gravimeter, the force of gravity is converted to linear or rotatory motion and the acceleration of gravity is inferred from the measured rate of motion.
		Use of Faye's gravity anomaly implies that there is a layer of matter on the terrestrial ellipsoid whose effect is the same as that of the matter missing from outside the ellipsoid.
		Gravity corrections may be subtracted from the measured value, instead of being added to the theoretical value, of acceleration.
	www.ngs.noaa.gov /PUBS_LIB/GEOID/Droman_papers/glossary/xml/G.xml (8242 words)

	The Ultimate Kilogram Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		The kilogram was originally defined as the mass of one litre of pure water at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius and standard atmospheric pressure.
		This definition was hard to realize accurately, partially because the density of water depends ever-so-slightly on the pressure, and pressure units include mass as a factor, introducing a circular dependency in the definition of the kilogram.
		Since 1889, the SI system defines the unit to be equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, which is made from an alloy of platinum and iridium of 39 mm height and diameter, and kept at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures).
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Kilogram (980 words)

	AMS Glossary
		Since the earth is rotating, the force observed as gravity is the resultant of the force of gravitation and the centrifugal force arising from this rotation.
		The magnitude of the force of gravity at sea level decreases from the poles, where the centrifugal force is zero, to the equator, where the centrifugal force is a maximum but directed opposite to the force of gravitation.
		Besides these variations in the magnitude of the force of gravity, there are more localized variations controlled by the topography of the earth's surface, and the distribution of mass beneath.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?p=1&query=gravity (321 words)

	Paradoxes Resolved, Origins Illuminated - Standard cosmology gravity and time....
		As gravity (the cause of which needn't be gone into here) causes matter to "clump" together, empty space is left which forms another gradient down which matter might be pushed because putting matter into clumps relieves the field tension (to less than unit tension)...
		Thus, gravity is the concommitent cause of the expansion.
		I conjecture that the fine structure constant (1/137) is the present degree to which light speed has slowed due to the alpha field tension being relieved (which is why I call it the alpha field).
	www.metaresearch.org /msgboard/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=325 (601 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA04652
		Gravity is the force that is responsible for the weight of an object and is determined by how the material that makes up the Earth is distributed throughout the Earth.
		One can define standard gravity as the value of gravity for an perfectly smooth 'idealized' Earth, and the gravity 'anomaly' is a measure of how actual gravity deviates from this standard.
		Gravity reflects the Earth's surface topography to a high degree and is associated with features that most people are familiar with such as large mountains and deep ocean trenches.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA04652 (501 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Now global gravity maps are made using satellites: by tracking perturbations in the orbits of satellites and by measuring small topographic variations in the sea surface.
		Gravity anomalies are defined relative to that expected on the spheroid.
		For stations at sea level the gravity anomaly, which is always defined as the observed minus the expected value, is (g (gobs (g((), because gexp is gravity on the spheroid—i.e., g(() from equation 1.
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~rcoe/eart110c/Lab6_text.doc (2040 words)

	STAR WARS: Standard Units
		Weight is the force on an object due to gravity; mass is the amount of substance in the object.
		Standard values refer to the planet Coruscant, which is the capital of galactic civilisation and is considered the ideal inhabitable world for humans.
		Combining the statistics for surface gravity and planetary mass yields an equation relating the standard units of surface gravity and planetary mass.
	www.theforce.net /swtc/units.html (3585 words)

	Reef Aquarium Salinity: Homemade Calibration Standards by Randy Holmes-Farley - Reefkeeping.com
		One reason that commercial standards can be difficult to use, for example, is that they usually come standardized to units of measurement related to the technique, rather than to the unit of measurement the aquarist needs: conductivity for conductivity meters, refractive index for refractometers, and density or specific gravity for hydrometers.
		Specific gravity at 20°C is then easily calculated by dividing the density of the solutions by the density of water at the same temperature.
		For standard floating hydrometers (Figure 2), which are not self-correcting for temperature variations, it is important to use the standard at the same temperature at which the aquarium water will be tested (within say, ± 0.5 °C or ± 1 °F).
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2004-06/rhf/index.php (4428 words)

	Mannheim Weyl Conformal
		Conformal gravity is thus a gravitational theory which possess[es] no fundamental scale (and thus no intrinsic G or fundamental /\) at all, and is thus a theory which can immediately lead to a cosmology which is free of intrinsic scales at sufficiently high enough temperatures.
		already in the very early days of relativity, the standard gravity vacuum Schwarzschild solution is just as equally a vacuum solution to higher derivative gravity theories also, since the vanishing of the Ricci tensor entails the vanishing of its derivatives as well.
		As a fundamental theory, conformal gravity has as a motivation the desire to give gravity a local invariance structure and a dimensionless coupling constant (and thus power counting renormalizability), to thereby make it analogous to the three other fundamental interactions.
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/Mannheim.html (945 words)

	Gravity
		The Speed of Gravity - What the Experiments Say discusses all the experimental evidence that bears on the intriguing question of the speed of gravity, concluding that it must be many orders of magnitude faster than light in forward time (i.e., no causality violations).
		Discussion of the first "speed of gravity" paper led to a follow-up paper to answer questions and issues raised by the community of relativists in response to the first paper.
		Readers of Pushing Gravity may be interested in a supplement to the chapters by Tom Van Flandern and Victor Slabinski: The Meta Cycle.
	metaresearch.org /cosmology/gravity/gravity.asp (676 words)

	Engine Cooling Testing
		If it floats, the specific gravity of the sample is greater than the specific gravity of the standard.
		If this temperature differs from the standard reference temperature (which is typically 60 degrees F for most hydrometers) the specific gravity reading must be mathematically converted to its equivalent value for the standard reference temperature.
		Most refractometers use the standard reference temperature of 68 degrees F. For refractometers, the temperature of the instrument is the critical factor.
	www.asashop.org /autoinc/feb2001/mech.cfm (2091 words)

	GRACE - Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
		When scientists discuss the gravity field and shape of the Earth, they often do so in terms of a surface called the geoid.
		One can define standard gravity as the value of gravity for a perfectly smooth 'idealized' Earth, and the gravity 'anomaly' is a measure of how actual gravity deviates from this standard.
		A map of gravity anomalies (usually expressed in units of milliGals) tends to highlight short wavelength features better than a map of the geoid.
	www.csr.utexas.edu /grace/gravity/gravity_definition.html (230 words)

	Physics Professor Postulates New Explanation of Gravity - October 8, 2001
		Mannheim postulates that gravity becomes repulsive at large distances, the extent of, say, a galaxy.
		Gravity in Mannheim's theory behaves like the familiar Newtonian gravity on a small scale, as it does in Einstein's theory.
		One of these is that the universe's acceleration increases towards its edges, unlike the standard theory.
	www.advance.uconn.edu /2001/011008/01100813.htm (876 words)

	Solid Core Laminated Doors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The standard 12" x 20" window is framed by a single piece.125 " ABS frame for easy maintenance and a tight seal.
		Gravity hinges are attached to the door with bolts for easy maintenance or replacement.
		Gentle closing action is activated by a roller cradle assembly at the top of the door and an offset pivot at the bottom of the door.
	www.carlsonproducts.com /solid_laminated.htm (341 words)

	Digital aeromagnetic and Bouguer gravity anomaly data from the Bolivian Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental
		The gravity station files indicated by the suffix “.std” are in in a geodetic (latitude and longitude) coordinate system.
		With gravity data, the sequence convention is: free-air anomaly; Bouguer anomaly including sum of inner and outer zone terrain corrections, if listed in fields 4 and 5, below; elevation in feet or meters; inner zone terrain correction; outer zone terrain correction; and observed gravity in mGals minus 980000.0.
		Cady, J.W., and Wise, R.A., 1992, Gravity and magnetic studies, in U.S. Geological Survey and Servicio Geologico de Bolivia, Geology and mineral resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia, with a section on Application of economic evaluation to deposit models, by Donald I. Beiwas and Robert G. Christiansen: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1975, p.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/gravity/document/html/bolg_doc.shtml (2007 words)

	TRB 3:4 - Investigation 1 - I'm Falling For You! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Gravity is an invisible force that pulls together any two objects.
		To prevent confusion in students who may think, based on this definition, that gravity is the same as magnetic forces, the force of gravity is presented as the force that pulls objects on or near Earth toward its surface.
		Gravity pulls on all objects, no matter what their mass, with equal acceleration towards Earth.
	www.uen.org /Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=10046 (922 words)

	HYDROMETERS & SPECIFIC GRAVITY - Living Reefs
		For many scientific endeavors (such as mineralogy), the temperature standard chosen is 3.98 °C (39.2 °F; defined as the temperature of maximum density of pure water).
		In a great many cases (though not all), the standard temperature and the reference temperature are the same: either 60 °F or 20 °C. This is often written as "60 °F/60 °F", though it is sometimes written simply as "Temperature of Standardization: 60 °F".
		Again, if you do not know the temperature of standardization, you are out of luck, and a correction using a table is as likely to cause bigger errors, as it is to correct any.
	www.livingreefs.com /forums/showthread.php?p=5828#post5828 (3640 words)

	[No title]
		The standard of mass today, however, is the mass of a standard international prototype of the kilogram.
		Oilfield densities are usually measured (or at least adjusted to) one standard atmosphere pressure and 60°F, and referenced to water at one atmosphere and 60°F. The notation 60/60°F specifies a density measured at 60°F and referenced to water at 60°F. The density of water at one atmosphere and 60°F is 62.368 lbm/ft3 or 999.04 kg/m3.
		However, standard pressure is a regulated pressure, set as a standard by some regulating organization or by mutual agreement.
	www.pe.utexas.edu /Dept/Academic/Courses/SP2000/PGE383.24/Units.doc (2831 words)

	Anakim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The unaugmented lifespan is about 10% shorter than that of baselines under optimal conditions, and those who spend a lot of time in standard gravity tend to die even younger.
		This is due to hypertension brought on by the enhancements to the cardiac muscle needed to pump blood against higher than standard gravity.
		This might seem pathological to those who are used to standard gravity, but such a fear is perfectly reasonable for high-gravity natives.
	www.orionsarm.com /clades/Anakim.html (968 words)

	HooverFence.Net - Wood Fence & Gate Hardware - hinges, latches, gate sag kits
		Standard gravity latches have striker bars which are fixed at one place for wood gates.
		These gate latches differ in that the striker bar is only attached on the end with one screw (versus two for standard latches).
		We carry these in two qualities, regular and heavy duty; both function the same, however there is a considerable difference between the regular and heavy one.
	www.hooverfence.net /wood/hardware/hd-adj-grav-latch.htm (168 words)

	Locations
		ABOUT GRAVITY BONUSES: Training on a planet with higher gravity is like training on a ship or in a module with gravity simulators.
		Lower than average gravity will not reduce PL, but flight moves will not take as much energy as usual to execute.
		An icy planet from which the Icer race hails, this planet is located in the outer reaches of the galaxy.
	www.angelfire.com /dbz/dbor/locations.htm (379 words)

	Merlyn - Gravity Page 0 - J R Stockton
		Newtonian gravity is instantaneous; making the speed finite introduces unwanted differences; proper relativity removes those.
		The advance of the perihelion of Mercury is largely explained by Newtonian gravity.
		Light passing near a massive body is deviated by gravity.
	www.merlyn.demon.co.uk /gravity0.htm (521 words)

	Beyond the Standard Model
		For example, there are a lot of numbers in this standard model that appear in the equations, and they just have to be put in to make the theory fit the observation.
		Standard Model theories hint that an extension of Salam and Weinberg's work should be possible.
		According to the Standard Model, the W and Z bosons should be massless, but experimental evidence shows them to be quite heavy.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/beyond/index.shtml (2009 words)

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