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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Standing army
		In western Europe the first standing army was established by Charles VII of France in the fifteenth century.
		The establishment of standing armies in seventeenth century Britain and later in the United States was controversial, some fearing that it would give too much power to the head of state, erode the civilian control of the military, eventually leading to tyranny.
		All in all the Roman army consisted of 18 centuries of equites, 82 centuries of the first class (of which 2 centuries were engineers), 20 centuries each of the second, third and fourth classes and 32 centuries of the fifth class (of which 2 centuries were trumpeters).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Standing-army (711 words)

	Brutus on the Evils of Standing Armies by Laurence M. Vance
		Let us then enquire, whether standing armies in time of peace, would be ever beneficial to our country – or if in some extraordinary cases, they might be necessary; whether it is not true, that they have generally proved a scourge to a country, and destructive of their liberty.
		That standing armies are dangerous to the liberties of a people was proved in my last number – If it was necessary, the truth of the position might be confirmed by the history of almost every nation in the world.
		A standing army effected this change, and a standing army supported it through a succession of ages, which are marked in the annals of history, with the most horrid cruelties, bloodshed, and carnage; – The most devilish, beastly, and unnatural vices, that ever punished or disgraced human nature.
	www.lewrockwell.com /vance/vance7.html (3389 words)

	army. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Feudal armies were undermined by the development in England of the longbow, but they were destroyed by the introduction of gunpowder.
		Eventually, as a result of the writings of such political theorists as Niccolo Machiavelli, national or standing armies developed—armies of professional soldiers led mostly by officers from the country’s aristocracy.
		Under Louis XIV and his war minister, the marquis de Louvois, that country organized a national standing army that became the pattern for all Europe until the French Revolution.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ar/army.html (891 words)

	The Roman Army
		All in all the Roman army consisted of 18 centuries of equites, 82 centuries of the first class (of which 2 centuries were engineers), 20 centuries each of the second, third and fourth classes and 32 centuries of the fifth class (of which 2 centuries were trumpeters).
		The army as operated from the time of Augustus can generally be referred to as the 'classic' legion, the armed body of men which most imagine in their minds upon hearing the word 'legion'.
		If the Roman army had throughout most of the third and fourth century been undergoing a transition, gradually increasing the number of cavalry, then the end of this period of gradual change was brought about by a dreadful disaster.
	www.roman-empire.net /army/army.html (13507 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Standing armies tend to be much more expensive to maintain and therefore are usually of limited size.
		In western Europe the first standing army was established by Charles VII of France in the fifteenth century.
		The establishment of standing armies in seventeenth century Britain and later in the United States was controversial, some fearing that it would give too much power to the head of state, erode the civilian control of the military, eventually leading to tyranny.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=standing_army (266 words)

	Time To Reconsider Jefferson's Call For Universal Service
		Thomas Jefferson first suggested that we not have a standing army, and wrote a series of letters in 1787, as the Constitution was being debated, urging James Madison and others to write it into the Constitution.
		The idea was, instead of a standing army, for every able-bodied man in the nation to be a member of a local militia, under local control, with a gun in his house.
		A ban on a standing army; a provision making every able-bodied male a trained member of a local militia that could come under nation control if the nation was attacked; and a provision making sure every male had a weapon handy if that day ever came.
	www.commondreams.org /views04/0505-08.htm (1582 words)

	Debate on a Standing Army, 1798-1800
		If we were to be involved in war an army must be resorted to in aid of the militia; but, in the first instance, the militia might be depended upon as a sure and safe defense of this country.
		A standing army in Virginia, for instance, would do little good against insurgents in South Carolina; and if an insurrection of that kind was not immediately suppressed by the people the mischief would be incalculable.
		This favorite scheme of raising a standing army must be pushed forward by every aid of fact and fiction, and that its success may be insured the Southern members are to be terrified into its adoption.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Starmy.html (6028 words)

	Sasanian Army - (CAIS)
		The imperial banner was the Drafš-a Kāviān, a talismanic emblem accompanying the King of Kings or the commander-in-chief of the army who was stationed in the centre of his forces and managed the affairs of the combat from the elevation of a throne [187].
		Until Khosrow Andōšīravān's military reforms, the whole of the Iranian army was under a supreme commander, Erān-spāhbed, who acted as the minister of defence, empowered to conduct peace negotiations; he usually came from one of the great noble families and was counted as a counselor of the Great King [191].
		Other senior officials connected with the army were: Erān-ambāragbed "minister of the magazines of empire," responsible for the arms and armaments of warriors [194]; the marzbāns "margraves"-rulers of important border provinces [195]; kanārang-evidently a hereditary title of the ruler of Tūs [196]; gund-sālār "general" [197]; paygān-sālār "commander of the infantry"
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Military/sasanian_army.htm (1546 words)

	History of Iran: Sassanian Army
		With a clear military plan aimed at the revival of the Iranian Empire, Ardair I, formed a standing army which was under his personal command and its officers were separate from satraps and local princes and nobility.
		Other senior officials connected with the army were: Eran-ambaragbed "minister of the magazines of empire," responsible for the arms and armaments of warriors; the marzbans "margraves"-rulers of important border provinces; kanarang-evidently a hereditary title of the ruler of Tus; gund-salar "general"; paygan-salar "commander of the infantry"; and pushtigban-salar "commander of the royal guard".
		Since the carrying of the shield on the left made a soldier inefficient in using his weapons leftwards, the right was considered the line of attack, each side trying to outflank the enemy from that direction, i.e., at the respective opponent's left; hence, the left wing was made stronger but assigned a defensive role.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/sassanids/sassanian_army.php (1309 words)

	Militia and standing army
		The British empire was not defeated by the tiny colonial standing army, but rather decided that with all of their other concerns around the world, subduing the armed and determined populace of the American colonies was simply not worth the cost.
		The standing army, represented by the traitorous officer corps, had demonstrated that it remained a danger to the liberty of the citizens and their elected representatives after the war.
		The public's complacency was temporarily disturbed when the standing army used military weapons intended for the defense of the nation to gun down strikers in labor disputes and unarmed students at Kent State.
	www.wmsa.net /militia_01.htm (3442 words)

	The Roman army
		That is: the empire had no standing army (an army that is permanently established at a tactical place).
		Because the army was regular now, it became much better and stronger, because the soldiers were better trained and armed.
		Army camps and forts were always build according to the same model (see image).
	library.thinkquest.org /22866/English/Leger.html (1373 words)

	Obedience to Orders, Part 3
		That standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, and therefore ought to be avoided, as far as the circumstances and protection of the Community will admit; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to and governed by the Civil power.
		As standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up; and that the military shall be kept under strict subordination to and be governed by the civil power.
		Standing armies can never consist of resolute, robust men; they may be well-disciplined machines, but they will seldom contain men under the influence of strong passions, or with very vigorous faculties.
	www.fff.org /comment/com0304e.asp (3862 words)

	Nikolai Bukharin and Evgenii Preobrazhensky: The ABC of Communism - Chapter VIII : The Programme of the Communists in ...
		The standing army of the bourgeoisie, although it is established upon the basis of universal military service, and although in appearance it is an army of the whole people, is in reality a class army.
		Apart from the communist groups in the army and apart from the political commissars, the political education of the Red Army is supervised by a whole network of political sections in the divisions and in the armies at the various fronts, and it is also supervised by the propaganda sections of the Commissariat for War.
		The bourgeois army is born of bourgeois society, and the bourgeoisie wishes this child to live for ever because it reflects the imperishability of the bourgeois régime.
	www.marxists.org /archive/bukharin/works/1920/abc/08.htm (4972 words)

	United Nations Standing Army: Debatabase - Debate Topics and Debate Motions
		They need to ensure that their proposal would deliver an army fully under the control of the UN; if individual states could pull troops out of it when they chose to (for example because they disagreed with the objective of a particular mission), then it is not really a UN standing army.
		A UN standing army would be independent of the great powers and so more likely to be respected as a neutral peacemaker and peacekeeper; contrast this to the perceived differences in attitude between troops from Britain, the US, Russia and France to warring sides in the Balkans.
		A UN standing army would be better prepared in both respects and its soldiers would have greater motivation as they would have made a choice to enlist, rather than being conscripts.
	www.idebate.org /debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=118 (1481 words)

	A U.N. Army: Unwise, Unsafe, and Unnecessary
		A campaign is underway in Congress to endorse the concept of a standing army controlled by the United Nations.
		To be sure, a standing army would be more readily available for deployment, but that may mean an overly hasty involvement of U.S. forces in far-away conflicts in which no U.S. interests are at stake.
		To reject a U.N. standing army is not to reject U.N. peacekeeping.
	www.heritage.org /Research/InternationalOrganizations/EM362.cfm (1091 words)

	Jefferson on Politics & Government: The Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A standing army has always been used by despots to enforce their rule and to keep their people under subjection.
		"Standing armies [are] inconsistent with [a people's] freedom and subversive of their quiet." --Thomas Jefferson: Reply to Lord North's Proposition, 1775.
		Were armies to be raised whenever a speck of war is visible in our horizon, we never should have been without them.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /jefferson/quotations/jeff1480.htm (2437 words)

	Chapter 5: American Military History, Volume I
		Further, the recent threats of the Continental officers strengthened the popular fear that a standing army might be used to coerce the states or become an instrument of despotism.
		The general problem facing the convention, that of power and the control of power, came into sharp focus in the debates on military matters, since the widespread suspicion of a strong central government and the equally widespread fear of a standing army were merged in the issue of the government’s military powers.
		Instead of regiments, the Army was composed of four "sublegions," each commanded by a brigadier general and consisting of 2 battalions of infantry, 1 battalion of riflemen, 1 troop of dragoons (cavalrymen trained to fight either mounted or dismounted), and 1 company of artillery.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/AMH-V1/ch05.htm (9039 words)

	The Bill of Rights: Antipathy to Militarism
		The second way to use a standing army to impose tyranny was the direct one — the use of troops to establish order and obedience among the citizenry.
		Ordinarily, if a government has no huge standing army at its disposal, many people will choose to violate immoral laws that always come with a tyrannical regime; that is, they engage in what is commonly known as “civil disobedience” — the disobedience to immoral laws.
		The idea is that governments use their armies to produce the enemies, then scare the people with cries that the barbarians are at the gates, and then claim that war is necessary to put down the barbarians.
	www.fff.org /freedom/fd0409a.asp (1933 words)

	Army Records
		Introductory note: although this guide is primarily concerned with the Army, records relating to the Navy and R.A.F. may be found by checking the North Devon Record Office indexes under ARMED FORCES and WAR, and by consulting The National Archives information sheets on its website at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/.
		However, with the standing army increasingly fighting wars abroad, the need for civil defence led to the re-establishment of local militia in the 1750s.
		Army personnel records tend to be subject to a 75 year closure period.
	www.devon.gov.uk /army_records.htm (1641 words)

	Rosary Army: Free Rosary & How To Make A Rosary
		Gabriella and Troy meet and bond when they discover a hidden talent for singing and are suddenly forced to sing karaoke together at a party on vacation.
		Their shared embarrassment over standing before strangers to sing is broken by the shared exuberance of singing beautifully together.
		Rosary Army is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization and all donations are tax-deductible.
	www.rosaryarmy.com (1759 words)

	Roman Army Part I
		NB: Over the centuries, the Roman army changed and developed, and conditions often differed somewhat depending on the provinces where the troops were fighting and stationed.
		The legion was the basic unit of Rome's standing army of career soldiers, the legionaries, who were all Roman citizens and fought primarily as foot-soldiers (infantry).
		Even temporary camps used when the army was on the march were always fortified, surrounded by a deep ditch and a wall.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/romanarmy.html (1317 words)

	ARMED FORCES JOURNAL - Standing Army not needed - January 2006
		The only justification for a large standing army is to deal with foreign threats that are overseas or directly on our borders and pose an immediate, present and sustained threat to the continental United States.
		The standing force we need to keep foreign threats from developing overseas is today more a function of nation-building than nation-busting.
		This is what the Army has been doing for the past 20 years, and missions like hurricane relief are the best form of experience.
	www.afji.com /2006/01/1830475 (394 words)

	We Don't Need the Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, as a whole they were inclined to distrust standing armies, as can be discerned by a close reading of the Constitution.
		Additionally, it is worth noting that although the Constitution explicitly acknowledges the necessity of a militia for the “security of a free state,” nowhere does it acknowledge the necessity of a standing army for the same purpose.
		A standing army is first of all a huge drain on resources.
	www.gnn.tv /threads/17170/We_Don_t_Need_the_Army (3707 words)

	Chapter 11: American Military History, Volume I
		Yet both ideals, opposing a large standing army and staying out of foreign quarrels, were to be difficult to sustain in the twentieth century and beyond.
		An essential part of the Army’s ability to change and adapt was the slow, but far from steady, growth of professionalism within the Army: a sense that serving in the Army was a unique calling with special standards.
		As the American Army faced test after test along the frontier, it increasingly developed standards not just of duty performance (what soldiers or officers need to do as the technical components of their craft) but also of conduct: how soldiers, officers, and noncommissioned officers are to behave toward each other.
	www.army.mil /cmh/books/AMH-V1/epilogue.htm (1659 words)

	Swiss Army Knife - Victorinox Knives - Engraved Swiss Army Knife - Buy Knifes
		Often, when crossing a parking lot or driving down a road, I find a poor stranded motorist standing and peering into their open hood with a look of dismay and disgust.
		I have a back up Super Tinker in my briefcase, my Shuttle at home in its place of honor, a camper in the glove box of my car, and a Tinker, covered with grime that’s lost one of it’s side plates and the tip of the big blade, in my mechanic’s chest.
		I used my Swiss Army knife everywhere: cutting a pizza for a lunch with blade, chipping fruits for salad with blade, cutting papers, leathers and even plastic with scissors or blade, fixing my Ikea stuffs with screwdriver, repair my bike with screwdriver...
	www.swissknivesexpress.com (1546 words)

	Militias, A Standing Army and the Whiskey Rebellion
		Militias, A Standing Army and the Whiskey Rebellion
		On August 6, 1787, the title 'The President of the United States' was coined, and among other duties, he would be commander in chief of the army, navy, and the militia of the several states, and he was to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution.
		The Battle of Fallen Timbers was a major victory for Wayne, who became "the father of the regular army." Washington suppressed the July 1794 Whiskey Rebellion in the Chartiers Valley by calling out 13,000 men, including the several states' militias.
	www.shire.net /osl/militias.htm (792 words)

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