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Topic: Stanislaw Mikolajczyk

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Wladyslaw Sikorski

Polish government in exile

Wojciech Jaruzelski

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Eduard Benes

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Radom

Poland

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Stefan Wyszynski

World War II

1966

Carl Rakosi

Romania

	THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE, Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, (correct pronunciation: Mee-ko-lai-chik), probably the youngest Premier in the world, was born in 1901 in Westphalia, to where his parents had emigrated from Western Poland.
		Mikolajczyk's name is a household word among the underground, and repre-sentatives of the United Nations all know him as the custodian of the most extensive and most reliable fl list of Nazi criminals in all occupied Europe.
		Mikolajczyk's family is in Poland and a few months ago the Polish Premier received information that his wife has been imprisoned in one of the notorious concentration camps in Poland.
	www.republika.pl /unpack/1/dok01a.html (2397 words)

	Polish People’s Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, endangered by apprehension, was forced to leave Poland illegally in October 1947.
		In 1968 the PPP became a part of the Council of the National Unity, the National Council and the Government of the Republic of Poland in Exile, and the members of the people’s party, took a number of posts in the emigration authorities.
		Tadeusz Nowak – one of the closest co-workers of Stanislaw Mikolajczyk - was appointed to the post of the honourable president, the president was Kazimierz Oleksiak, and the chairperson of the Main Council – Jozef Zych.
	psl.pl /english/atw.php (5209 words)

	Stanislaw Mikolajczyk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk (1901 - 1966), Polish politician, was Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile during World War II, and later Deputy Prime Minister in postwar Poland.(His name is pronounced Stanis-waff Miko-why-chick.)
		In the 1920s Mikolajczyk became active in the Polish Peasant Party (PSL), and after holding a numberof offices in the government of Poznan province, he was elected to the Sejm (the PolishParliament) in 1929.
		Mikolajczyk resigned as Prime Minister of thegovernment in exile to return to Poland and become the other Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Agriculture.
	www.therfcc.org /RFCC/stanislaw-mikolajczyk-167370.html (924 words)

	Polish government in exile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He was succeeded as head of the government in exile by Stanislaw Mikolajczyk.
		Stalin insisted that the territories annexed in 1939, which had a majority of Ukrainians and Byelorussians, should remain in Soviet hands, and that Poland should be compensated with lands to be annexed from Germany.
		In November 1944, despite his mistrust of the Soviets, Mikolajczyk resigned to return to Poland and take office in the new government established under the auspices of the Soviet occupation authorities.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Polish_government_in_exile (1401 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Poland reburies wartime leader
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk was the leader of the Polish wartime government-in-exile and briefly returned to the country after the Communist takeover, but spent the rest of his life in the United States.
		Mikolajczyk, who headed the London-based government-in-exile after the death of Wladyslaw Sikorski in 1943, was the only senior Polish politician who dared return to communist-controlled Poland in 1945.
		Mikolajczyk's participation in the communist-controlled government showed that a "compromise for high reasons is not a surrender", Mr Buzek said - an apparent reference to feuding party leaders in his government coalition.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/europe/newsid_776000/776583.stm (378 words)

	Stanislaw Mikolajczyk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk (1901 - 1966), político polaco, era primer ministro del gobierno polaco en exile durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y un diputado primer ministro más último en Polonia de la posguerra.
		Mikolajczyk dimitido como primer ministro del gobierno en exile para volver a Polonia y para hacer el otro diputado primer ministro y ministro para la agricultura.
		Mikolajczyk dimitió inmediatamente del gobierno, y en abril, haciendo frente a la detención, él a la izquierda el país.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/st/Stanislaw%20Mikolajczyk.htm (1021 words)

	Part 1: The Polish Government - The Churchill Centre
		He pointed out that Mikolajczyk had left the London Polish government, that much of Poland was still controlled by the Germans; and that the Polish people had not yet had an opportunity to elect a representative government.
		In a slight concession, he said Mikolajczyk would be allowed to participate in the consultations, but reiterated that sending observers to Poland would "insult" the Poles.
		Mikolajczyk, who had returned to Poland in 1945, was persecuted and forced to flee his homeland forever in 1947.
	www.winstonchurchill.org /i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=89 (4992 words)

	Poland: Behind the Crisis (1982) : YALTA AND THE POLISH ANTI-FASCIST MOVEMENT
		The compromise agreement was for Mikolajczyk to join the Lublin government and thereby form a coalition of both the socialist and capitalist political interests.
		The reactionary Polish exiles' forces under Mikolajczyk were negligible and were composed mostly of right-wing and ultra-rightist forces who before the war had supported the fascist dictatorship of Pilsudski.
		Mikolajczyk, who had become a vice-premier of the coalition government then saw a new opportunity for the possibility of the U.S. and Britain openly intervening to establish a capitalist government.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/sampol/polish/polish13.htm (2043 words)

	Stanislaw Mikolajczyk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mikolajczyk was leader of the Polish peasant party and Premier of the Polish government-in-exhile from 1943-44.
		In 1939 Mikolajczyk left Poland and joined the Polish National Council in Paris.
		He was eventually convinced to join the Lublin Commitee and was the only notable Polish politician in the West to return to Poland.
	expage.com /page/wwiigen49 (128 words)

	Polish History - Part 13
		Mikolajczyk counted on social support, but his party proved to be powerless in the face of violence and election-rigging by the communists in the referendum of 1946 and the parliamentary elections of 1947.
		The PUWP's successive first secretaries, Stanislaw Kania and Wojciech Jaruzelski were under double pressure: from the conservative party apparatus and the Soviet Union, which itself was in the declining phase of Leonid Brezhnev's rule.
		After eighteen months of the conflict-ridden co-existence between the Solidarity and the PUWP, of blocking reforms by the party, of provocations and the deteriorating economic situation and strikes, martial law was imposed at midnight on December 12, 1981.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history13.htm (1995 words)

	Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, Mikolajczyk didd not have powers to accept either territorial changes, or the offer of the post of deputy premier along with a miserably small number of ministerial posts (5) for his Peasant Party, which was, after all, the largest party in Poland.
		As soon as Mikolajczyk departed on August 9, the Soviet press and radio, which had kept silent on the Warsaw rising, condemned it as a "political racket" and blamed the Polish Government in London.
		However, Mikolajczyk could not officially accept the Polish-Soviet frontier along the Curzon Line, especially since Lwow and the adjoining oilfields (Borysov and Drohobych) were to be left on the Soviet side.
	www.thatcherthunders.org /ttch5.htm (17563 words)

	Born From the Ashes and Blood: Poland in WW II, concl. by Laura Knight-Jadczyk
		However, Mikolajczyk did not have powers to accept either territorial changes, or the offer of the post of deputy premier along with a miserably small number of ministerial posts for his Peasant Party which was, after all, the largest party in Poland.
		Mikolajczyk and three other ministers from the former, legitimate, Polish government became members of the new Polish government, formed in Moscow in late June 1945 and recognized by the Western powers in July of 1945.
		Mikolajczyk, whose life was threatened, decided to flee in October that year and found refuge in the United States.
	www.cassiopaea.org /cass/coming2.htm (8578 words)

	Kersten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Stanislaw Kasperlik - a veteran of the BCh and PSL activist - made a speech in January 1947 at a belated holiday oplatek gathering after the elections that neatly expressed the idea of accommodation and resistance as two intertwined faces of survival.
		It was these groups that in 1945 sharply criticized the Moscow agreement and Mikolajczyk's decision to enter the Provisional Government of National Unity, and also decried the self-dissolution of the Council of National Unity and the liquidation by Colonel Rzepecki of the Armed Forces Delegacy in Poland.
		Letter from Stanislaw Kasperlik to peasant activists and veterans of the Bataliony Chlopskie of Warsaw province, November 7, 1956 (in possession of the author's family).
	www.columbia.edu /cu/sipa/REGIONAL/ECE/kersten.html (6328 words)

	World Homes Network - Poland
		A Provisional Government of National Unity was formed as a short-lived compromise (June 1945) between the communist Lublin Committee, and the Polish Peasant Party of Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, who had been premier of the government- in-exile in London during 1943-44, after Gen Sikorski's death in 1943.
		Mikolajczyk had the goodwill of many elements who adopted a negative attitude to the regime.
		With food shortages mounting and PUWP control slipping, Kania was replaced as PUWP leader in 1981 by the prime minister, Gen Wojciech Jaruzelski; the Soviet army was active on Poland's borders; and martial law was imposed in December 1981.
	www.world-homes.net /atlas/europe/Eastern/poland.htm (3116 words)

	Stalin's Peace
		He failed, however, to persuade the president and the majority of the government in exile, resigned as prime minister, and was replaced on the twenty-ninth of November by a former underground leader, the Socialist Thomas Arciszewski.
		Mikolajczyk who, contrary to the attitude of the government in exile of which he was no longer a member, accepted the invitation of the Commission.
		Mikolajczyk, decided to escape from the country in the fall of the same year.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/24.htm (4946 words)

	Polish History - Part 12
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, leading the government in exile, had made attempts at reaching an agreement with the Soviet government.
		In the way, however, stood Moscow's demands to recognize the Curzon Line as a frontier and the Polish National Liberation Committee was transformed into a Provisional Government of the Polish Republic, recognized by the Soviet Union.
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk made a compromise and entered the Government of National Unity as a Deputy Prime Minister.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history12.htm (1239 words)

	Anna M
		Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, the former Premier of the Polish government-in-exile and head of the largest party, the Peasant Party, had joined the new govt.
		When Mikolajczyk’s life was threatened, the British Embassy helped him flee the country in October 1947; it also helped others to flee, such as Stefan Korbonski, the former head of civilian resistance against the Germans.
		As mentioned earlier, Mikolajczyk fled the country in October of that year, when some 100,000 of his followers were already in jail.
	www.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect17.htm (16911 words)

	Polish_Government_in_Exile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some supporters of the government in exile eventually returned to Poland, such as Prime Minister Hugon Hanke in 1955 and his predecessor Stanislaw Mackiewicz in 1956.
		Stanislaw Ostrowski: 9 April 1972 to 24 March 1979
		Stanislaw Mackiewicz: 8 June 1954 to 8 August 1955
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Polish_Government_in_Exile (1343 words)

	Polish People’s Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Among the people’s members Rataj still is a symbol and a legend, and his civic and political directions are still up to date.
		In 1922 he was again appointed a Deputy in the parliamentary elections and took the office of Marshal of Sejm of the RP.
		Holding this office since 1928, twice – in 1922, after the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz, and then in 1926, after Stanislaw Wojciechowski resigned – he performed the duties of President of the RP, displaying considerable tact and political intuition in difficult moments for Poland.
	psl.pl /english/rataj.php (1280 words)

	TIME Magazine Archive Article -- Mission to Moscow -- Aug. 07, 1944 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		With the tense haste of a man who knew it was now or never, Stanislaw Mikolajczyk summoned his Cabinet.
		The ministers gave their blessing to the Premier's trip, voted him power to "reestablish relations with Stalin." Stanislaw Mikolajczyk did not lose a minute.
		Mikolajczyk as the Government of Poland." The Premier and his British and U.S. backers hoped that Joseph Stalin would be generous, that he would promote a union of the London Poles and the Moscow Poles, that he would postpone a final territorial settlement until after the war.
	time-proxy.yaga.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,886180,00.html (979 words)

	David Pryce-Jones on Norman Davies’s Rising ’44 on National Review Online
		Premier Stanislaw Mikolajczyk and his experienced military staff well understood that a Warsaw uprising was certain to provoke German reprisal, but as patriots they also held that the honor of the nation was at stake.
		Mikolajczyk twice flew to Moscow to plead in vain.
		A Polish priest was tied as a hostage to a German tank — an irony, as the priest was a known anti-Semite.
	www.nationalreview.com /books/prycejones200407131547.asp (1258 words)

	History of Poland (1939-1945) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sikorski was succeeded as head of the government in exile by Stanislaw Mikolajczyk.
		The London Poles, led by Mikolajczyk, refused to compromise on this issue, even when Churchill threatened to cut off relations with them.
		Fundamentally, the issue was that the Poles did not trust the Soviets, while Stalin was determined that he alone should determine Poland's future.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Military_history_of_Poland_during_World_War_II (4239 words)

	Hoover’s Polish Collection by Maciej Siekierski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Another Hoover agent, the bookseller Stanislaw Arct, mailed some original clandestine periodicals and leaflets from Poland during 1945—46.
		Polish deputy premier Stanislaw Mikolajczyk gave several bound volumes of wartime underground periodicals to Herbert Hoover at a government reception during Hoover’s 1946 visit to Warsaw.
		Mikolajczyk, the only member of the Soviet-dominated government of Poland who was neither a communist nor a fellow-traveler, was hoping to save at least a small part of the Polish underground legacy from the Communists.
	www.hooverdigest.org /044/siekierskiside2.html (622 words)

	Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		More results on "Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw" when you join.
		The Cathedral of St. Stanislaw was first built in 1387 and was most recently rebuilt as a neoclassical structure in 1801.
		The Polish writer Wladyslaw Reymont is remembered especially for his epic novel Chl (The Peasants), a blend of naturalism and realism written almost entirely in rural dialect.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9052636 (690 words)

	1947, Jan. 19. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The first general election, preceded by repressive measures against Deputy Prime Minister Stanislaw Mikolajczyk's Peasant Party, gave the government bloc 394 seats and the Peasant Party 28.
		Both Great Britain and the United States charged that the Yalta provisions for free and honest elections had been violated.
		A campaign among progovernment members of the Peasant Party for his dismissal led to Mikolajczyk's flight to London and the purge of his followers from the ranks of the Peasant Party.
	www.bartleby.com /67/3091.html (175 words)

	Polish People’s Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At present, by referring to the political attainments of the great people’s leaders – Wincenty Witos, Maciej Rataj and Stanislaw Mikolajczyk – to the historical programme achievement and the achievements of Polish members of the people’s movement, the Polish People’s Party (PPP) wishes for being a worthy successor and continuator of their ideas and deeds.
		It manifested itself in creating their own, peasant educational and economic organizations, as well as in issuing the press determining the attitudes and evoking political aspirations of the rural population.
		The members of that club – active peasant members from the administrative district of Nowy Sacz, the brothers: Stanislaw and Jan Potoczkowie – on 3 July 1893, at the peasant gathering in Nowy Sacz, brought into being Zjednoczone Stronnictwo Chlopskie (“The Association of the Peasant Party” – APP).
	www.psl.org.pl /english/hat.php (2740 words)

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