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	Sea and Sky's Cosmic Wonders: Star Clusters
		Star clusters are groupings of stars held together by a common gravitational bond.
		The stars are usually packed into a spherical arrangement with the highest density of stars occurs in the center of the cluster.
		Star cluster are among the easiest objects to observe in the night sky.
	www.seasky.org /cosmic/sky7a06.html (775 words)

	star cluster - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		star cluster a group of stars near each other in space and resembling each other in certain characteristics that suggest a common origin for the group.
		Two types of clusters can be distinguished—open clusters, also called galactic clusters because of their wide distribution in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and globular clusters.
		Star clusters are cosmologically important as a first step to understanding the distance scale of the universe (see Hyades); and theoretical astronomers use observations of globular clusters to investigate the evolution and life span of stars.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-starclus.html (490 words)

	Star cluster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Star clusters are groups of stars which are gravitationally bound.
		This is because the hotter, more massive stars have either exploded as supernovae or passed through a planetary nebula phase to become white dwarfs.
		"A new population of extended, luminous, star clusters in the halo of M31".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Star_cluster (1176 words)

	eSky: Star Cluster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Globular Clusters tend to be larger, and are normally found in intergalactic space, outside the disc of the Milky Way.
		In comparison with most star clusters, the Open Cluster known as the Hyades is very close to the Solar System.
		In young Open Clusters like this one, it is common to find remnants of the nebular material from which the cluster's stars were born.
	www.glyphweb.com /esky/concepts/starcluster.html (172 words)

	Star Clusters
		Stars lighter than those of spectral types O and B are also formed from the same cloud of gas, and reside in the same region of space.
		The formation of low-mass stars like the Sun can be explained by the gravitational collapse of a molecular cloud fragment into a protostellar core and the subsequent accretion of gas and dust from the surrounding interstellar medium.
		Stars in these clusters that are 600 million years old are just now exhausting their central hydrogen fuel, indicating that M82 brightening occurred just that long ago.
	universe-review.ca /F06-star-cluster.htm (2486 words)

	star cluster concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The stars within a globular cluster orbit each other because of their mutual gravity.
		of Population I stars, strongly concentrated in the spiral arms or the disk of the Galaxy (in fact, open clusters give a good indication of where the spiral arms are).
		Depending on their age, stars in open clusters "peel off" from the main sequence at different points (the higher the turnoff point, the younger the cluster).
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/starcluster.html (230 words)

	USATODAY.com - Source of space fireworks discovered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Previous to this discovery, the record-holder for the star cluster containing the most red supergiants was NGC 7419, which had five.
		The idea is that stars in the cluster have to be young enough for astronomers to see them before they go supernova, yet old enough for some of them to have evolved to the red supergiant phase in the first place.
		The cluster is the first in a survey of 130 potential massive star clusters in our galaxy that the team has targeted for study over the next five years.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/space/2006-01-17-star-cluster_x.htm (664 words)

	Star Clusters
		Star Clusters resolves the uncertainty: Westerlund 2 indeed has associated nebulosity, but that nebulous cluster should properly be called NGC 3247 (while the object that Millennium plots as NGC 3247 should actually be called Collinder 220).
		The photograph on the front cover is the Lagoon Nebula and Star Cluster, better known as Messier 8 or NGC 6523 and was produced from two PPF 400 film negatives taken by Tony Hallas using a 12.5-inch Newtonian reflector from Mount Pinos, California.
		The nebula was discovered in about 1660 by John Flamsteed and included in his star catalog of 1725, while the cluster was The nebula was discovered in about 1660 by John Flamsteed and included in his star catalog of 1725, while the cluster was later became known as NGC 6530.
	www.willbell.com /handbook/starclusters/index.htm (1463 words)

	Star Cluster Mania
		This star shines at magnitude 3.4, and thus, is nearly twice as bright as SAO 4560.
		Stars in clusters such as this are not likely to develop rocky planetary systems (due to the lack of heavy elements), but gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn are certainly within reason.
		Star clusters, it would seem, do not make likely places to find extra terrestrial life, but nature is incredibly diverse.
	www.tmclark.com /Starwatch/5_28.html (621 words)

	SPACE.com -- Stars and Space Clouds in 'Demolition Derby'
		The star Merope is in the Pleiades star cluster and is veiled by gas from at least one cloud that the cluster is passing through.
		The easy-to-find Pleiades star cluster is in the midst of what astronomers describe as a three-car cosmic pile-up as the bright stars slam into not one but two interstellar clouds of gas.
		The cluster is known to many skywatchers as the Seven Sisters for the seven stars visible with the naked eye under dark-sky conditions.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/pleiades_crash_031113.html (626 words)

	Star Cluster Buzzing With Pulsars
		The star cluster's numerous pulsars are expected to yield a bonanza of new information about not only the pulsars themselves, but also about the dense stellar environment in which they reside and probably even about nuclear physics, according to the scientists.
		Globular clusters are dense agglomerations of up to millions of stars, all of which formed at about the same time.
		A neutron star is what is left after a massive star explodes as a supernova at the end of its life.
	www.nrao.edu /pr/2005/terzan5 (1035 words)

	Open cluster - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As astrometry became more accurate, cluster stars were found to share a common proper motion through space, while spectroscopic measurements revealed common radial velocities, thus showing that the clusters consist of stars born at the same time and bound together as a group.
		While most clusters become dispersed before a large proportion of their members have reached the white dwarf stage, the number of white dwarfs in open clusters is still generally much lower than would be expected, given the age of the cluster and the expected initial mass distribution of the stars.
		Because the stars in an open cluster are all at roughly the same distance from Earth, and were born at roughly the same time from the same raw material, the differences in apparent brightness among cluster members is due only to their mass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Open_cluster (3222 words)

	M-35, Open Star Cluster
		Curving rows of bright stars give an impression of rows of glittering lamps on a chain; fainter stars form a sparkling background with an orange star near the center.
		In the vicinity of the center is a gathering of 5 or 6 stars....the cluster passes imperceptibly into the environs.." Lord Rosse counted 300 stars in the group, out to a radius of 13'.
		Lassel, observing with a 24-inch reflector, called this cluster "a marvelously striking object - the field of view is perfectly full of brilliant stars, unusually equal in magnitude and distribution over the whole area.
	www.kopernik.org /images/archive/m35.htm (417 words)

	The Pleiades in reality... Pleiades star cluster \| Pleiade
		From the Earth the cluster's apparent size is 110 minutes of arc (almost 2°) in the plane of the ecliptic: in comparison, the diameter of a full Moon is about 0.5°.
		This beautiful image of the Pleiades cluster was produced by David Malin of the Anglo-Australian Observatory and is the copyright of the Anglo-Australian Observatory and the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh.
		The cloud – IC 349 or Barnard's Merope Nebula – is illuminated by Merope in the Pleiades star cluster.
	www.pleiade.org /pleiades_03.html (2700 words)

	ESA Portal - Joint Chinese/European mission ready for launch
		In 1997, the CNSA invited ESA to participate in Double Star, a two-satellite mission to study the Earth's magnetic field, from a perspective which is different from that of Cluster but complementary to it.
		The Cluster satellites are in a high orbit, about one third of the distance to the Moon, where the mechanisms causing these substorms are thought to begin.
		The four Cluster spacecraft are currently passing in and out of the magnetosphere, visiting regions where the interaction with the solar wind is especially important, such as the ‘polar cusps’ and the ‘magnetotail’.
	www.esa.int /export/esaCP/SEMMG5374OD_index_0.html (454 words)

	ScienceDaily: Astronomers Discover Youngest Massive Star Cluster In Milky Way
		Star Cluster Baby Pictures Leave Astronomers Beaming (January 13, 2000) -- Peering deep into a distant galaxy, astronomers have obtained a glimpse of what may be the youngest massive star clusters ever observed.
		Massive Star Clusters Swaddled In Huge Cocoons During Infancy (June 22, 2001) -- New observations with the Gemini North Telescope in Hawaii indicate three of the youngest massive star clusters yet detected each are swaddled in dust cocoons at least 600 trillion miles across,...
		Red giant -- A red giant is a large non-main sequence star of stellar classification K or M; so-named because of the reddish appearance of the cooler giant stars.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/08/000808075257.htm (2115 words)

	StarDate Online \| 2001 AAS Meeting News
		The cluster is not visible to optical telescopes because the young stars are cocooned deep in a nebula of gas.
		These million stars give off as much light as one billion Suns, but they are squeezed into a volume of about six light-years (roughly about the distance from our Sun to the nearest star).
		The young stars are trying to blast their way out of their cocoon by giving off supersonic stellar winds, the astronomers said.
	stardate.org /magazine/aas/starcluster.html (495 words)

	ScienceDaily: Monster Super Star Cluster Discovered In Milky Way
		Star On A Hubble Diet (December 19, 2006) -- High-resolution observations from Hubble have shed light on the real mass of a star previously believed to be amongst the heaviest known in our Milky Way.
		Star cluster -- Star clusters are groups of stars which are gravitationally bound.
		Open cluster -- An open cluster is a group of up to a few thousand stars that were formed from the same giant molecular cloud, and are still loosely gravitationally bound to each other.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/05/050528143304.htm (1707 words)

	Distance to the Hyades Star Cluster
		To find the distance to the Hyades star cluster using the convergent point method; to recognize the uncertainties in using this method; to summarize the significant results obtained by the Hipparchos satellite and what these results mean for the distance scale of the Universe.
		For stars visible to the naked eye, the average proper motion is around 0.1 arcsec per year (remember how small an arc second is? A tennis ball 8 miles away is an arcsecond in diameter).
		The angle of sight between a star and the convergent point is measured on the chart, or in the sky.
	www.astro.washington.edu /labs/clearinghouse/labs/Hyades/disthyad.html (1383 words)

	Space News: star clusters
		In reality, an entire cluster of galaxies is acting as a gigantic gravitational lens that distorts and multiply-images bright objects that occur far in the distance.
		The cluster of galaxy that acts as the huge gravitational lens is cataloged as SDSS J1004+4112 and lies about 7 billion light years distant toward the constellation of Leo Minor.
		When stars are burning hydrogen to helium in their cores, they fall on a single curve in the luminosity-temperature plot known as the H-R diagram after its inventors, Hertzsprung and Russell.
	elainemeinelsupkis.typepad.com /space_news/2006/05/star_clusters.html (1559 words)

	J. Kolafa: Star cluster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The inital configuration of the MD simulation was a cloud with Gaussian distribution of star positions.
		This condition is far from equilibrium and therefore the time evolution of "pressure" exhibits an increase in the first about 50 M year during which 8 stars escape ("evaporate") from the cluster.
		The remaining cluster of 292 stars seems to be stable (escape rate less than a few/G year) although the "pressure" still oscillates.
	www.icpf.cas.cz /jiri/movies/stars.htm (232 words)

	Massive star cluster found in Milky Way
		A massive cluster of red supergiants--super-sized stars on the verge of exploding--was recently discovered in the Milky Way by a group of stronomers using infrared technology to penetrate the thick dust that cloaks much of the galaxy.
		The 14 together imply a sea of smaller stars in the cluster having a total mass of at least 20,000 solar masses, according to astronomer Don Figer.
		Ancient globular clusters, containing even more stars, were thought to have been born only very early, at the time of the formation of the galaxy.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-01/riot-msc010906.php (506 words)

	Super-star clusters may be born small and grow by coalescing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tightly packed group of clusters was found in the core of the active star formation region NGC 5461, within an arm of the giant spiral galaxy M101.
		Super-star clusters, with a total mass of up to 1 million times that of the sun, are five to 50 times more massive than the spectacular R136 cluster at the center of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
		The dynamical evolution of the clusters at the core of NGC 5461 is being simulated by astronomy professor Paul Ricker at Illinois.
	www.news.uiuc.edu /news/05/0111superstar.html (655 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Double Star and Cluster witness pulsated reconnection for several hours
		On 8 May 2004, the four Cluster spacecraft and the Double Star TC-1 satellite were both in the vicinity of the magnetopause.
		Cluster data are generally consistent with plasma precipitating along the field lines in the direction of the southern ionosphere (image 2).
		The positions and orbit of the Double Star satellites have been carefully defined to enable the exploration of the magnetosphere on a larger scale than is possible with Cluster alone.
	sci.esa.int /jump.cfm?oid=40032 (1490 words)

	M-103, Open Star Cluster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		''Cluster a fan shaped group diverging from a sharp star in the north east quadrant.
		This Open Star Cluster in the Constellation of Cassiopeia was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781 and Messier included it as the last object in his published catalog without actually observing it himself.
		M-103 is a rather loose cluster and there is not a general agreement on its distance or the number of members.
	www.kopernik.org /images/archive/m103.htm (289 words)

	Monster super star cluster discovered in Milky Way
		The super star cluster known as 'Westerlund 1' is made up of around 200,000 stars - some up to a million times brighter than the sun - and is a thousand times closer than any other, so far discovered.
		The cluster has been hidden behind a huge interstellar cloud of gas and dust in the Milky Way, blocking most of its visible light and was discovered using telescopes at the European Southern Observatory.
		Since the cluster contains so many massive stars, it is estimated than in a time span of less than 40 million years, it will be the site of more than 1,500 supernovae..
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-03/cu-mss032405.php (285 words)

	APOD Index - Stars: Open Clusters
		Quite evident in the above photograph are the blue reflection nebulae that surround the brighter cluster stars.
		Open clusters tend to have irregular shapes and are mostly found in the plane of our Galaxy.
		Explanation: Galactic or open star clusters are relatively young swarms of bright stars born together near the plane of our Milky Way Galaxy.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/open_clusters.html (391 words)

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