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	Neutron star - Space Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Since a neutron star retains most of the angular momentum of its parent star but has only a tiny fraction of its parent's radius, the moment of inertia decreases sharply causing a rotational acceleration to a very high rotation speed, with one revolution taking anywhere from one seven-hundredth of a second to thirty seconds.
		A newborn neutron star can rotate several times a second; sometimes, when they orbit a companion star and are able to accrete matter from it, they can increase this to several thousand times per second, distorting into an oblate spheroid shape despite their own immense gravity (an equatorial bulge).
		Neutron stars may "pulse" due to particle acceleration near the magnetic poles, which are not aligned with the rotation axis of the star.
	space.wikia.com /wiki/Neutron_star (1478 words)

	Neutron star - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A neutron star is a type of degenerate star composed mostly of densely packed neutrons, generally about 20 km in diameter and as massive as an average star.
		Stars that are approximatly 1.4 to 3 times larger than the Sun collapse into neutron stars when they supernova.
		A newborn neutron star can rotate several times a second; sometimes, when they orbit a companion star and are able to accrete matter from it, they can increase this to several thousand times per second, distorting into an oblate spheroid shape despite their own immense gravity (an equatorial bulge).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Neutron_star (1486 words)

	"Braking glitch" may point to massive starquake
		A graph of the star's spin rate shows a steady increase in its rotational period, but with a break in the line that may have been caused by a massive starquake.
		SGRs are neutron stars that emit bursts of soft or low-energy gamma rays at irregular intervals.
		The star's gamma-ray bursts are readily detected by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (although it was not in position for the Aug. 27 event).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-07/NSFC-gmpt-190799.php (1281 words)

	Neutron star Article, Neutronstar Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A neutron star is a compact star in which the weight ofthe star is carried by the pressure of free neutrons.
		A newborn neutron star can rotateseveral times a second; sometimes, when they orbit a companion star and are able to accrete matter from it, they can increasethis to several thousand times per second, distorting into an oblatespheroid shape despite their own immense gravity (an equatorialbulge).
		Neutron stars may "pulse" due to electrons accelerated near the magnetic poles,which are not aligned with the rotation axis of the star.
	www.anoca.org /stars/mass/neutron_star.html (1426 words)

	Print the story
		A neutron star is the core remains of a star once several times more massive than the sun.
		The two scientists examined a neutron star named SGR 1806-20, which is situated about 40,000 light years from Earth in the constellation Sagittarius.
		The diameter of a neutron star is uncertain, but based on the estimate of about 20 kilometres across, the crust would be about 1.6 kilometres deep.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=65366557 (817 words)

	markgarlick.com: Articles: Sky and Telescope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pulsars have been identified with rapidly spinning neutron stars since their discovery — the material of three or more suns squeezed into a rotating spheroid the size of a small city.
		The star then shrinks slightly under its own weight, becoming more spherical, and, like the proverbial ice skater pulling in her arms, it spins faster — it glitches.
		Although starquake theory is now well established, Morley points out that existing triggering mechanisms predict a recurrence time scale between glitches which is not always observed.
	www.space-art.co.uk /markgarlick/articles/var_glitches.htm (424 words)

	Starquakes could explain strange behavior of neutron stars
		Still, the matter on a neutron star is so tightly compressed and the gravity so incredibly strong that making even a pinhead mountain would require far more energy than that released in a thermonuclear bomb, Franco said.
		After a star exploded in a supernova, scientists speculated, an ultracompressed core of matter made up of all neutrons would be left over.
		A high-resolution (300 dpi) color illustration of a quaking neutron star, as well as a Spanish version of this press release, is available at http://astro.uchicago.edu/home/web/lucia/press/index.html.
	www-news.uchicago.edu /releases/99/990601.starquakes.shtml (858 words)

	Astronomy Glossary
		The brightness of a star as it appears to the eye or to the telescope, as measured in units of magnitude.
		Stars that are burning Helium in their core lie along a nearly horizontal line in the HR diagram referred to as the Horizontal Branch.
		A star that is one parsec away would produce a parallax angle of one second of arc.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /class/hawley/astr124/glossary.html (9540 words)

	NASA Sees Hidden Structure of Neutron Star in Starquake
		The technique is analogous to seismology, the study of seismic waves from earthquakes and explosions that reveal the structure of the Earth's crust and interior.
		A neutron star is the core remnant of a star once several times more massive than the sun.
		The abundance of frequencies---similar to a chord, as opposed to a single note---enabled the scientists to estimate the depth of the neutron star crust.
	universe.nasa.gov /press/2006/060424b.html (791 words)

	RXTE Observations of SGR 1806-20 Giant Flare December 27, 2004
		The December 27, 2004, star explosion was the brightest ever recorded, detected by scores of telescopes; and it was the subject of even more scientific and popular-level articles.
		A neutron star is the core remains of a massive star that ran out of fuel and exploded, an event called a supernova.
		Of the millions of neutron stars in the Milky Way galaxy, SGR 1806-20 is one of only four known neutron stars with a unique property of occasionally releasing great flares of gamma-ray light.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/xte/Greatest_Hits/sgr_bell.html (745 words)

	neutron star
		A neutron star is formed from the collapsed remnant of a massive star after a Type II or Type Ib, or Type Ic supernova.
		To put this in perspective, if an average human were to encounter a neutron star, he or she would impact with roughly the energy yield of a 100 megaton nuclear explosion (a power equivalent to twice the tsar bomba, the biggest nuclear weapon ever detonated).
		Based on current models, the matter at the surface of a neutron star is composed of ordinary atomic nuclei as well as electrons.
	www.sfcrowsnest.com /scifinder/a/Neutron_star.php (1436 words)

	Cluster and Double Star See Star-surface Cracks During Massive 'Starquake' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The cracks were caused during the initial phase of the biggest 'starquake' on a neutron star ever recorded.
		SGR 1806-20 is a 'magnetar', a class of neutron star characterised by an ultra-high magnetic field.
		Therefore Cluster and Double Star, though designed to study the various boundary layers of Earth's magnetosphere, have not only enabled to directly estimate crustal properties of magnetars, they have also linked interior magnetic processes and their external consequences during giant flares.
	universe.nasa.gov /press/2005/050922a.html (574 words)

	neutron star, life on
		In order to convey the idea that a neutron star was more like a planet than a normal star, Drake speculated that life might exist on its solid surface.
		Nuclear reactions happen much faster than the chemical variety, so that any life-forms on a neutron star would evolve and live their lives a million times more quickly than human beings.
		After a starquake - a disturbance on the surface of the highly-compressed dead sun - the human travelers to the system have only one day to save the remains of the cheelan civilization from extinction.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/neutronstarlife.html (267 words)

	Magnetar - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A magnetar is a neutron star with a strong magnetic field.
		It is thought that a magnetar's magnetic field is created as a result of a convection-driven dynamo of hot nuclear matter in the neutron star's interior that operates in the first ten seconds or so of a neutron star's life.
		If the neutron star is initially rotating as fast as the period of convection, about ten milliseconds, then the convection currents are able to operate globally and transfer a significant amount of their kinetic energy into magnetic field strength.
	www.free-definition.com /Magnetar.html (575 words)

	Introduction
		The magnetic braking torque acting on an isolated neutron star would be steady in the absence of abrupt changes to the star's magnetic configuration.
		As the star precesses and relaxes to a new rotational state, the magnetic moment would assume a new orientation with respect to the rotation axis, leading to a change in the external torque.
		A neutron star relaxes its oblateness as it spins down, moving equatorial material toward the rotation axis and reducing the equatorial circumference.
	astro.uchicago.edu /home/web/lucia/research/papers/torque/node1.html (663 words)

	'Starquake' explosion rips neutron star open - space - 27 April 2006 - New Scientist Space
		The technique, which involves studying how the dense stellar corpse reverberates during a "starquake", may one day reveal the nature of the exotic matter thought to lie at the star's core.
		Neutron stars form when stars up to 40 times the mass of the Sun explode at the end of their lives and leave behind super-dense, spinning corpses.
		The starquake probably occurred when magnetic fields inside the star, which are attached to the crust, got so twisted up that they ripped the crust open.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article/dn9068-starquake-explosion-rips-neutron-star-open.html (686 words)

	TJ Article Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A tiny neutron star suddenly erupted, releasing a huge amount of energy in a single burst, most of it in X-rays and gamma rays.
		The object that caused the flare was a magnetar, a tiny star made up of matter collapsed to a huge density, and possessing a powerful magnetic field.
		Magnetars, like other neutron stars, are the relics of larger stars that have consumed all their fuel and collapsed under the force of gravity, creating a supernova explosion that blows off the outer layers and compresses the core.
	tjm211.blogspot.com /2005/02/starquake-that-left-earth-49990-light.html (786 words)

	[No title]
		An earth-bound experiment has modelled the behavior of a neutron star undergoing a "starquake." This experiment gives support to the theory that starquakes are caused by strong magnetic fields disrupting the surface structure of neutron stars.
		The laser pressure that caused the slipping is a model for the strong magnetic fields of a neutron star, which are thought to be responsible for the starquakes themselves.
		Although the density of the ion disc is a far cry from that of a neutron star, the statistical similarities lead some physicists to conclude that this experiment lends support to the magnetic field theory of the origin of starquakes.
	www.dushkin.com /text-data/weekly/cp11-05-01.mhtml (619 words)

	Cosmic Flasher Reveals All
		Neutron stars are the remains of massive stars that explode as a supernova at the end of their normal lifetime.
		A magnetar is a neutron star with an extremely strong magnetic field, strong enough to rip atoms apart.
		Next, the magnetic field is predicted to cause &#34;starquakes"; in which the solid crust of the neutron star is cracked, releasing energy.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1998/09/980926063427.htm (1113 words)

	Neutron star Summary
		Neutron stars are a class of very compact astrophysical objects which are remnants of massive stars that collapse after exhausting their capacity for thermonuclear burning in their interiors.
		The material is compressed as it accretes on to the neutron star, and the very strong gravitational field near the surface causes temperature of the accreting material to rise to millions of degrees, hence emitting in the x-ray range.
		Since a neutron star retains most of the angular momentum of its parent star but has only a tiny fraction of its parent's radius, it must possess very high rotation speed, with one revolution taking anywhere from one seven-hundredth of a second to thirty seconds.
	www.bookrags.com /Neutron_star (3067 words)

	Star Quake
		The neutron star is normally blown to pieces by the massive shockwaves, and it is the destruction of that intense gravity field that causes a shockwave to travel through hyperspace.
		The sudden and rapid shift caused massive instability within the star, and the disruption of the nuclear balance caused a massive fusion upwelling that resulted in an explosion of mammoth proportions as fully two thirds of the star's mass expanded outwards on a shockwave of fire and heat.
		The outer layers of the neutron star were stripped away by the thermal shock effects and it began to disintegrate under the extreme stress.
	www.fortunecity.com /lavender/birds/1024/star.htm (4139 words)

	MPA :: Current Research Highlight :: May 2006
		Starquake reveals hidden structure of a neutron star
		The two scientists examined a neutron star named SGR 1806-20, about 40,000 light years from Earth in the constellation Sagittarius.
		The diameter of a neutron star is uncertain, but based on the estimate of about 12 miles across, the crust would be about 1 mile deep.
	www.mpa-garching.mpg.de /mpa/research/current_research/hl2006-5/hl2006-5-en.html (931 words)

	ScienceWeek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		If, after the blow-off at star death, the remnant mass is between 1.4 and 2 to 3 solar-masses, the star will collapse into a neutron star, a body with a radius of only 10 to 15 kilometers, but with a core so dense that its component protons and electrons have merged into neutrons.
		The average density of a neutron star is 10^(15) grams per cubic centimeter and the weight of an object on the surface of a neutron star would be 10^(11) times its weight on the surface of the Earth.
		Ablation and heating of the companion star (5) are believed to be caused by x- or gamma-rays generated in an intrabinary shock between the pulsar wind and that of the companion star.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030530.htm (11623 words)

	3quarksdaily: The Biggest Starquake Ever
		The biggest starquake ever recorded resulted in oscillations in the X-ray emission from the shaking neutron star.
		On December 27, 2004, several satellites and telescopes from around the world detected an explosion on the surface of SGR 1806-20, a neutron star 50,000 light years away.
		These rapid fluctuations, which began 3 minutes after the starquake and trailed off 10 minutes later, had a frequency of 94.5 Hertz.
	3quarksdaily.blogs.com /3quarksdaily/2005/07/the_biggest_sta.html (207 words)

	Scientists analyze the biggest starquake ever - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		The particles inside a neutron star are so tightly packed together that electrons are forced into the atomic nucleus, where they fuse with protons to make neutrons. This pure neutron material is so dense that a spoonful of it would weigh over a billion tons on Earth.
		Neutron star "geology" is thought to involve a hard outer crust floating over a superfluid core. But the exact details are not known — like whether the core contains exotic particles called strange quarks. Starquakes may provide the answer.
		The magnetic field of magnetars is so strong that it sometimes warps the crust. This is the probable origin of starquakes. Of the nine firmly identified magnetars, four erupt repeatedly in bursts of X-rays and gamma rays. SGR 1806-20 is one of these so-called soft gamma repeaters.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/8620865 (742 words)

	Scientists measure a neutron star’s skin - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		Using a technique similar to seismology here on Earth, researchers estimated that the crust of a highly magnetic neutron star, called a "magnetar," is nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) thick and made of material so tightly packed that a teaspoonful of the stuff would weigh about 10 million tons on Earth.
		The star collapses under the weight of its own gravity and explodes in a cataclysmic event called a supernova.
		The pressure and density inside a neutron star core is thought to be so great that it could harbor exotic particles not made apparent since the moment of the Big Bang.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/12578891 (786 words)

	Starquake
		The neutron star is normally blown to pieces by the massive shockwaves, and it is the destruction of that intense gravity field that causes a shockwave to travel through hyperspace.
		Thesudden andrapid shift caused massive instability within the star, and the disruption of the nuclear balance caused a massive fusion upwelling that resulted in an explosion of mammoth proportions as fully two thirds of the star's mass expanded outwards on a shockwave of fire and heat.
		The outer layers of the neutron star were stripped away by the thermal shock effects and it began to disintegrate under the extreme stress.
	home.mindspring.com /~allronix/galaxy_rangers/gr_fic/starquake.htm (4132 words)

	Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Theoreticians who studied pulsars and the underlying, spinning neutron stars which caused them, concluded that these dense stellar cinders would probably consist of a thin crust a few meters thick, floating on top of an even stranger core of collapsed neutron matter.
		Like Earth's crust, the neutron star crust could suddenly snap, but the result would be that the neutron star would settle into an even denser, more compact shape which means it would also have to spin slightly faster to conserve its original angular momentum.
		When the wobbling stops, the star's magnetic field will be tilted even farther away from its rotation axis causing an increase in the rate at which the star slows down.
	www.astronomycafe.net /qadir/q658.html (284 words)

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