State (thermodynamic)

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	Thermodynamic temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The thermodynamic temperature can be shown to have special properties, and in particular can be seen to be uniquely defined (up to some constant multiplicative factor) by considering the efficiency of idealized heat engines.
		Thermodynamic temperature (formerly called absolute temperature) is a measure, in kelvins (K), of temperature for thermodynamics.
		For a system, where entropy S may be a function S(E) of its energy E, the thermodynamic termperature T is given by:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature (582 words)

	Reversible process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reversible processes define the boundaries of how efficient heat engines can be in thermodynamics and engineering: a reversible process is one where no heat is lost from the system as "waste", and the machine is thus as efficient as it can possibly be (see Carnot cycle).
		A reversible process changes the state of a system in such a way that the net change in the combined entropy of the system and its surroundings is zero.
		In thermodynamics, a reversible process (or reversible cycle if the process is cyclic) is a process that can be "reversed" by means of infinitesimal changes in some property of the system (Sears and Salinger, 1986).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermodynamic_reversibility (350 words)

	temperature - a Whatis.com definition
		Thermodynamic temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy in molecules or atoms of a substance.
		This is the temperature scheme that astronomers use to measure the heat in distant objects such as the sun's corona or the gas and dust between stars.
		In the centigrade or Celsius temperature scale, the freezing point of pure water at one atmosphere is assigned the value zero; the boiling point is +100 C. One-degree increments in the centigrade scale are the same size as those in the kelvin scale.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci553020,00.html (476 words)

	Thermodynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the dependence of any one of these four thermodynamic potentials cannot be expressed in terms of the thermodynamic parameters of the system without knowledge of the interaction potentials between system components, the quantum energy levels and their corresponding degeneracies, or the partition function of the system under study.
		Thermodynamics (from the Greek thermos meaning heat and dynamis meaning power) is a branch of physics that studies changes in heat, work, enthalpy, and entropy as related to the spontaneity of processes.
		The name "thermodynamics", however, did not arrive until some twenty-five years later when in 1849, the British mathematician and physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) coined the term ‘thermodynamics' in a paper on the efficiency of steam engines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermodynamics (2234 words)

	BIPM - kelvin
		The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
		The definition of the unit of thermodynamic temperature was given in substance by the
		The unit of Celsius temperature is the degree Celsius, symbol °C, which is by definition equal in magnitude to the kelvin.
	www1.bipm.org /en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html (211 words)

	Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology: The Kelvin and temperature measurements
		Thermodynamic temperatures, however, are very difficult to measure precisely and accurately Consequently, internationally-agreed scales of temper tare, with temperatures on the scale as close to thermodynamic temperatures as possible at the time the scales are approved, are used to approximate the thermodynamic temperature.
		The quantity that is designated thermodynamic temperature is defined by the laws of thermodynamics; it is indicated by the symbol T, and has the unit kelvin, symbol K. The unit of thermodynamic temperature is defined to be the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
		Measures of temperature that are defined to be consistent with the laws of thermodynamics are said to be thermodynamic temperatures.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IKZ/is_1_106/ai_82777389 (1183 words)

	Rankine cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Like other thermodynamic cycles, the maximum efficiency of the Rankine cycle is given by calculating the maximum efficiency of the Carnot cycle.
		The fifth equation defines the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle as the ratio of net power output to heat input.
		This increases the [[]] of heat addition which in turn increases the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rankine_cycle (567 words)

	Calculating thermodynamic properties
		Conflow calculates thermodynamic and physical properties of the melt, of the gas phase (assuming it to be pure H2O), and of the melt-gas-crystal mixture.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Projects/Mastin/Publications/OFR00-209/thermoprops.htm (24 words)

	A Brief History of Temperature Measurement
		The conference redefined Celsius temperature as the thermodynamic temperature minus 273.15 kelvin.
		The triple point of a substance is the thermodynamic singularity at which the gas, liquid, and solid phases may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
		William Thomson (1824-1907) proposed a thermodynamic temperature scale which assigned 0 to thermodynamic absolute zero and used the degree centigrade as its base unit.
	home.comcast.net /~igpl/Temperature.html (637 words)

	About Temperature
		Thermodynamic temperature is the fundamental temperature; its unit is the kelvin which is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
		Temperature becomes a quantity definable either in terms of macroscopic thermodynamic quantities such as heat and work, or, with equal validity and identical results, in terms of a quantity which characterized the energy distribution among the particles in a system.
		The way that the gas temperature scale and the thermodynamic temperature scale are shown to be identical is based on the microscopic interpretation of temperature, which postulates that the macroscopic measurable quantity called temperature is a result of the random motions of the microscopic particles that make up a system.
	eo.ucar.edu /skymath/tmp2.html (4839 words)

	Temperature Scales
		Kelvin temperature scale is the base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement.
		Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts.
		Celsius temperature scale also called centigrade temperature scale, is the scale based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/temperature_scale.html (378 words)

	Temperature Measurement Facts
		Thermodynamics is the science of the ralationship between heat, work and the properties of thermodynamic systems.
		Temperature is the measure of the heat intensity and has nothing to do with the size or heat capacity of an object.
		He originally set 0º to be the temperature of boiling water and 100º to be the freezing temperature of water.
	www.geocities.com /david_swaim/tempconv.htm (1092 words)

	Temperature conversion program (Fahrenheit-Celsius-Kelvin)
		The Kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (13de CGPM (1967), Rés.
		Temperature is related with the kinetic energy of the molecules.
		Temperature is defined as the translation of heath between two objects.
	www.lenntech.com /unit-conversion-calculator/temperature.htm (558 words)

	Expert About th:Thermodynamic
		By extension, it follows that a state function is one whose change around any closed thermodynamic path is 0.
		Meteorologists use the thermodynamic diagram daily to forecast cloud height and atmospheric stability, the latter of which is an indicator of the probability of severe weather.
		The four thermodynamic potentials are related by offsets of the "energy from the environment" term TS and the "expansion work" term PV.
	expertsite.biz /dir/th/thermodynamic.htm (1129 words)

	Boltzmann distribution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Boltzmann distribution is often expressed in terms of β=1/kT where β is referred to as thermodynamic beta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boltzmann_distribution (353 words)

	Topic 12: The Nucleus
		Thermodynamic stability is the potential energy of a particular nucleus as compared to the sum of the potential energies of its component protons and neutrons.
		The thermodynamic stability of a nucleus can be obtained by calculating the change in potential energy that would occur if that nucleus were formed from its constituent protons and neutrons.
		The thermodynamic stability of a particular nucleus is normally represented as energy released per nucleon.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/chemexam/topic12.html (643 words)

	ipedia.com: Thermodynamic reversibility Article
		In thermodynamics a reversible process is a process in which the energy accumulated in the surroundings is exactly the same as the energy expended by the process with no losses due to friction or other effects.
		In thermodynamics a reversible process is a process in which the energy accumulated in the surroundings is exactly the same as the energy expended by the process with no losses due to friction or othe...
		A reversible process can be reversed at any point in the process by making a series of infinitesimal changes in the opposite direction of the original process.
	www.ipedia.com /thermodynamic_reversibility.html (307 words)

	Irreversibility and Equilibrium in Biological Systems
		What Gibbs did not take into account is that some thermodynamic systems can delay the dispersion or diffusion of their energy towards more available microstates, that is, by limiting the number of available final microstates towards which the free energy or internal energy of the thermodynamic systems can be diffused or dispersed.
		When a thermodynamic system delays, not stops nor reverts, the increase in its local entropy, it makes that the entropy of the environment, and soon the global entropy, increases by the same magnitude in which it would increase in that thermodynamic system.
		This is the meaning of death, and it obeys to the law of thermodynamics that says that all systems in the universe have a tendency to the equilibrium (entropy).
	www.biocab.org /Irreversibility.html (5557 words)

	Thermodynamic Properties Of Air Water Mixtures- Issue Apr-Jun 1999
		The thermodynamic properties of moist air at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of -60°C < t > 90°C is given in the ASHRAE Handbook - 1997 Fundamentals which is based on Hyland and Wexler formulations.
		Youngmoo (1996) calculated the thermodynamic properties of ideal gas at low pressure by means of statistical thermodynamics using the molecular, physical and spectroscopic data.
		In this article formulations are given for the thermodynamic properties like volume, enthalpy and entropy of air.
	www.hvacindia.org.in /journals/1999apr/article06.html (2771 words)

	Lesson 13: Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
		Thermodynamic temperature (in kelvins) is one of the seven fundamental quantities on which the International System of Units is based, and it is the key observable property tying together the macroscopic and microscopic approaches to thermodynamics.
		This definition can be written in terms of thermodynamic variables as
		Deduce Kelvin temperature from the pressure of a gas thermometer and convert temperatures from the Kelvin to the Celsius scale and vice versa.
	www.physics.csbsju.edu /RPEG/no_paper/handouts/Lesson.13.html (5724 words)

	DictT12.html
		] Any of the quantities defining the thermodynamic state of a substance in thermodynamic equilibrium; for a perfect gas, the pressure, temperature, and density are the fundamental thermodynamic variables, any two of which are, by the equation of state, sufficient to specify the state.
		A temperature gradient as in a layer of sea water, in which the temperature decrease with depth is greater than that of the overlying and underlying water.
		A photocopying process in which the original copy is placed in contact with a transparent sheet and is exposed to infrared rays; heat from carbon or a metallic compound in the text ink then causes a chemical change in a substance laminated between the transparent sheet of paper and a white waxy back.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/T/T12/DictT12.html (2229 words)

	Definition: thermodynamic temperature
		Note 2: Thermodynamic temperature was formerly called "absolute temperature." Note 3: In practice, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) serves as the basis for high-accuracy temperature measurements in science and technology.
		thermodynamic temperature: A measure, in kelvins (K), proportional to the thermal energy of a given body at equilibrium.
		Note 1: A temperature of 0 K is called "absolute zero," and coincides with the minimum molecular activity (i.e.
	www.its.bldrdoc.gov /fs-1037/dir-037/_5419.htm (84 words)

	NIST - Physical and Chemical Properties Division - Technical Highlights
		Objectives: (1) To reduce the uncertainty in the determination of the thermodynamic temperature by a factor of 3 to 8 in the range from 500 K to 900 K using speed-of-sound measurements in low density argon as a primary standard and (2) to improve the accuracy of the high-temperature fixed points (e.g.
		The data determine the speed of sound in the argon from which the thermodynamic temperature is deduced.
		Moldover, M.R., Boyes, S.J., Meyer, C.W., and Goodwin, A.R.H., "Thermodynamic Temperatures of the Triple Points of Mercury and Gallium and in the Interval 217 K to 303 K," J. Res.
	www.boulder.nist.gov /div838/tar/file30.html (397 words)

	Symposium Program
		This corresponds to the value of the ITS-90 temperature of this fixed point of 1084.62 °C within its thermodynamic uncertainty of 0.12 K (k = 2).
		In the limit of zero pressure, the speed of sound in a monatomic gas is a measure of the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
		The temperature is deduced from the measurement of the resonance frequencies, by using a physical model describing the relation between the speed of sound, the acoustic length of the cavity and the temperature.
	www.cstl.nist.gov /div836/836.05/thermometry/symposium/program.htm (12648 words)

	Thermodynamic temperature: kelvin (from measurement system) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The thermodynamic, or Kelvin, scale of temperature used in SI has its origin or zero point at absolute zero and has a fixed point at the triple point of water (the temperature and pressure at which ice, liquid water, and water vapour are in equilibrium), defined as 273.16 kelvins.
		Temperature is not the equivalent of the energy of a thermodynamic system; e.g., a burning match is at a much...
		As successful as the phenomenological theory of nonequilibrium thermodynamics is, it applies only to systems at or close to equilibrium.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-13625?tocId=13625 (867 words)

	OMEGA ENGINEERING - The International Temperature Scale of 1990
		The unit of the fundamental physical quantity known as thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, is the kelvin symbol K, defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water1.
		The unit of the physical quantity T90 is the kelvin, symbol K, and the unit of the physical quantity T90 is the degree Celsius, symbol ºC, as is the case for the thermodynamic temperature T and the Celsius temperature t.
		The International Temperature Scale of 1990 was adopted by the International Committee of Weights and Measures at its meeting in 1989, in accordance with the request embodied in Resolution 7 of the 18th General Conference of Weights and Measures of 1987.
	www.omega.com /techref/intltemp.html (2998 words)

	ENERGETICS - Online Information article about ENERGETICS
		When the action of the force of gravity is taken into account, the potential of each constituent must include the gravitational potential gh; in the equilibrium state the total potential of each constituent, including this part, must be the same throughout all parts of the system into which it is freely mobile.
		Thermodynamic Potentials.—We have now to develop the relations involved in the general equation (1) of thermodynamics.
		This proposition that the pressure in any phase is a function of the temperature and of the potentials of the independent constituents, thus appears as a consequence of Carnot's axiom combined with the energy principle and the absence of effective actions at a distance.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /EMS_EUD/ENERGETICS.html (8468 words)

	Thermodynamic potentials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In thermodynamics, four quantities, measured in units of energy, are called thermodynamic potentials:
		A mnemonic used by physics students to remember the Maxwell relations in thermodynamics is "Good Physicists Have Studied Under Very Fine Teachers", which helps them remember the order of the variables in the square, in clockwise direction.
		The potentials are useful because when their associated variables are held constant, the potentials are minimized at equilibrium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermodynamic_potentials (467 words)

	92-192
		Under the assumption that the two order parameters can be chosen to be the same, in the thermodynamic limit, it is shown that the Parisi free energy is a rigorous upper bound for the free energy of the model.
		We are interested in the expression of the thermodynamic limit $N\to\infty$ for the free energy per spin, averaged over the external noise (quenched average), $$\lim_{N\to\infty}N^{-1}E\bigl(\log Z_N(\beta,J)\bigr).
		In a forthcoming paper [4], we show that there is good evidence, not a definite mathematical proof as yet, that the two order parameters in (31) can be taken the same, in the thermodynamic limit, and moreover that the Parisi free energy is the true free energy, and not only an upper bound.
	mpej.unige.ch /mp_arc/p/92-192 (1601 words)

	EFFICIENCY OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
		The possible refinement, at first sight, would stem from considering the irreversibility of real transformations undergone by the fuel mixture (Second Law of Thermodynamics).
		Since the efficiency is presently 32%, it is obvious that further engine development will not be able to compensate for the decline of petroleum extraction, even when the considered limit would be that imposed by the Principle of Energy Conservation.
		Comparing the expected efficiency for Otto Cycle engine, calculated as an exclusive function of the compression ratio, with efficiency measured in engines using the present technology, one can notice a large difference, demonstrating the inadequacy of the model used in analyzing the cycle, based exclusively on the Energy Conservation Principle.
	ecen.com /content/eee7/motoref.htm (996 words)

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Topic: State (thermodynamic)

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