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Topic: State Political Directorate

	Political Prisoners
		Political prisoners are generally thought as individuals incarcerated for political reasons.
		Amnesty International defines prisoners of conscience specifically as "people who are imprisoned by reason of their political, religious, or other conscientiously held beliefs or by reason of their ethnic origin, sex, colour or language, provided they have not used or advocated violence" ("Cuba: Current prisoners of conscience must be released," AMR 25/36/99).
		Some have been explicitly convicted for political reasons, such as "enemy propaganda" or "desacato," a vague legal term that can be translated as "contempt for authority." Others have been detained on fictional criminal charges to disguise the political motivations for their arrests.
	www.directorio.org /political/political.php (290 words)

	Balochvoice - Directorate for ISI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI] was founded in 1948 by a British army officer, Maj Gen R Cawthome, then Deputy Chief of Staff in Pakistan Army.
		The ISI has become a state within a state, answerable neither to the leadership of the army, nor to the President or the Prime Minister.
		The directorate's importance derives from the fact that the agency is charged with managing covert operations outside of Pakistan -- whether in Afghanistan, Kashmir, or farther afield.
	www.balochvoice.com /information/Directorate_for_ISI.html (1618 words)

	About Stateside Associates - Legislative Tracking, Issue Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		She is a member of the Board of Directors of the Public Affairs Council and of the American Bird Conservancy.
		Kaufman holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a Juris Doctor from the University of Baltimore School of Law where she served as Articles Editor for the University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law.
		Williams holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the University of Nevada, Reno and is completing her Master of Arts in Educational Policy at the University of Maryland, College Park.
	www.stateside.com /about/professionals2.shtml (3086 words)

	World War 2: Polish Underground State
		The highest authorities in this state were held by the Government Delegate at Home, in 1944 this was the deputy premier (of the acting government, in exile in London).
		The underground parliament was a representation of the most important political parties and groupings (the Political Consultative Committee - the Political Representation at Home) which in the period 1944–45 took the name of the Council of National Unity (RJN).
		The on-going struggle concentrated on self-defence (freeing prisoners and hostages, defence against pacification measures), and striking at the occupant's apparatus of terror (the physical liquidation of Gestapo and SS functionaries).
	www.warsawuprising.com /state.htm (878 words)

	Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Glossary
		A term coined by Joseph V. Stalin to indicate that the Soviet Union was surrounded by capitalist states pursuing political, military, and economic policies aimed at weakening and destroying the Soviet regime.
		Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (q.v.
		Russian was given equal and official status with local languages in all non-Russian republics; it was made the official language of state and diplomatic affairs, in the armed forces, and on postage stamps, currency, and military and civilian decorations.
	www.country-data.com /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_glos.html (9333 words)

	Lavrentiy Beria at AllExperts
		His mother, Marta Ivanovna, was a deeply religious, church-going woman; she was previously married and widowed before marrying Beria's father, and had a son from her first marriage.[1] He was educated at a technical school in Sukhumi, and is recorded as having joined the Bolshevik Party in March 1917 while an engineering student in Baku.
		By 1922 Beria was deputy head of the Vecheka's successor, the OGPU (Combined State Political Directorate), in Georgia.
		In September Beria was appointed head of the Main Administration of State Security (GUGB) of the NKVD, and in November he succeeded Yezhov as head of NKVD (Yezhov was executed in 1940).
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/la/lavrentiy_beria.htm (3581 words)

	Intercountry Adoption Turkey
		Under Turkish law, the Director of Social Services and Child Protection is the legal guardian of the child and remains the legal guardian during the entire one-year period until the adoption is finalized.
		The General Directorate of Social Service and Child Protection Agency evaluates the applicatio and informs the applicant adoptive parent (and only the applicant parent if/when the application is approved).
		It is difficult for consular officers to issue visas to prospective adoptive children to complete pre-adoption foster requirements in the United States because the child usually has no ties to his or her country of origin that demonstrate a reason to return.
	travel.state.gov /family/adoption/country/country_340.html (4234 words)

	Welcome to Kogi State
		Kogi State also known as the Confluence State, where the biggest rivers in West Africa, rivers Niger and Benue unite.
		The people of the state co-exist peacefully irrespective of diverse religious, social, political and cultural beliefs.
		Lokoja, the capital of Kogi State also acts as gateway to 17 Southern states to the Nigerian nation’s capital ABUJA -2 hours drive.
	www.kogistateofnigeria.org (204 words)

	Soviet Predecessor Organizations, 1917-54 - Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies
		It swept away the tsarist police, so despised by Russians of all political persuasions, along with other tsarist institutions, and replaced it with a political police of considerably greater dimensions, both in the scope of its authority and in the severity of its methods.
		Lenin himself spoke of the need for a reform of the political police, and in early 1922 the Vecheka was abolished and its functions transferred to the State Political Directorate (Gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie--GPU).
		In July 1934, the OGPU was transformed into the Main Directorate for State Security (Glavnoe upravlenie gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti--GUGB) and integrated into the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennykh del--NKVD), which had been given all-union (see Glossary) status earlier that year.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/intro/su0510.htm (1124 words)

	Intercountry Adoption Moldova
		It does not necessarily reflect the actual state of the laws of a child’s country of birth and is provided for general information only.
		The local Inspector for the Protection of Children’s Rights in the district, together with a physician and the director of the orphanage, examines the file and matches the family with an eligible child.
		The district’s Directorate of Education must then approve the prospective adoption and provide full information on the adoptive parents and the adoptive child to the Committee.
	travel.state.gov /family/adoption/country/country_421.html (2633 words)

	State Department Reorganizing to Match Today's Priorities - US Department of State
		Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has announced four significant organizational changes at the State Department intended to enhance efforts to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction and to position the department for maximum effectiveness in support of President Bush's mission to promote democracy.
		During her introductory remarks Rice said that protecting the United States from dangerous biological, chemical, nuclear and radiological weapons "requires more than deterrence and arms control treaties." It requires going on the offensive, she said, "against outlaw scientists, fl market arms dealers and rogue state proliferators."
		Therefore, we are also making a change to give our Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs the more focused duty of promoting democracy with a new title: the Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs. And I look forward to the leadership of Under Secretary Paula Dobriansky in that regard.
	usinfo.state.gov /is/Archive/2005/Jul/29-186220.html (989 words)

	Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky Summary
		While still a student, he became involved in antigovernment politics, and on completion of his secondary education he embarked upon a career as a revolutionary political leader.
		Although most of his actual political work was in Poland, he became more deeply involved with the Russian Social Democratic party than with the Social Democratic party of Poland and Lithuania; he was ultimately identified with the Leninist (Bolshevik) faction of the Russian revolutionary movement.
		His name and image were widely used throughout the KGB and the Soviet Union— and her satellite states: there were six towns named after him.
	www.bookrags.com /Felix_Edmundovich_Dzerzhinsky (1183 words)

	KGB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The first secret police, called the Cheka, was established in December 1917 as a temporary institution to be abolished once Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks had consolidated their power.
		Its functions were transferred in 1922 to the State Political Directorate, or GPU, which was initially less powerful than its predecessor.
		The head of the KGB was a key figure in resisting the democratization of the late 1980s and in organizing the attempted putsch of August 1991.
	www.slateman.net /smj/kgb (343 words)

	NKVD.ORG: The Memorial Page --- НКВД.OРГ: САЙТ ВОСПОМИНАНИЯ
		With the end of the civil war and the resulting period of stabilization, the Cheka was transformed, on 8 February 1922, into the GPU (State Political Directorate) which was subordinated to the NKVD.
		- UKMK (Directorate of the Kommendant of the Moscow Kremlin)
		The KGB was subordinated to the USSR Council of Ministers, the Soviet Cabinet.
	www.nkvd.org /en/history.html (637 words)

	India
		The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan.
		The United States continues to strengthen its strategic partnership with India, an emerging global power and the world’s largest democracy.
		The United States and India also continue their cooperation in health, science, disaster management, environmental, education, and equity issues.
	www.state.gov /t/pm/64472.htm (792 words)

	NKVD - ZEMO-AVCHALSKI LABOR CAMP
		These interior pages have a photo of the officer (in civilian dress) and state, "Peoples Commisariat of Internal Affairs of Georgian SSR certifies that Malkumt Artashes is an instructor of labor camp." The serial number is quite low, No. 51.
		Although the post-Stalin secret police, the KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, Committee for State Security), no longer inflicted such large-scale purges, terror, and forced depopulation on the peoples of the Soviet Union, it continued to be used by the Kremlin leadership to suppress political and religious dissent.
		The KGB controlled both the political and federal police and the intelligence and counterintelligence activities of the USSR.
	www.collectinghistory.net /blackbook (1021 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Although Rabinoff had made a fortune as a capitalist by selling pianos and arranging musical events, he and Bluet were sympathetic to the ideals of Russian-style socialism and were captivated by their new visitor.
		For Bluet, it’s the discovery upon reaching Moscow that Marc is a senior operative in the GPU, the state political directorate, and had been functioning as a cunning spy in the United States; he has also failed to divorce his wife as promised.
		After Stalin gains political control, the brutal collectivization of the Russian countryside that he initiates results in widespread starvation, deportations, deaths and suffering among the Russian masses.
	www.cjnews.com /viewarticle.asp?id=6378 (613 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Leftwing Monsters V: Joseph Stalin by John Perazzo
		Thereafter Stalin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev dissolved their political union, the latter two aligning themselves with Trotsky in 1926.
		In practice it meant that 25 million peasant farmers would not be paid any wages for their labor, but would instead produce their agricultural output entirely for the state, which would in turn allow them to keep a modest share for their own survival needs.
		In regions where the land was more fertile, the state demanded an even larger share of the harvests.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=19891 (2826 words)

	www.smh.com.au - Soviet secret agent trapped the Ace of Spies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Flattered by the attentions of a female Soviet agent and by the idea that he was an inspiration for the anti-Bolshevik movement, Reilly agreed to go to Moscow to address the Trust's leaders.
		Once Reilly was in Moscow, Gudz and his colleagues from the OGPU (State Political Directorate, a forerunner of the KGB), arrested and interrogated him before eventually shooting him on Stalin's orders.
		Born at Kherson in Ukraine, Gudz joined the Bolshevik party in his teens, after his father was arrested for revolutionary activity, and took part in the 1917 revolution.
	www.smh.com.au /text/articles/2007/01/28/1169919209513.html (831 words)

	The Bolsheviks Of Russia
		During the 1930s, he was in charge of the deportations of "enemies of the state" to Siberia; was nicknamed the "Wolf of the Kremlin" because of his penchant for violence.
		Felix Dzherzhinsky [1877-1926]: a Pole; a high-strung fanatic; founder/director of the Cheka [All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage], which was later renamed the State Political Directorate [GPU], which later became the OGPU and then the NKVD [Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs]; member, Central Committee; Commissar of Transport.
		Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko [1884-1939]: a former Menshevik; Chief of Political Administration of the Red Army; an unofficial ambassador to Czechoslovakia and Poland; Commissar for Military Affairs in Petrograd; Commissar of War; led the Red Army invasion of the Ukraine; led the attack on the Winter Palace; editor of the Menshevik "Nashe Slovo" newspaper.
	wsi.matriots.com /ListofBolsheviks.html (1740 words)

	Bureau of Political-Military Affairs
		The Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (PM), led by Acting Assistant Secretary Stephen Mull, is the principal link between the Departments of State and Defense.
		Regional Stability: PM promotes stability around the world by fostering effective defense relationships with key friends and allies, regulating arms transfers, promoting responsible U.S. defense trade, controlling access to military technologies, combating illegal trafficking of small arms/light weapons, and facilitating the training and equipping of international peacekeepers and other foreign military personnel.
		As part of the U.S. commitment to strengthen U.S.-Vietnamese relations, the Department of State recently provided nearly $1 million worth of state-of-the-art equipment to Vietnam to help clear unexploded ordnance and landmines left there from past conflicts.
	state.gov /t/pm (348 words)

	Are Campus Pornography Courses Sexual Abuse?
		'a sphere of social interaction between economy and state, composed above all of the intimate sphere (especially the family), the sphere of associations (especially voluntary associations), social movements, and forms of public communication'....
		Among the organizations of civil society that constitute a means of social control over the state are groups such as corporations and associations, churches, unions, municipalities and local government bodies, regional self-government groups, and political parties, as well as general public opinion.
		The constant strategy of Communist suppression, whose central aim was always the establishment of absolute power and the elimination of political rivals and anyone else who had any sort of real power in society, was to attack systematically all the organism of civil society.
	www.crossroad.to /articles2/2003/communitarianism.htm (1263 words)

	ArcheoBiblioBase: Archives in Russia: C 6
		According to the August 1991 presidential decree, agency archives of the KGB were to be transferred to the jurisdiction of the state archival system (to the authority of Rosarkhiv).
		Appended is the 1992 report of the presidential commission on the transfer of KGB and CPSU records to state repositories, signed by General D. Volkogonov (pp.
		A collection of normative documents decrees, protocols, instructions, and regulations regarding the structure and operation of the Cheka (1918-1921) and the State Political Directorate (GPU) (mid-1920s), published from original documents in the Boris Nikolaevskii Collection at the Hoover Institution.
	www.iisg.nl /~abb/abb_c6.html (878 words)

	Global warming cures: Time to harvest ocean power?
		The estimate, by U.S. PIRG, the national association of state Public Interest Research Groups, is based chiefly on information from the U.S. Energy Department.
		The State of the States 2007, Stateline.org’s annual report, is now available.
		Stateline.org has compiled an extensive list of state issue and state political blogs to make it convenient for you to follow different aspects of state government.
	www.stateline.org /live/details/story?contentId=129949 (1106 words)

	[No title]
		Political crime made responsibility of Special Department (Osobyi Otdel).
		Replaced by GPU (Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie) (State Political Directorate) and incorporated into NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs).
		OGPU takes jurisdiction of all prisoners serving sentences of over three years, whether crimes were considered political or not.
	www.periclespress.com /Russia_KGB.html (2287 words)

	ISCIP - Perspective
		Stung by his political losses in the December parliamentary elections, using the slim mandate for his new constitution, and complaining publicly that state security had not supported him sufficiently, Yel'tsin moved immediately to reorganize the organs once more.
		Yel'tsin and his top aides recognized that the main problem of the security organs was their nature; regardless of how they were to be organized, the security services would remain a fraternity of conspiratorially minded officers bonded by the checkist legacy in which their entire training and careers were immersed.
		The directorate includes the 5,000-man former KGB Kremlin Guard,(12) its own intelligence and counterintelligence forces, the elite Alfa spetsnaz unit formerly of the KGB Seventh (Surveillance) Directorate, and other special troops for a total of 25,000 uniformed personnel.
	www.bu.edu /iscip/vol4/Waller.html (3006 words)

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