
	Where results make sense

Topic: State actors

	InBrief 3C: Non-state actors in Senegal, Towards a strategy for political action by non-state actors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Various segments of society were thus involved, but certain key actors were missing: religious and traditional authorities, who are increasingly called on to play a part in public life and whose role is increasingly acknowledged, local elected representatives, training and research institutions and non-state actors from regions verging on poverty or experiencing it directly.
		Actors in the NGO sector tend to be preoccupied by their representativeness and legitimacy, and many NGOs seek to take control of federative processes and organisations at the expense of the achievement of common goals.
		Non-state actors have not been given the logistic or financial resources to organise their participation, despite the fact that this involves both budgetary and human resource costs which cannot be borne by many small organisations – especially those located a long way from Dakar, which is where all the meetings are held.
	www.capacity.org /Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/0/B7612C5732385A24C1256F20002A5337?Opendocument (6262 words)

	POLE Paper nr. 4
		The rise of these transnationally organized non-state actors and their growing involvement in world politics challenge the assumptions of traditional approaches to international relations which assume that states are the only important units of the international system.
		As a response to the wave of criticism of the seventies, particularly the challenge of the assumption of state predominance, Waltz argues that the importance of non-state actors and the extent of transnational activities are obvious.
		For him the main question pertains to the the empirical proposition that states are currently in the process of receding from their earlier role as the dominant units in the system to a new role as important, but not dominant, actors in world politics (Young, 1972, p.137).
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/pole-papers/pole0104.htm (9806 words)

	Non-State Actors and International Law Volume 3 (2003)
		Non-state actors have become a constant factor in modern international relations and they play a vital role in almost every field of international law and regulation.
		The object of the Journal is to further understanding of non-state actors and their relationship inter pares, and with state actors.
		It looks upon non-state actors from all possible angles, exploring, from an interdisciplinary perspective, their role in society; their position in the international legal system, their role in international law-making; their contribution to the development of international law and procedural aspects of their participation before national and international courts and tribunals.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=18479 (122 words)

	Policy Management Brief 13: Involving Non State Actors and Local Governments in ACP-EU Dialogue
		Local governments are also considered to be "actors" of cooperation, albeit included under the heading "State (local, national, regional)." These "non-state actors" are likely to influence future trade negotiations (as the WTO meeting in Seattle illustrated) and follow-up sessions of major international conferences (on social or environmental issues).
		The task is to extend dialogue to ACP non-state actors and local governments, to decentralise the process to the country level and to redefine the role and added-value of the meso-dialogue with European NGOs.
		In most ACP countries, non-state actors and local governments are unaware that a new Partnership Agreement has been signed between the ACP and the EU, let alone that they are invited to participate, at very short notice, in the programming of resources allocated to this agreement.
	www.ecdpm.org /Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/0/D0E68A2488A1CC55C1256C6C004AD085?OpenDocument (3438 words)

	The IR Theory Knowledge Base
		For a state to be a hegemon, it must have three attributes: the capability to enforce the rules of the system, the will to do so, and a commitment to a system which is perceived as mutually beneficial to the major states.
		Thus, the foreign policies of peripheral states are typically framed and implemented in such a way that the national interest is defined in terms of development, confrontation with great powers is avoided, and autonomy is not understood as freedom of action but rather in terms of the costs of using that freedom.
		States come to be a part of an international society by accepting that various principles and institutions govern the way in which they conduct their foreign relations.
	www.irtheory.com /know.htm (6780 words)

	Non-State Actors and Their Significance, by Margaret Buse (5.3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		States are usually defending a position, denying an area or disrupting an opposing force.
		If a state is a signatory to an agreement, all entities and individuals within the state are also bound, including NSAs operating within that state, (whether they like that idea or not.) Violations of such agreements compel or mandate prosecution by international tribunals.
		In this rapidly changing world, insurgent groups come to power, become state actors, disappear from the world map, are absorbed into other political parties, or operate, but are not claimed by legitimate political parties that are actively supporting them.
	maic.jmu.edu /journal/5.3/features/maggie_buse_nsa/maggie_buse.htm (3387 words)

	SSRC :: Global Security and Cooperation Program :: International Terrorism, Non-State Actors and the Logic of ...
		Power is treated as an attribute that is distributed across unitary state actors who must each prioritize their own security interests.
		In this world-view, non-state actors have been largely assumed to play a stabilizing role in the international system -- as extensions of domestic interest groups, or as members of a global civil society that can contribute to international stability by performing tasks such as monitoring human rights violations and assisting in post-conflict reconstruction and development.
		Yet, because liberals have overwhelmingly focused their attention on non-state actors that do not advocate strategies of force and violence to achieve their goals, their overall conclusions regarding the role that they play in the international security environment have been flawed.
	www.ssrc.org /programs/gsc/gsc_activities/adamson.page (2579 words)

	Statecraft and Non-State Actors in an Age of Globalization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When states are targeted, the application of the basic theory of statecraft outlined in the previous section is complicated by myriad of factors that attenuate the link between those in the target who bear the brunt of the sanction or incentive and those who have the capacity to alter its behavior.
		The impact of economic statecraft on state behavior is complicated by the inability of sanctions or incentives to directly affect the values of those who have the capacity to alter the state’s behavior.
		Thus, rather than representing the “end of the state” and the decline of state power in world politics, increased globalization and interdependence in the world economy have actually expanded competitive relations among states to actors and activities traditionally considered to be beyond the reach of international power politics.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/shambaugh.html (6445 words)

	State and Informal Actors: Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		State economic regulation may be explained in terms of two basic needs of the modern state: to extract revenue, and to provide "services" that justify or legitimize its revenue extraction.
		And it is precisely the fact that states are so uneasy about this, and are therefore constantly raising the question of the legitimacy of informal practices, that promotes the high level of mass organization of these same social groups.
		The question to be answered in further studies is whether this pressure may exacerbate the conflict between informal economic actors and the state beyond the level at which the state is able to manage conflict through its traditional processes of cooptation and compromise.
	www.openair.org /cross/subecon4.html (6502 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > State -- Actors unions reach three-year contract agreement with producers
		LOS ANGELES – Hollywood's two major actors unions have tentatively agreed to a new three-year contract with film and TV producers that they called their richest ever despite being unable to win a larger share of DVD sales.
		Under the tentative agreement, actors will get a 9 percent minimum pay raise over three years, more money to shore up the unions' struggling health and pension plans and greater protections for stunt actors and extras, the unions said in a joint statement.
		However, actors did not get a larger share of DVD residuals, which unions representing writers and directors had tried unsuccessfully for in their recent contract negotiations.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/state/20050121-0541-ca-hollywoodlabor.html (438 words)

	CNS - CBW: The Proliferation of Chemical and Biological Weapons Materials and Technologies to State and Sub-State Actors
		Given the possibility that the perpetrators have received assistance from former weapons scientists or from a state-sponsor, it is important to assess: (1) which states possess chemical and biological weapons, and (2) the extent to which trade in dual-use materials and technologies contributes to clandestine chemical and biological weapons (CBW) programs.
		Saddam Hussein's defiant and often erratic behavior, his enduring hatred of the United States and Britain, and his history of attempting to enhance his stature as a regional hegemon, suggest that the transfer of Iraqi CBW materials or know-how to terrorists cannot be ruled out.
		Given the dangerous precedent that has now been set by the actual use of anthrax against civilian targets in the United States, it is vital for the international community to strengthen both treaties to promote the international norm of non-use and possession by states of concern and, by extrapolation, sub-state actors as well.
	cns.miis.edu /research/cbw/ttuck2.htm (5516 words)

	CCC - Deterring Violent Non-State Actors
		These future VNSA leaders are evaluating the state's response to the salient roots of violence and drawing conclusions about the need and prospects for violent action.
		Growth occurs at the intersection of state failure and identity mobilization with gestation continuing as long as the roots of violence persist.
		The ecological rationality program, explored by Gerd Gigerenzer, states that in certain cases the mind's ability to leverage structure present in the environment so as to achieve reasonable conclusions can be affected by the format in which the information is delivered.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /rsepResources/si/dec02/terrorism2.asp (2937 words)

	The use of the Internet for political action by non-state dissident actors in the Middle East
		As sovereign actors, states exercise supreme authority within the international system and therefore are free to formulate domestic policies and conduct official relations with other states.
		The objective of the state is therefore to limit efforts by non-state dissidents in equilibrating the balance of power between dissidents and states.
		Dissident actors are clearly seeking to use the Internet to engage in political activities while states are constantly trying to contain and limit these potentially threatening political activities.
	firstmonday.org /issues/issue8_11/mclaughlin/index.html (19697 words)

	Non-State Actors and Participation
		The official parties, in dialogue with the different families of non-state actors, will have to find the most appropriate way to gradually mainstream participation in the development and implementation of EDF country support programmes.
		To be fully involved in cooperation, the non-state actors need to be well informed on the contents of the Agreement, and on ways and means provided for them to participate effectively.
		Involvement of non-state actors as development partners and a support for an independent non-state actor platform (OANET) are specifically mentioned and described in the strategy paper.
	www.ecdpm.org /Web_ECDPM/Web/Content/Content.nsf/0/7913B6A0CAF6EA5EC1256F3800491B61 (615 words)

	Engaging Non-State Actors in a Landmine Ban: A Pioneering Conference- Summary Proceedings
		Non-state actors, for the purposes of the conference, were defined as "armed opposition groups." The worldwide tally of NSAs with a basic command structure, a capacity to plan armed operations, and a basic understanding of the rules of humanitarian law, was estimated to be over 190.
		He stated that the KLA was against the use of anti-personnel landmines, and were seeking to end their production everywhere in the world, because sooner or later they would find their way into the ground once they were produced.
		It stated that using mines runs counter to its goals of empowering the oppressed and improving their economic condition.
	www.icbl.org /wg/nsa/library/nsaconf.html (7479 words)

	THE OTTAWA TREATY AND NON-STATE ACTORS
		Each State Party undertakes never to ‘assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited to a State Party’ but this ‘anyone’ is not itself prohibited from engaging in such activity.
		The closest language regarding application to rebel groups is the Preamble’s generic restatement of the ‘principle of international humanitarian law that the right of the parties to an armed conflict to choose methods or means of warfare is not unlimited...’ This is preambular or prefatory, not operative or binding, text.
		What the State Parties would not (yet) illegalise or criminalise at the international level, they would prevent and suppress at the national level by all appropriate measures, including penal sanctions, and presumably police and military measures.
	www.icbl.org /wg/nsa/library/ottwansa.html (5668 words)

	NON-STATE ACTORS WORKING GROUP, Landmine Monitor Report 2002
		The Non-State Actors Working Group (NSAWG) was established by country campaigns in the ICBL to address the issue of non-state actors (NSAs) and landmines.
		One of the main challenges to the movement to ban and completely eradicate antipersonnel mines is the involvement of non-state actors -- or armed groups operating outside of government control -- in the landmine problem.
		The NSAWG and Geneva Call representatives attending the Fourth Meeting of State Parties in Managua, Nicaragua, in September 2001, worked with the governments of Colombia and the Philippines to successfully introduce wording into the Managua Declaration affirming the need to engage NSAs.
	www.icbl.org /lm/2002/icbl/nsa.html (1176 words)

	EPIC Advisory Board
		She is also recognized for her scholarship in the areas of jurisprudence, legal philosophy, law and literature, women’s rights and race relations.
		She is the recipient of the 2002 Namur Award, in recognition of outstanding contributions, with international impact, to awareness of the social implications of information technology.
		Frank Tuerkheimer is the Habush-Bascom Professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin and of counsel to the Madison firm of LaFollette Godfrey and Kahn.
	www.epic.org /epic/advisory_board.html (6567 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Al Qaeda stated that Islam shares no fundamental values with the West and that Muslims are committed to spread Islam by the sword.
		Terrorists planning attacks on the United States can do so abroad with limited risk, especially if their command and control sites are located in countries other than their own.
		However, in the aftermath of the events of 9/11 in the United States, the terrorists’ actions actually initiated several changes in the US legal system that were not to the terrorists’ advantage.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/03spring/thomas.htm (5099 words)

	Top Sellers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This must-have third revised and newly expanded edition of the only single reference source for information about state symbols features over 300 information updates plus three new chapters, updated license plate illustrations, and a newly formatted...
		There is a wide spectrum of potential threats to the U.S. homeland that do not involve overt attacks by states using long-range missiles or conventional military forces.
		Such threats include covert attacks by state actors, state...
	www.greenwood.com /imprints/top_sellers.asp?ImprintId=I1&WebType= (649 words)

	Transnational Associations = Associations Transnationales
		Transnational Associations is a unique bilingual journal (articles in English or French) whose aim is to deal with major current problems within the perspective of international civil society, and particularly nongovernmental organizations profiled in the Yearbook of International Organizations.
		It is intended to provide a forum for authoritative information and independent reflection on the increasing role played by non-state actors in the international system, and on its philosophical, political, economic or cultural implications.
		The approach is intrinsically interdisciplinary, and calls for both specialist expertise and practical experience in transnational association matters.
	www.uia.org /ta (1060 words)

	Non State Actors and International Law (JournalSeek)
		It will look upon non-state actors from all possible angles exploring from an interdisciplinary perspective their role in society; their position in the international legal system their role in international law-making; their contribution to the development of international law and procedural aspects of their participation before national and international courts and tribunals.
		The Journal is aimed at practitioners law students and academics in the fields of international law national law international relations and economics and at all those professionally and individually concerned with the problems related to non-state actors.
		Non-State Actors and International Law will be published three times a year.
	journalseek.net /cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=issn&query=1567-7125 (213 words)

	An Analysis of Al-Qaida Tradecraft
		The Qur'an states in 2:190: "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors." Al-Qaida wouldn't be in a 'state of Islam' if they killed fellow moslems without making amends.
		One of the strengths of modern non-State actors engaged in resistance operations is 'spot terrorism'--cells members that have normal lives, switch into operators for the very brief period of the operation, and then reintegrate into the society around them.
		This latter element is unusual, and again distinguishes Al-Qaida from 'normal' non-State actors; hierarchical, top-down networks are generally loath to take operational suggestions or comments from cells, but Al-Qaida has a history of undertaking cell-suggested operations, as well as using cells to acquire or generate new approaches for a learning/evolving organization.
	www.metatempo.com /analysis-alqaida-tradecraft.html (15859 words)

	Columbia News ::: Video ::: NATO Is Critical for Security Against Threats by 'Non-State Actors,' Says East/West ...
		Columbia News ::: Video ::: NATO Is Critical for Security Against Threats by 'Non-State Actors,' Says East/West Institute's Istvan Gyarmati
		NATO Is Critical for Security Against Threats by 'Non-State Actors,' Says East/West Institute's Istvan Gyarmati
		because otherwise the United States will run out of resources and Europeans will not be able to defend themselves alone," he says in a lecture cosponsored by the Harriman Institute and the Institute for the Study of Europe.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/news/vforum/03/euro_atlantic_security/index.html (73 words)

	International Environmental Law and Policy - Chapter Five. International Institutions and Non-State Actors
		Amazon Watch - an activist group that works with indigenous and environmental organizations in the Amazon Basin on environmental and indigenous rights issues being affected by investment and development projects
		The Humane Society of the United States - the worldÂ’s largest animal protection organization, aims to provide for the physical and emotional needs of domestic animals; protect wild animals and their environments; and change people's relationships with animals
		Institute for Local Self-Reliance - a non-profit research and educational organization that encourages and supports the creation of environmentally and economically sustainable communities
	www.wcl.american.edu /environment/iel/five.cfm (1035 words)

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